Techniques to Strengthen Fiber-Based F&B Packaging

The incorporation of plant fibers into the matrix plays an interesting role. Natural fibers have been widely used as reinforcements in polymer matrix composites. Among all reinforcing fibers, natural fiber-based hybrid composites have attracted the attention of researchers as high-potential reinforcing materials for composite materials. These fibers are easily available in the form of agricultural products. Natural fibers are inexpensive, durable and lightweight materials for composite applications. In this experimental work, sisal fibers and date palm fibers were used as reinforcement in different ratios to fabricate hybrid composites by compression molding technique while maintaining a total fiber loading of 20 % by weight. Tensile tests, flexural tests, and impact tests were carried out, water absorption was also determined. The results obtained show that the composite composed of a combination of 16% sisal fibers and 8% date palm fibers has better tensile properties with a stress value of 6.88 N/mm2 and a value of Izod impact of 43.218 J/m. As well as both composites showed a bet... Read More

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Fiber-reinforced composites can be classified into two parts, namely short fiber composites and long fiber composites. Long fibers are generally stronger than short fibers. Long fiber (continuous fiber) is more efficient in laying than short fiber but short fiber is easier to lay than long fiber. Fiber length affects the processability of the fiber composite. Judging from the theory, long fibers can transfer the load and stress from the stress point to the other fiber. In this research, we simulated the effects of volume fraction and fiber orientation in glass fiber-reinforced polyester composites on bending strength to examine the effect of each parameter on the mechanical properties of glass fiber composites. The mechanical properties of the composite were tested using the three-point bending and tensile testing methods. The study expects to find variations in mechanical properties with changes in the glass fiber volume fraction and fiber orientation. In this study, it is planned to function in a relevant environment, the components in this study must be able to operate properly an... Read More

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The superior mechanical properties like weight proportion, rigidity and low warm development gives a cutting edge advantage over ordinary materials. Also, composite materials bended with polymers are gaining lingering applications. Because of high quality, light weight and biodegrading properties, the use of natural fibres are of interest. In this research article an investigation has been carried out to find out an alternative material for glass fibre reinforced composite. Mechanical properties like rigidity and hardness of natural fibres cocos nucefera and luffa acutangula were estimated and compared with traditional glass fibre strengthened polymer composites. The results are promising and can be used for as a replacement for traditionally available glass fibre reinforced polymer composite.

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Abstract In present scenario, natural fibers are the preferred choice of manufactures to fabricate the sustainable polymer matrix composites. These composites may be a good substitute for synthetic materials after achieving the comparable strength with some treatments. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) contains high cellulose with low micro fibrillar angle which leads to decent inherent fiber strength. It is used for reinforcement in the proposed work to fabricate the epoxy matrix composite using hand layup method. During testing of composite, the effects of fiber content, type, and orientations on mechanical properties have been examined. Samples were prepared by varying the fiber type (short and long fiber), fiber orientations (at 0, 90, and 45) and fiber contents by weight % (i.e., 5, 10, 15 and 25). The results of mechanical characterization reveal that the tensile and flexural strength for short fiber composite is found maximum at 25% of fiber content (20.85 MPa and 42.70 MPa, respectively). However, long fiber reinforced composite with 5% of fiber content exhibits maximum tensile ... Read More

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Recently, fiber-based and functional paper food packaging has garnered significant attention for its versatility, excellent performance, and potential to provide sustainable solutions to the food packaging industry. Fiber-based food packaging is characterized by its large surface area, adjustable porosity and customizability, while functional paper-based food packaging typically exhibits good mechanical strength and barrier properties. This review summarizes the latest research progress on food packaging based on fibers and functional paper. Firstly, the raw materials used for preparing fiber and functional paper, along with their physical and chemical properties and roles in food packaging, were discussed. Subsequently, the latest advancements in the application of fiber and paper materials in food packaging were introduced. This paper also discusses future research directions and potential areas for improvement in fiber and functional paper food packaging to further enhance their effectiveness in ensuring food safety, quality, and sustainability.

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This study explores the stiffness enhancement in textile composites using four different fiber types: carbon, Kevlar, Vectran, and high-tenacity polyester (HTP). Pretension levels of 0.2, 2, 5, and 10 N were applied. A setup was developed to measure fiber stiffness. Results indicate that carbon fiber consistently demonstrates the highest stiffness across all pretenstionlevels, attributable to its high tensile strength and modulus. Kevlar fiber, although initially less stiff than carbon, exhibits the most substantial increase in stiffness, particularly between 5 and 10 N of pretension, reaching a peak stiffness of 33.8 at 10 N. Vectran fiber shows a gradual increase in stiffness, surpassing HTP but slightly lagging behind carbon and Kevlar. The rates of yarn-specific bending stiffness increase were measured as 0.168 for HTP, 0.054 for carbon fiber, 0.173 for Kevlar fiber, and 0.191 for Vectran fiber. The study highlights the importance of understanding how yarn pretension affects the bending stiffness of yarn-polymer composites, which is crucial for advancements in textile engineering... Read More

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This experiment aimed to investigate the impact of varying fiber lengths on the flexural strength of coconut fiber composites with epoxy resin. Coconut fiber composite panels were produced using rectangular molds. The effects of various fiber sizes, especially 2, 4, and 6 mm, respectively, were compared with fiberless and continuous fiber polymer composites on the flexural strength of Natural Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites (NFPC). The lowest flexural strength is 10.04 MPa, was obtained for the NFPC sample with a fiber length of 2 mm, while the highest flexural strength value was 10.70 MPa with a fiber length of 6 mm. Generally, flexural strength is influenced by variations in fiber size but not significantly. The flexural modulus and flexural strength values exhibit the same trend. Fiber pullouts are visible on the fracture surface of the sample, and voids in the form of trapped gas are also apparent on the sample surface. Short fiber size is one of the causes of fiber pullout, which can reduce the flexural strength of short fiber polymers.

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Natural fibresFibre are gaining popularity because they are more rigid and have greater specific strength than glass-reinforced composites. Every fibreFibre has different characteristics and natural fibresFibre reinforced composite develop great mechanical properties. Surface modification by chemical treatment also had a great impactImpact on the properties of the composites. Research regarding pineapplePineapple leaf fibreFibre (PALF) recently, had high mechanical strength. In this research, the PALF/Polylactic acid (PLA) composites filament were produced. The process started with grinding, sieving, surface modification of the fibreFibre followed by the hot compress, crushing, and finally filament extrusionExtrusion. The results revealed the PALF/PLA composites were successfully extruded into filament. However, further investigation regarding mechanical and thermal testings are needed to prove the strength and the printability of the composites.

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Introduction . Glass fibers significantly improve the quality of composite materials, make them lighter, stronger, more corrosion resistant and thermally stable. Strengths and weaknesses of specific composites are actively discussed in the scientific and applied literature. At the same time, the effect of the ratio of fibers and matrix material on the mechanical characteristics of composites has not been sufficiently investigated. The presented study is intended to fill this gap. The work is aimed at manufacturing a composite material on a polymer basis reinforced with glass fiber, and investigating the influence of weight ratios of elements on the mechanical characteristics of the composite. For the first time, a report on the comparison of the characteristics of composites (with different fiber content) to each other and to steel is published. Materials and Methods . Fiberglass and polyester were used as starting materials with the addition of a mediator to speed up the molding process. The samples were made manually and tested for tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength us... Read More

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Fiberglass is the most common reinforcing fiber used in composites, with polymer matrices having high tensile strength and chemical resistance, including an excellent insulating property; however, they are non-degradable. Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have advantageous properties such as lower density and price, when compared to synthetic composite products. In addition, hybrid composites may be obtained depending on various properties such as the fibers' length, structure, content and orientation, matrix bonding and arrangement. This study was carried out to determine the effect of adding Maleated Natural Rubber (MNR) from natural rubber as a coupling agent, in order to produce the highest tensile and flexural strength. The hand lay-up and vacuum bag methods with the Response Surface Method-Central Composite Design (RSM). -CCD) were used. The composite arrangement pattern was E-glass/OPEFB/E-glass, the volume fraction of OPEFB (oil palm empty fruit bunches):E-glass was 40:60, 50:50 and 60:40, the fraction volume of OPEFB + E-glass:matrix was 40:60, 50: 50, 60: 40 and t... Read More

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Due to its enhanced strength, stiffness, and tensile qualities, fibre reinforced composites are being employed more and more in the aerospace, automotive, plastic and mineral processing industries. Kenaf, jute, Kemp, and other types of reinforcing fibres are frequently utilized and come in strips. The design and analysis of the mechanical characteristics of the Kenaf fibre reinforced composite is the primary goal of this project. Different combinations of fibre and resin are examined for their various mechanical qualities, such as impact resistance, flexural strength, and tensile strength. By altering the fibre orientation and boosting impact strength, the composite is created. By altering the fibre orientation and boosting impact strength, the composite is created. The composite is personally examined using a variety of testing tools, and it is also examined using design software like Ansys. This research aims to increase the composites impact strength by adjusting the fibre length. The hydrogen peroxide solution is also coated on the composite before the tests are run. Comparisons... Read More

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Packaging is one of the major domains in the food processing industry that reduces waste and enhances product shelf life. Recently, research and development have focused on bioplastics and bioresources to combat environmental issues caused by the alarming growth of single-use plastic waste food packaging. The demand for natural fibres has recently increased because of their low cost, biodegradability and eco-friendliness. This article reviewed recent developments in natural fibre-based food packaging materials. The first part discusses the introduction of natural fibres in food packaging, with a focus on fibre source, composition and selection parameters, while the second part investigates the physical and chemical ways to modify natural fibres. Several plant-derived fibre materials have been utilised in food packaging as reinforcements, fillers and packaging matrices. Recent investigations developed and modified natural fibre (physical and chemical treatments) into packaging using casting, melt mixing, hot pressing, compression moulding, injection moulding, etc. These techniques maj... Read More

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Polymer composite, presently one of the most promising and innovative fields of research, and the importance of using biodegradable fibers as reinforcement in polymer composite material is growing rapidly.In this era of excessive depletion of petroleum resources and for new green environmental regulations, natural fiber-based composites can be crucial for the environment.In this study, a composite has been produced using reinforcement of glass fiber and rice straw and a matrix of epoxy resin.Mechanical properties of the composite such as impact and flexural properties have been investigated.The fiber orientation has a great impact on the mechanical properties of these composites.Impact and flexural strength both were found to be higher at 0 fiber orientation.Flexural strength rapidly decreased as the orientation angle of fiber increased from 0 to 90.On the other hand, impact strength decreased up to 45 and then it again increased until the orientation angle reaches 90.

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Abstract The study evaluated the effect of adding different proportions (3/7, 1/1, and 7/3) of pineapple leaf fiber to composites reinforced with olive trunk leaves powder by measuring tensile properties, moisture absorption, and thermal stability. The results showed that the proportion of pineapple leaf fiber in the hybrid composites strongly influenced tensile properties, moisture absorption, and thermal stability. Increasing pineapple leaf fiber loading from 12 wt% to 28 wt% resulted in an important increase in tensile strength, namely an average of 46%. However, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the hybrid composites were inferior to those of the parent composites, which could be attributed to the relative inability of the hybrid composites to withstand tensile loads. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed that the introduction of even the lowest amount of pineapple leaf fibers in the olive trunk leaves improved the thermal stability of the composites, bringing the degradation onset above 240C, therefore suggesting the possibility of a future processing with most t... Read More

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The kenaf fibers were used to reinforce composites with two structures: nonwoven and bulk fibers and with treated and untreated kenaf fiber. A series of tensile tests were conducted on these composites. The use of kenaf fibers allows having composite with improved mechanical properties compared to pure polyester composite. This increase reaches 56.15% in strength and 137.85% in strain when varying the fiber weight ratio and the reinforcement structure. The interested results for both tensile strength and strain are obtained for nonwoven structure made by untreated fiber. The statistical study reveals that the most influencing parameter in tensile properties was the reinforcement weight ratio. The optimum composite was obtained when using a nonwoven structure made with untreated fiber with 11.10% fiber weight ratio.

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<em>The purpose of this study was to determine the critical length of palm fiber, kenaf fiber, pineapple fiber, agave fiber, and coconut fiber with NaOH immersion treatment. This study was determine the effect of NaOH immersion treatment on the critical length of fiber. This research is an experimental exploratory research. The independent variables in this study were palm fiber, kenaf fiber, pineapple fiber, agave fiber, and coconut fiber with the dependent variable is the critical fiber length. To find the critical length of fiber using single fiber tensile test and single fiber pull out test. The data obtainde from the test results are then analyzed using formula equation to determine the critical length of each fiber. Data analysis techniques using quantitative descriptive analysis techniques. The results showed that the critical length of palm fiber, kenaf fiber, agave fiber, and coconut fiber with NaOH immersion treatment was shorter than the critical length of fiber without NaOH immersion treatment. Agave fiber has the shortest critical fiber length. The critical length ... Read More

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The increasing use of composites reinforced with vegetable fibers in the industrial field poses a serious problem of the reliability of the structures produced. For us, this credibility can be ensured when developing the composite, by a judicious choice of matrix and reinforcement, a choice leading to obtaining a material having acceptable mechanical and physicochemical characteristics. The main objective of this study is to characterize a composite material with a clay matrix reinforced with coconut and palm nut fibers. To achieve this objective, we first opted for the implementation of this composite by contact molding, at different fiber percentages (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%), and we then subjected our specimens to mechanical tests (three-point bending and compression). The mechanical characterization allowed us to have a Youngs modulus in compression varying between 63.82 and 68.82 MPa for palm nut fibers and from 68.28 to 74.43 MPa for coconut fibers (this allows us to note that our coconut fibers make the material rigid in compression), and a Youngs modulus in bending varying ... Read More

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The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of reinforcements on the strength of natural fiber composites. Recent advancements in natural fiber composites have minimized the usage of man-made fibers, especially in the field of structural applications such as aircraft stiffeners and rotor blades. However, large variations in the strength and modulus of natural fiber degrade the properties of the composites and lower the safety level of the structures under dynamic load. Without compromising the safety of the composite structure, it is significant to enrich the strength and modulus of natural fiber reinforcement for real-time applications. The strength and durability of natural fiber can be enriched by reinforcing natural fiber. The reinforcement effect on natural fiber in their woven, braided, and knit forms enhances their structural properties. It improves the properties of natural fiber composites related to reinforcement with short and random-orientation fibers. The article also reviews the effect of the hybridization of natural fiber with cellulosic fiber, synthetic ... Read More

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Despite its mechanical and environmental properties, pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) are used as a home threading material in India. In addition, the effects of abrasive combing and pretreatment techniques on fiber and composite characteristics were examined in this work. Using PALF vascular bundles separated from different regions of the leaves did not affect the mechanical aspects of pineapple leaf fiber-vinyl ester composites. PALF fibers performed equally in strengthening composite flexural properties under static loading, regardless of diameter or location, with a much lower weight percentage and combined pressure. Tests at higher speeds revealed that the PALF-vinyl ester composite was more robust with more delicate bundles. Reinforcing composites that do not require a high degree of hardness can benefit from the cleaner, more delicate bundles produced by abrasive combing.

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Plant fibers are being increasingly explored for their use in engineering polymers and composites, and many works have described their properties, especially for flax and hemp fibers. Nevertheless, the availability of plant fibers varies according to the geographical location on the planet. This study presents the first work on the mechanical properties of a tropical fiber extracted from the bast of Cola lepidota (CL) plant. After a debarking step, CL fibers were extracted manually by wet-retting. The tensile properties are first identified experimentally at the fibers scale, and the analysis of the results shows the great influence of the cross-section parameters (diameter, intrinsic porosities) on these properties. Tensile properties of CL fibers are also predicted by the impregnated fiber bundle test (IFBT). At this scale of bundles, a hackling step, which reduces shives and contributes to the parallelization of the fibers within bundles, improves tensile properties predicted by IFBT. The comparison with the properties of plant fibers given in the literature shows that CL fibers h... Read More

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This study investigates the effects of fiber treatments on mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced polyester composites (PALF/PE). The Fiber treatments were conducted with 3%, 6% and 9% NaOH for 2 hours. The untreated and treated PALF/PE composites were fabricated by the vacuum infusion method. The result analysis revealed that PALF/PE composites treated with NaOH indicated an increasing pattern in mechanical properties compared to untreated PALF/PE composites. The highest tensile strength was112 Mpa at 6 % NaOH and the highest impact strength was 0.11891 Joule/mm2 at 6 % NaOH. Moreover, the fracture images indicate relatively less fiber pull-out and improved fiber/matrix adhesion. The composites would be promising for construction, furniture and automotive materials due to their superior mechanical properties.

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Pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) has been proved for its cellulose rich content, cost effectiveness, and its availability, which has the reinforcement of polymer potential. In our study, composite specimens were prepared with woven pineapple fibre as reinforcement and phenol formaldehyde as matrix. Samples were ready with fibre content 30%, 35%, 40%, and 50%. The above said specimens were implies to mechanical test to find out its properties. In finding of the results it is understandable that the Mechanical properties has been increased while adding the fibre content up to 40% and drop it off. This happens due to the poor bonding properties between the fibre and the matrix. While increasing the fibre content to above certain limit, Instead of fibre dispersion the congregation takes place, Due to the obstacles caused for the resin to enter in to the two adjacent fibres the wettability turns into poor. Also, all the samples were subjected to water absorption tests and the results showed 40% fibre showed better properties. The microstructure of the composites was studied.

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Based on 87 references, a literature review was presented on PLA reinforced with pineapple leaf fibers (PALF). The properties of PALF were compared with those of other natural fibers. Mechanical properties of PLA composites and factors influencing them, such as filler content, adhesion at the interface between polymer fiber and matrix, as well as fiber length and their modification were discussed. Potential applications of PLA/PALF composites were also presented.

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Vegetable fibers are excellent substitutes for manmade fibers because are biodegradables, resistant and sustentables. This article studied the potencial application of Carica Papaya Fibers (CPF) in polymerics composites of natural resin. A simple model of micromechanical analysis was used for prediction of breaking stress, strain and Youngs modulus in composites with short fibers of Carica Papaya with matrix of polyurethane resin obtained from Ricinus Communis vegetable. The fiber content used between 1035% and fiber length between 36%. The analyzes were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess the influence of variables on the mechanical properties of each composite produced. The results obtained show that increased in fiber length promoted increase in stress values, while the increase in fiber content favored the increased in the stiffness of the composite.

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The behavior of a composite material under mechanical loading condition is significantly influenced by the geometrical dimensions (length and diameter) and the total content of reinforcing fiber. Therefore, this research work focused the effect of fiber length and content on the mechanical behavior of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) reinforced-epoxy composites. In this regard, the total of four composite samples for each fiber length (10, 15, 20, and 25 mm) and content (17, 23, 34, and 43 vol.%) were developed using a hand lay-up molding technique and characterized for mechanical properties according to ASTM standards. The tensile and flexural strength of a composite was increased with the increase of PALF length and content up to 15 mm and 34 vol.% respectively. However, the composite of 25 mm fiber length with 43% fiber volume content exhibits the maximum impact strength.

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Abstract The properties of the particles which have best binding capacity with the matrix can be combined with the properties of the fibers which give the composite strength. The use of shell particles and coconut fiber together as a composite reinforcement provides a variety of new physical properties that are different from its constituents. Therefore, the variation in weight fraction of the two fibers as reinforcement is interesting to study. The bio-composite board was made to use open mold process. The bio-composite board reinforced with shell particles and coconut fiber has a density of 0.938 1,020 g/cm 3 . The greatest water content reaches 5.43%. The immersion time of 24 hours, water absorption of this bio-composite board is in the range of 1.95% to 3.38%, and the largest thickness swelling reaches 2.86 %. Bio-composite board which is composed of 40% by weight of coconut fiber has a density of 1.111 g/cm 3 . Water content reaches 5.90%%. Water absorption capacity and thickness swelling of 4.08% and 3.12%, respectively. While the bio-composite board which is composed of ... Read More

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The properties of fiber reinforced polymer composites depend on those of the individual components but also of the characteristics of the fiber/matrix interface. To ensure appropriate interfacial interactions, fiber surface must be modified accordingly. Fibers strength has to be maintained during their handling and the composite manufacturing and in-service life so that the development of appropriate surface treatments, so called sizings, is a delicate issue. Traditional reinforcements, e.g. glass and carbon fibers, as well as plant fibers will be considered in this chapter, these latter imparting the composite certain benefits such as a low environmental footprint. After a presentation of each fiber manufacturing, a review of the literature relating sizings with the formation of fiber/matrix interphase and the closely connected phenomenon of interface adhesion is presented for each reinforcement.

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Natural fiber composites are accustomed to reinforce substances for over 3,000 years. More recently, they have been used in aggregate with biodegradable particulate composites. Different kinds of natural fibers are investigated which are used in particles along with Flax, hemp, jute, straw, wood fiber, etc. Mostly composites processed by fiber reinforcement have generated wide research and engineering interest to material uses due to their density, high specific strength, low cost, mild weight, biodegradability and recyclability. In this research paper, Haritaki powder and fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix composite were fabricated with four various proportions of composite based on haritaki powder compositions. The samples of composite were fabricated by conventional method of open molding fabricating processes. The longitudinal tensile strength, shocking load strength and indenter penetration resistance tests were carried out at four one of a kind speeds to examine the various mechanical behavior of the composites materials. The test values show the filler materials of haritaki (Kadukk... Read More

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The use of natural fibers as reinforcement in polymer composites has become a very popular research area of scientists, researchers and engineers throughout the last decade. Natural fibers have significant properties like low density, high specific strength, low cost, relatively good mechanical properties, eco-friendly and bio-degradability. Due to this, they are used as substitute for the conventional fibers such as glass, aramid and carbon. Recently, it was noticed that kenaf fiber had enormous possibilities for replacing synthetic fiber in composites due to the rising environmental and ecological issues. This consciousness has inspired the efforts for the development of new innovative bio-based composites. In this research work, an experimental investigation has been carried out to make use of kenaf fiber, a natural fiber abundantly available in India. The present work describes the development and characterization of a new set of kenaf fiber reinforced polymer composites. The composites are fabricated using hand lay-up technique and their impact strength is evaluated. The experim... Read More

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There is more demand for natural fiber-reinforced composites in the energy sector, and their impact on the environment is almost zero. Natural fiber has plenty of advantages, such as easy recycling and degrading property, low density, and low price. Natural fibers thermal properties and flexural properties are less than conventional fiber. This work deals with the changes in the thermal properties and mechanical properties of S-glass reinforced with a sodium hydroxide-treated pineapple leaf (PALF) and banana stem fibers. Banana stem and pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) were used at various volume fractions, i.e., 30%, 40%, and 50%, and various fiber lengths of 20 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm with S-glass, and their effects on the thermal and mechanical properties were studied, and their optimum values were found. It was evidenced that increasing the fiber volume and fiber length enhanced the flexural and thermal properties up to 40% of the fiber volume, and started to decrease at 50% of the fiber volume. The fiber length provides an affirmative effect on the flexural properties and a pessimisti... Read More

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Natural fibers are plentiful and offer a significant cost savings over fully manufactured composite materials. The usage of natural fibres is widespread in many technological applications requiring great strength and stiffness with little weight. Banana fibre has high mechanical properties and minimal deformation during testing. Comparison of glass fiber and banana fiber with different fibre volume fraction to get the best fibre. In this work, both fibres are prepared using hand lay-up method. The impact of fibre volume fraction on composite fracture toughness and tensile strength is studied. Comparing fracture toughness will help to choose the best composite material for different automotive applications.

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Natural fiber had recently been used as reinforcement with polymer in a composite is increasing, due to benefits. The benefits in natural fiber is the lightweight, low cost, environmentally friendly with a good specific mechanical property. However, several factors need to take into account to affecting the mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer, such as fiber fraction, fiber condition and fiber orientation. This study presents the simulation study on the mechanical properties of different natural fiber reinforced in a diagonal orientation and to compare the mechanical properties such as tensile and bending properties of Kenaf Fiber, PALF, and Ramie reinforced polymer composites. This study of mechanical properties will be investigated using ANSYS 18.1. The composites are designed in different natural fiber with fiber orientation in direction of 45 and 135 alternately in five layers. Tensile and bending test are analyze based on ASTM standard to determine the effect of stacking sequence and fiber orientation on the composites. The results show that fiber orientat... Read More

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The present study aims to investigate the effects of stacking sequence on physical, mechanical and moisture resistant properties of pineapple leaf fiber (PF) and flax fiber (FF) reinforced composite laminates. The non-hybrid and hybrid composite laminates are fabricated by using vacuum assisted resin infusion molding process (VARIM) with an inter-ply configuration. From the results, the maximum tensile strength (219.3 MPa), flexural strength (132.4 MPa), shear strength (39.1 MPa) and impact energy (50.2 J) have been recorded for FFRP composites while the minimum for PFRP (124.7 MPa, 52.3 MPa, 4.3 MPa, and 23.3 J) respectively. For hybrid composite laminates, the increase in volume fraction of flax fiber, improved the mechanical and moisture resistant properties while an increase in the volume fraction of PALF enhanced the elongation and flexibility of the developed composites. Furthermore, it observed that, stacking sequence configuration of flax fibers as outer layer exhibited better tensile, flexural, impact and moisture properties while flax fibers at inner layer examined maximum ... Read More

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The use of fiber has been widely researched but the use of several fibers as reinforcement does not necessarily result in optimal mechanical properties. This study aimed to determine the tensile strength and impact strength of composite materials using an epoxy matrix with the addition of rubber variations to increase the ductility of the matrix. Meanwhile, the fibers used for reinforcement are carbon fiber and ramie. In this study, the reinforcement added a variety of kenaf fiber, wire and cotton. This was to compare the role of kenaf fiber, wire and cotton in improving the mechanical properties of composite materials. The percentage of rubber volume fraction added to the epoxy is 30%, 40% and 50%.The highest tensile test results were shown in the 30% epoxy rubber-carbon fiber-ramie fiber-kenaf specimen which was 10.67 Kgf / mm2, and the lowest result was the epoxy 50% rubber-carbon fiber-ramie-wire specimen, which was 5.752 kgf / mm2. The fracture analysis of the tensile test showed that the fracture area is formed by debonding phenomena between fibers and matrices.The highest impa... Read More

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The coir fiber used for the study is untreated brown fiber extracted from mature coconut fruit husk. Coir fiber and coconut wood chips composites were prepared by different filler and reinforcement concentrations by hand layup technique. The fiber length taken is of 10 mm in average for both the reinforcement materials. According to ASTM standards specimen for tensile and flexural test where cut from the fabricated laminate. Experimental results shows that mechanical properties of composites were greatly influenced by fiber and filler percentages. By comparing two materials viz. coir fiber and coconut wood chips composites the second one shows good tensile and flexural behavior. Rain water treatment will greatly reduce both tensile and flexural properties of coir fiber and coconut wood chips composites. Coconut wood chips are found to be used as reinforcement material for structural applications.

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Purpose The issues concerning the prediction of changes in properties of polymer materials as a result of adding reinforcing fibers are currently widely discussed in the field of polymer material processing. This paper aims to present strengths and weaknesses of composites based on polymer materials strengthened with fibers. It touches upon composite cracking at the junction of a matrix and its reinforcement. It also discusses the analysis of changes in properties of chosen materials as a result of adding reinforcing fibers. The paper shows improvement in the strength of polymer materials with fiber addition, which is extremely important, because these types of composites are used in the aerospace, automotive and electrical engineering industries. Design/methodology/approach Comparing the properties of matrix strength with fiber properties is practically impossible. Thus, fiber tensile strength and composite tensile strength shall be compared (Gonzlez et al. , 2011): tensile (glass fiber GF) = 900 [MPa], elongation L 0; yield point (polyamide 66) = 7090 [MPa], elongation [%] = 3... Read More

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While the desired stiffness and strength of a part can be achieved by using mechanical design stiffening principles, such as by using ribs, materials with inherently higher stiffness and strength can expand the design envelope. One successful strategy is to use high-stiffness and high-strength fibers to reinforce plastics. This chapter describes chopped-fiber composites that can be processed into relatively inexpensive parts by injection molding. It highlights the various fiber types and the processing issues. The chapter considers the complexity in the tensile moduli of nonhomogeneous materials. Nonhomogeneity can be of two types through-thickness and in-plane both of which are present in molded parts. The chapter discusses the distribution of mechanical properties of in short-fiber and long-fiber filled injection-molded parts. It outlines the complexity of modeling fiber orientation development in a part in several simple steps.

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The needs of environmental protection led to the introduction of composites based on the use of plastics reinforced with biodegradable materials or other easily accessible materials. The overall purpose of the research was to experimentally investigate the possibilities of using some accessible reinforcement materials. Textile based on plants fibers and glass fibers were used as reinforcement materials, while the matrix was a polymer type material. An empirical mathematical model was proposed to highlight the effect of the number of glass fiber reinforcements on the tensile strength. The determined mathematical empirical model and graphical representations highlight how the number of glass fiber reinforcements affects the modulus of elasticity of the composite materials.

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The need of coconuts in Indonesia is relatively high. The use of large quantities of coconuts produces large amounts of organic waste from coco fiber, which tends to become waste if it is not used to be beneficial for humans.One of the potential uses of coconut fiber is as a reinforcement of natural fibers in polymer matrix composite materials. Recently, the applications of composite materials have been expanded widely including structural angine component which whitstand certain load like impact load. But most of them used synthetic fiber. Although the use of natural fibers as reinforcement in composite materials has been widely studied, their use is still limited because natural fibers have their own advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this study was to measure the impact strength of specimens of coconut fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite material, and to determine the effect of the length and concentration of coconut fiber on its impact strength. A significant and valid regression model was also generated in this research, that states the relationship between fiber... Read More

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Molded articles comprising a polysaccharide, particularly poly alpha-1,3-glucan, that can be made from renewable resources. The articles exhibit improved recyclability compared to traditional plastics due to their unique crystalline structure. The polysaccharide backbone provides a solid foundation, while the glucan side chains with alpha-1,3-glycosidic linkages enable the formation of amorphous regions that can be easily molded and processed. The resulting molded articles can be used in packaging and various other applications, including containers, handles, and disposable items.

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Today, research on natural fibers as composite reinforcement aims to study the extraction process, physical properties, chemical properties and mechanical properties of natural fiber.Natural fiber attracts researchers because it has high specific strength, light density, low cost, good mechanical properties, nonabrasive, environmentally friendly and biodegradable in nature.A brief review has been carried out for using abundant natural fibers available in Indonesia.

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In this research, three kinds of carbon fiber (CF) with lengths of 1, 3, and 25 mm were prepared for processing composite. The effect of submicron glass fiber addition (sGF) on mechanical properties of composites with different CF lengths was investigated and compared throughout static tests (i.e., bending, tensile, and impact), as well as the tension-tension fatigue test. The strengths of composites increased with the increase of CF length. However, there was a significant improvement when the fiber length changed from 1 to 3 mm. The mechanical performance of 3 and 25 mm was almost the same when having an equal volume fraction, except for the impact resistance. Comparing the static strengths when varying the sGF content, an improvement of bending strength was confirmed when sGF was added into 1 mm composite due to toughened matrix. However, when longer fiber was used and fiber concentration was high, mechanical properties of composite were almost dependent on the CF. Therefore, the modification effect of matrix due to sGF addition disappeared. In contrast to the static strengths, th... Read More

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Palm and coconut fibers are able to accommodate different water, have good insulation of temperature and sound.The combination of palm and coconut fibers as a reinforcement of natural fiber composites is influenced by the characteristic thickness of the constituent materials.This study aimed at describing the effect of thickness on various variations of the composition of palm and coconut fiber as a reinforcement of natural fiber composites.Natural fiber composites were made by hand lay-up methods.The comparison of fibers and matrices was 40% and 60%.The variation in the composition of the weight of coconut fibers in the fiber was 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%.The fiber used a chopped fiber model with a length of 3 cm.Thick development data analyzed descriptively to refer to SNI 03-02105-2006.The density of natural fiber composites in all variations in the composition of the weight of coconut fibers in the fiber was in the range of values of 1.0893 to 1.0956 gr / cm3.Soaking with water for 24 hours showed that the composite board had a thick development of 2% to 5.9%.Composite of natural fiber ... Read More

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This paper studies the influence of glass fibre addition and benzoylation treatment on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of sugar palm composites. Glass fibre (GF) was added in various fibre ratios: 30%, 50% and 70%, related to the amount of sugar palm fibre (SPF). The results obtained revealed that the EP/30TSPF/70 G F composites exhibited the best tensile properties by increasing the tensile strength by 55.7%. For thermal analysis, the results show that EP/TSPF/GF composites had the most improvement in the initial and final degradation temperature. It can be concluded that, benzoylation treatment help improves the adhesion of the SPF to the GF and to the epoxy matrix. Glass fibre addition helps enhanced the characteristics of the SPF composites as the GF overcome the weakness of SPF. This hybrid composites show promising characteristics to be applied for non-structural application as example food tray table.

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The composite materials are used in the place of ordinary materials because of its properties like high rigidity, low warm development, high solidarity to weight proportion. The improvements of new materials are developing step by step. Blending of characteristic fiber with Polymers are finding expanded applications. Normal fiber composites, for example, Luffa and coconut fiber (coir) fiber strengthened polymer composites turned out to be progressively appealing because of their high specific quality, lightweight and biodegradability. In this investigation mechanical properties, for example, rigidity, hardness quality are assessed. For this, Natural fiber strengthened composites are fabricated utilizing pressure forming technique. These composites are thought about based on mechanical properties, for example, quality, durability, hardness and thickness and so on. The outcomes showed that the fuse of Luffa (Luffa acutangula), Coconut or coir (Cocos nucefera) fiber with polymer can improve the properties and utilized as a substitute material for Glass fiber strengthened polymer composi... Read More

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This presentation introduces technique and some applications where fine fibers were previously added into matrix of fiber reinforced composites. The fatigue life was dramatically increased 10-100 times by the addition of fine fibers into the matrix in contrast to the static case. Those effects in improvement of mechanical properties of the textile carbon fiber composite were explained by the prevention of interfacial crack propagation with large resistance between carbon fiber bundles in Mode-II and modified matrix around the texture points where comparatively large strain energy would be released, if the epoxy matrix was adequately modified with the fine glass fibers.

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This chapter gives a general overview of the most important functional properties assessed when characterizing products containing dietary fibers or fiber-based food ingredients. It covers gel formation, viscosity, emulsion stability, hydration properties, oil-holding capacity and hygroscopic properties. The chapter also describes methodologies used to characterize those functional properties and shows data with the perspective of associating the functional properties of fiber enriched food products with the used fiber structural and chemical properties. Finally, industrial applications -advantages and disadvantages on the use of fibers in beverages, meat processed products, dairy products, snacks, bakery products and fruit products are described.

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In this work tensile, flexural, impact and hardness properties of kenaf fiber and pineapple leaf (PALF) reinforced with polyester composites are described for the first time. The composite samples are fabricated for different fiber weights by injection moulding method. PALF which is fine in cellulose, moderately inexpensive, and bounteously accessible has the potential for polymer reinforcement. Kenaf fibers having better tensile and flexural strength compared with PALF. Due to that better mechanical attributes, in this composite kenaf as base material and PALF as filler. In this investigation, the mechanical attributes such as tensile, flexural, impact and hardness tests were performed as per ASTM standard. The mechanical test results revealed a regular trend of an increase in tensile, flexural, impact and hardness properties to adding natural fibers. Equal share of weight % of kenaf and PALF have enhanced the overall mechanical attributes such as ductile strength (246.8Mpa), bending strength (96.4Mpa), impact (32 J/m2) and hardness (86.3). This type of composite material can be use... Read More

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The use of plant fibers to replace artificial fibers such as carbon fiber or glass fiber is the subject of studies by many researchers today.Vegetable fibers are considered for their renewability, degradability, low toxicity and low cost.In this work, the mechanical properties of tensile and flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of hybrid composites of sisal fibers with glass fiber in an epoxy polymer matrix were evaluated.The fibers were treated in a 10% by weight sodium hydroxide solution and subjected to tensile tests in a universal testing machine according to the ASTM D3039 and D790 standards.The best performing composites were the sisal + fiberglass hybrids, at 86% for the tensile strength and 64% for the elastic modulus.In the bending tests the results showed a performance of 119% for the maximum stress and 138% in the greater breaking stress for the hybrid composites.

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The present paper deals with the effect of loading different pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) length (short, mixed and long fibres) and their reinforcement for the fabrication of vinyl ester (VE) composites. Performance of PALF/VE composites was investigated through three-point bending flexural testing and viscoelastic (dynamic) mechanical properties through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). DMA results revealed that the long PALF/VE composites displayed better mechanical, damping factor and dynamic properties as compared to the short and mixed PALF/VE composites. The flexural strength and modulus of long PALF/VE composites were 113.5 MPa and 14.3 GPa, respectively. The storage (E) and loss (E) moduli increased to 2000 MPa and 225 MPa respectively for PALF/VE composites. Overall result analysis indicated that increasing the length of the reinforcement fibre results in satisfactory mechanical performance and dynamic properties of composites.

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