Lead-free paint formulations face significant durability challenges, with current water-based systems showing 15-30% lower scratch resistance and up to 40% reduced weather resistance compared to traditional lead-based counterparts. These performance gaps manifest particularly in exterior applications, where UV exposure and moisture cycling can accelerate coating degradation.

The fundamental challenge lies in developing binder systems and pigment combinations that can match lead's exceptional durability and adhesion properties while maintaining environmental safety and application characteristics.

This page brings together solutions from recent research—including synergistic resin blends with nano-additives, water-based zinc-aluminum systems with silane coupling agents, and mineral-based opacity enhancers that eliminate titanium dioxide dependence. These and other approaches focus on achieving commercial-grade durability while meeting increasingly strict environmental regulations.

1. Water-Based Paint Composition with Ethylene Vinyl Acetate and Vinyl Acetate Resin Emulsions, Calcium Carbonate, and Titanium Dioxide

THE SUNSHINE BIO CO LTD, Jang Sung-wook, The Sunshine Bio Co., Ltd., 2023

Eco-friendly water-based paint composition that eliminates hazardous emissions while maintaining excellent physical properties. The composition comprises water, ethylene vinyl acetate resin emulsion, vinyl acetate resin emulsion, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, jade powder, praseodymium oxide, rosin powder, and additives. The formulation achieves superior hiding performance and durability through a balanced blend of resin emulsions, calcium carbonate, and titanium dioxide. The composition meets stringent environmental standards while eliminating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde emissions, making it suitable for indoor painting applications.

KR102592671B1-patent-drawing

2. Water-Based Zinc-Aluminum Paint with Flake Metal Powders and Nano Titanium Dioxide

SHENYANG UNIVERSITY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 2022

Water-based, non-marking zinc-aluminum paint for thermal insulation and corrosion resistance that replaces traditional Dacromet coatings. The paint comprises flake aluminum and zinc powders, water-based propylene resin, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The formulation combines a water-based dispersion with a silane coupling agent and a corrosion inhibitor to achieve enhanced thermal insulation and corrosion protection. The paint's nano-titanium dioxide particles provide superior thermal insulation properties, while the water-based formulation ensures environmental sustainability.

3. Water-Based Zinc-Aluminum Coating with Silane Coupling Agent and Self-Contained Low-Temperature Curing Process

SHENYANG CHEMICAL UNIV, 2022

Water-based, non-marking zinc-aluminum coatings for automotive and industrial applications that can be cured at low temperatures (300-350°C) while minimizing VOC emissions. The coatings utilize zinc-aluminum powder and a silane coupling agent in a water-based system, with the powder having a diameter range of 5-25 μm and thickness of 0.1-0.5 μm. The powder is cured through a self-contained curing process, eliminating the need for traditional heat-based curing. The formulation enables environmentally friendly, low-temperature curing of zinc-aluminum coatings without compromising performance or safety.

4. Organic Paint Composition with Luteolin and Apigenin from Reseda Luteola and Ricinus Communis Oil

T C ISTANBUL AYDIN UENIVERSITESI, 2021

Natural organic pastel paint composition that produces vibrant, non-toxic yellow color without toxic heavy metal oxides. The composition incorporates luteolin and apigenin from the natural dye plant Reseda luteola, cultivated or grown for color production, along with Ricinus communis oil for fluidity and bonding properties. The natural dye extract provides the color while the oil enhances the paint's performance characteristics. This composition replaces conventional synthetic pigments with plant-based natural dyes, eliminating the need for toxic heavy metal oxides and other hazardous materials.

TR2021011299A2-patent-drawing

5. Production Method for VOC-Free Paint with Infrared Emission and Antifungal Properties Through Multi-Step Formulation and Purification

FREEBIO CO LTD, 2020

Method for producing environmentally friendly functional paint that eliminates VOCs, heavy metals, and odors while emitting infrared radiation for air purification. The process involves a multi-step formulation that combines ethylene glycol, preservatives, dispersants, and additives to create a paint composition with non-detectable VOCs, heavy metals, and odor-causing impurities. The composition is formulated through a series of mixing steps, including primary mixing, secondary mixing, and final mixing, followed by a purification step that ensures thorough dispersion and stabilization. The resulting paint emits infrared radiation and possesses antifungal properties, making it suitable for indoor air purification applications.

KR20200133507A-patent-drawing

6. Low-Temperature Cathodic Electrophoretic Coating with Vegetable Oleic Acid-Modified Epoxy Resin and Tin-Free Isocyanate Curing Agent

NIPPON PAINT CO LTD, 2020

Low-temperature cathodic electrophoretic coating that eliminates the use of heavy metal tin. The coating composition comprises a vegetable oleic acid-modified epoxy resin polymer, a low-temperature multifunctional group-blocked isocyanate curing agent, and a water-dispersed emulsion. The composition achieves cross-linking through the curing agent's isocyanide functionality, which is activated by a controlled reaction with the vegetable oleic acid-modified epoxy resin. The emulsion provides a non-aqueous environment for the curing process, eliminating the need for water-based emulsions that typically contain heavy metal tin. The resulting coating exhibits superior performance characteristics compared to traditional electrophoretic coatings containing tin.

7. Paint Coating Compositions with Mineral Blend for High Opacity and Gloss Without Titanium Dioxide

IMERTECH SAS, 2019

Coating compositions for paints that achieve high opacity and gloss while eliminating titanium dioxide (TiO2) from the formulation. The compositions contain a mineral blend with a specific composition of opacifying, matting, and whitening minerals, such as calcium carbonate, calcined kaolin, and diatomaceous earth, in amounts between 10-40 wt.%. The blend provides excellent opacity and gloss performance while maintaining low TiO2 levels. The compositions can be formulated with dispersants, anti-foamers, and coalescents to enhance performance.

8. Epoxy Resin Coating with Chemical Surface Treatment and Controlled Application Method

WUHU SANSHAN LONGCHENG NEW MATERIAL CO LTD, 2018

Epoxy resin coating and preparation method for enhancing durability and resistance of metal surfaces. The coating involves a combination of surface treatment and epoxy resin application, where the surface is first prepared with a specialized chemical treatment to create a surface receptive to epoxy resin application. The epoxy resin is then applied in a controlled manner to the prepared surface, followed by curing to form a durable and corrosion-resistant coating.

9. Ceramic Pigment Composition with Sb2O3 and ZnO for Lead-Free Decorative Applications

SHCHEPOCHINA YULYA ALEKSEEVNA, SHCHEPOCHKINA YULIYA ALEKSEEVNA, Shchepochkina Yulia Alekseevna, 2018

A lead-free ceramic pigment formulation for decorative ceramics that reduces lead recoil. The pigment composition comprises Sb2O3, ZnO, and other additives, which are combined with other raw materials to create a stable and durable pigment. The formulation is processed through a series of sintering and grinding steps to produce a fine powder that can be used for ceramic applications.

RU2671273C1-patent-drawing

10. Paint Composition with Synergistic Resin Blend and Nano Additives Incorporating Natural Ingredients and Low-VOC Profile

HUIZHOU GREEN PEACOCK TECH CO LTD, 2018

Durable, environmentally friendly paint comprising a synergistic blend of epoxy, amino, acrylic, alkyd, and acrylic resins, with added nano calcium carbonate and zinc oxide for enhanced durability and water resistance. The formulation incorporates natural ingredients like limonene, osmanthus essential oil, and lactic acid, while maintaining a low-VOC profile. The paint's unique combination of properties enables long-lasting protection without the need for solvents, making it suitable for decorative and industrial applications.

11. Paint Composition with Epoxy, Amino, Acrylic, Alkyd Resins and Natural Additives

HUIZHOU GREEN PEACOCK TECH CO LTD, 2018

An environmentally friendly paint comprising a blend of epoxy, amino, acrylic, alkyd, and acrylic resins, along with calcium carbonate, zinc oxide, limonene, titanium dioxide, lactic acid, turpentine, tea oil, linalyl acetate, dispersing agent, and phthalic anhydride. The paint contains no volatile solvents, has high water resistance, and eliminates odor upon application. The formulation also incorporates a dispersing agent to enhance paint flow and stability.

12. Benzene-Free Paint Formulation Comprising Resin or Oil-Based Composition Without Pigment Additives

HEFEI CHUMU TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD., 2018

Environmentally friendly benzene-free paint and preparation method for protecting surfaces. The coating is made from a resin or oil-based formulation without pigment or pigment additives, eliminating the primary source of benzene emissions. The preparation method involves a simple and cost-effective process that replaces traditional benzene-based formulations with a benzene-free alternative, enabling the creation of environmentally friendly coatings for decorative, anti-corrosion, thermal insulation, and fire retardant applications.

CN108530973A-patent-drawing

13. Waterborne Coatings with Specialized Resin Systems for Enhanced Mechanical Properties

QIANJIANG DAXIA FENGFAN AQUACULTURE CO LTD, 2018

Waterborne coatings for buildings that enhance durability and performance through advanced formulations. The coatings address common issues in conventional waterborne paints by incorporating specialized resin systems that combine water solubility with enhanced mechanical properties. The formulations achieve improved resistance to corrosion and high-temperature degradation while maintaining excellent water resistance and adhesion. The coatings are formulated using environmentally friendly waterborne dispersions that enable sustainable production and application processes.

14. Paint Composition with Amorphous Magnesium Vanadate-Based Antirust Pigment

AKZO NOBEL COATINGS INT BV, 2018

Chromium-free paint composition that provides excellent corrosion resistance on steel surfaces, particularly in machined parts. The composition contains an amorphous magnesium vanadate-based antirust pigment, which replaces traditional chromium-based pigments. The pigment composition achieves superior performance in both wetting resistance and machined surface durability compared to conventional chromium-based coatings. The composition also exhibits enhanced resistance to environmental stressors like saltwater and acidic environments.

ES2676554T3-patent-drawing

15. Water-Based Coating with Non-Toxic, Low Volatility Composition and Enhanced Durability

ENG EQUIPMENT CO LTD SUZHOU SAI SIDE, 2018

Water-based environmental protection coating for substrates that provides long-lasting protection against environmental degradation. The coating combines non-toxic, odorless, low volatility, non-flammable, and non-explosive properties with enhanced durability and resistance to peeling. The formulation enables effective protection of substrates without compromising their performance or safety characteristics, making it suitable for a wide range of applications.

CN107868579A-patent-drawing

16. Paint Composition with Modified Alkyd Resin, Tung Oil, and Nano Silver Oxide

CHENGDU FANXINJIA TECHNOLOGY CO LTD, 2017

An outdoor paint with reduced toxicity and improved environmental safety for coating surfaces like buildings. The paint contains modified alkyd resin, tung oil, epoxy resin, phthalic acid, palm kernel ester, vegetable oil, hydroxyethyl cellulose, water-based acrylic, zeolite, nano silver oxide, disinfectant, and antifoaming agent. It provides stable film formation, corrosion resistance, reduced volatile toxicity, and improved environmental protection compared to conventional paints. The modified alkyd resin, tung oil, epoxy, and zeolite provide film stability and corrosion resistance. The disinfectant and nano silver oxide provide antimicrobial properties. The vegetable oil, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and water-based acrylic provide low toxicity and reduced environmental impact.

17. Waterborne Epoxy Coating with Acrylic Epoxy-Modified Resin and Aluminum Triphosphate

SHENZHEN BAOJUN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COATING CO LTD, 深圳市宝骏环保涂料有限公司, 2017

A single-component, waterborne epoxy coating that combines excellent corrosion resistance, water resistance, and low-temperature performance. The coating comprises an acrylic epoxy-modified resin, aluminum triphosphate, Hydropal dispersant, antiseptic fungicide, PE100 wetting agent, dispersant, Hydropakat 3275, and thixotropic thickener DSX3290. The coating is formulated to maintain its performance in temperatures as low as -10°C while maintaining excellent water resistance properties.

18. Waterborne Epoxy Acrylic Resin Composition with Inorganic Pigments and Additives

Shenyang Pair Chemical Co., Ltd., SHENYANG PAIER CHEMICAL CO LTD, 2016

Waterborne epoxy acrylic resin for lead-free, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly paint formulation. The formulation comprises a high-performance waterborne epoxy-acrylic resin, rutile titanium dioxide, lithopone, precipitated barium sulfate, nitrite, defoamers, and dispersant, which provides exceptional weather resistance and corrosion protection for infrastructure and equipment applications.

CN103666177B-patent-drawing

19. Architectural Coating Composition with Enhanced Corrosion Resistance and Environmental Performance

ANHUI PENGFENG NEW BUILDING MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY CO LTD, 2016

A high-corrosion-resistant green paint for architectural coatings that enhances durability beyond traditional standards. The paint combines advanced corrosion protection with enhanced environmental performance, making it suitable for demanding applications where traditional coatings fail.

20. Water-Based Paint with Multi-Component Film-Forming System

WANG SHOUGAO, 2016

Water-based paint that provides antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-rust protection through a unique film-forming system. The paint comprises a film-forming resin, a secondary film-forming agent, and an auxiliary film-forming substance. The film-forming resin provides the protective film, while the secondary film-forming agent enhances the paint's performance characteristics. The paint can be applied to various substrates and exhibits improved durability and resistance to environmental stressors.

21. Nano-Coating for Decorative Surfaces with Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Biodegradable Binder

22. Waterborne Paint Composition with Ultrasonically Dispersed Polyurethane-Acrylic Matrix

23. Waterborne Paint with Dispersed Hydroxylated Fiber Resin and Polyether Sulfone Resin

24. Fluorosilicone-Based Paint with Lead-Free Chrome for Vibrant Coloration

25. Paint Composition Utilizing Polycarbonate, Epoxy-Modified Silicone, and Natural Resins with Solvent-Free Formulation

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