Biodegradable Coatings for Sustainable F&B Packaging

"Long-term enhancement of food stability using encapsulation-based coating" is a comprehensive exploration of encapsulation techniques' vital role in enhancing food processing and preservation. This book discusses the mechanisms and applications of encapsulation for preventing food deterioration, stabilizing food products, and ensuring their safety and quality. After briefly introducing edible coatings and food safety, this chapter explains encapsulation techniques and their significance in the food industry. Readers will gain insights into appropriate encapsulation materials for various food applications, enabling the formulation of efficient and targeted encapsulation strategies. The second section focuses on the mechanisms of encapsulation for preventing food deterioration. By addressing the underlying causes of food spoilage, including oxidation, moisture uptake, and enzymatic reactions, this section clarifies how encapsulation-based coatings act as protective barriers, thereby effectively limiting these deterioration mechanisms. Research-based case studies are examples of the su... Read More

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This chapter focuses on the application of biopolymer-based edible coatings and films in food packaging and preservation. It addresses the environmental concerns associated with conventional plastic packaging and highlights biopolymers as sustainable alternatives. The study explores various biopolymers, their properties, and their incorporation of bioactive compounds. Different methods of film formation and their impact on food attributes are discussed, along with challenges in implementation. Another innovative method that has shown to offer a safe and advantageous way to extend the shelf life of food products is edible coatings. This coating enhances the quality and extends the shelf life of minimally processed fruits, vegetables, and other food products. It has multiple applications in this regard. The use of these materials in food applicationsparticularly for highly perishable products like horticultural goodsdepends on a number of particular qualities, such as cost, accessibility, usefulness, mechanical properties (tension and flexibility), optical properties (brightness and ... Read More

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While packaging is effective in reducing food losses, the increased use of petroleum-based packaging materials negatively impacts the environment. Edible films and coatings are considered a significant alternative in addressing this issue. Starch, due to its abundant presence in nature, biodegradable nature, and cost-effectiveness, is a widely studied biopolymer. However, its mechanical properties and sensitivity to moisture limit its use as a food packaging material. This article, compiles the characteristics, production, and recent studies on starch-based edible films and coatings.

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Food ingredients in general are very sensitive and easily experience quality degradation due to environmental, chemical, biochemical, microbiological, oxygen, water, light and temperature factors. To prevent this damage, the food product is packaged with plastic packaging material. Until now, plastic polymers are the most widely used packaging materials. In Indonesia, the use of plastic packaging materials by the food industry and other food business actors as food packaging has occupied a portion of 80% and 55%. This will of course result in danger to the environment. Packaging with edible coating/film is a relatively new food preservation technique. Research on coating food products with edible coating/film has been widely carried out and has been proven to extend the shelf life and improve the quality of food products. The safest, most potential and most widely researched polymer material for edible coating/film is a renewable organic material based on starch. Starch is a type of polysaccharide from plants that is abundantly available in nature, is biodegradable, easy to obtain an... Read More

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Harvested fruits and vegetables are prone to decay and quality deterioration during storage. Although traditional packaging and chemical treatments are effective, they are harmful to the environment and human health. Hence, higher requirements for food preservation technology are increasingly proposed. Nontoxic, renewable, degradable, and edible packaging for fruits and vegetables has become a research hotspot in recent years. Chitosan, alginate, cellulose, pectin, starch, and other polysaccharides as coating materials have been widely used. Compared with traditional plastic packaging and chemical treatment, these coatings exhibited a better preservation effect and higher safety. In this paper, the preservation mechanism of fruits and vegetables by edible coatings treatment was described, and the research on edible coatings used in fruits and vegetables was summarized. The effects polysaccharide-based edible coatings on physicochemical quality and antimicrobial effect of fruits and vegetables were reviewed.

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Food is a vital component for survival. There is more food because of globalization, urbanization, and population growth. Food safety and storage now face more difficulties as a result. Consequently, food must be preserved using appropriate packing materials. Food may be preserved and its quality enhanced throughout storage, distribution, and transportation with the use of packaging materials. The food sector has made advancements and innovations in food packaging crucial. Food packaging uses a range of materials, including plastics, paper, metal, and glass. The majority of packaging materials are made of non-biodegradable plastics, which are bad for the environment and people's health. In order to replace non-biodegradable plastics with environmentally friendly biodegradable polymers, the food sector is searching for solutions. On the other hand, there is a lack of systematic literature on the topic, thus a systematic summary of the material that is accessible is required. The topic of polymer packaging materials has been thoroughly examined, with a focus on biodegradable plastics. ... Read More

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Biodegradable edible coatings have become a viable alternative for preserving fruits such as strawberries with a high degree of perishability, extending their postharvest shelf life. The study aimed to develop a biodegradable coating based on cassava starch and poly(vinyl alcohol) to extend the shelf life of strawberries at 25 5 C, since no formulations or studies were found at this storage temperature. The formation of the composite was confirmed by the signals in the FTIR spectra. The results demonstrate that the presence of soybean oil and lecithin promotes the rearrangement of polymer bonds, ensuring the availability of hydroxyls. Thus, formulation B obtained a hydrophobic surface, justified by the lower moisture content, water solubility, and water vapor permeability. The new material was applied as a coating to fresh strawberries, delaying the senescence process and extending the shelf life of the strawberries at 25 5 C by 105% compared to the control sample.

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Biodegradable polymers have become a topic of great scientific and industrial interest due to their environmentally friendly nature. For the benefit of the market economy and environment, biodegradable materials should play a more critical role in packaging materials, which currently account for more than 50% of plastic products. However, various challenges remain for biodegradable polymers for practical packaging applications. Particularly pertaining to the poor oxygen/moisture barrier issues, which greatly limit the application of current biodegradable polymers in food packaging. In this review, various strategies for barrier property improvement are summarized, such as chain architecture and crystallinity tailoring, melt blending, multi-layer co-extrusion, surface coating, and nanotechnology. These strategies have also been considered effective ways for overcoming the poor oxygen or water vapor barrier properties of representative biodegradable polymers in mainstream research.

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Although bio-based nanocomposite materials have various packaging options, the future is still evolving. At this point, multifunctional intelligent packaging will replace simple traditional packaging. As the use of synthetic plastics decreases, so does the demand for biodegradable packaging materials. Because of its potential to alleviate environmental issues associated with conventional packaging materials, biodegradable nanocoating for food packaging has seen a significant increase in interest in recent years. This innovative technology offers several perspectives and benefits, including improved food safety, extended shelf life, reduced waste, and enhanced sustainability. The objectives of this chapter are to highlight the latest advancements and research in the field of biodegradable nanocoating and its potential to revolutionize the food packaging industry as well as the advanced development teams about the benefits and potential applications of biodegradable nanocoating in food packaging.

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Edible food wrappers are safe packaging systems that can be consumed with food. Edible packaging developed using natural renewable resources come under the category of bio-based and biodegradable packaging. The main components of edible wrappers include a biopolymer solubilized in a solvent to form film casting solution and certain additives to improve functional characteristics of packaging. Biopolymers are frequently used in food packaging applications due to their flexibility in film formation and biodegradability. The development of green packaging materials utilizing discarded edible materials will be beneficial to confront the challenges associated with traditional packaging systems, attaining sustainability, and fostering recycling in the food industry. Edible food wrappers present a number of benefits over synthetic materials. These packaging systems can replace and possibly strengthen the outside layers of packed items in order to elude moisture loss, flavors, and bioactive components from the foods as well as between them.

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Bio-based and petroleum-based biodegradable coatings: materials, methods, and modifications to improve the performance of polymeric substrates for plastic and paper-based food packaging applications.

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Natural biodegradable polymers serve as a more sustainable and cost effective solution for food packaging compared to synthetic alternatives.

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Food packaging has a pivotal role in transporting, storing, handling and preserving food throughout the distribution chain which is very important for food safety. Food can be easily contaminated by direct contact with physical, chemical and biological contaminants, because of characteristic defects in conventional food packaging materials. Plastic is being used as food packaging material for decades. Plastic can absorb the colour, flavours and smells of the product being contained when food is stored in it. Plastic packing for food is also damaging environmental qualities due to its non-biodegradable and highly polluting nature. The food industry is in great need of an alternative novel, eco-friendly, cost-effective and completely biodegradation, with high biocompatibility and good film-forming properties, resourceful food packaging materials for protection and monitoring of packaged food quality which is feasible only through food safety, in order to resolve degradation problem of plastics. Currently, the food packaging sector is in the expedition of lightweight biodegradable packa... Read More

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This comprehensive review delves into the vital role of edible coatings in extending the shelf life of agricultural and finished food products while advancing sustainability. Such biodegradable, eco-conscious materials stand as a sustainable alternative to traditional food preservation techniques. This paper navigates through the facets of edible coatings, highlighting their origins from green sources and their evolution concerning conventional preservation, the nuanced process of their crafting, and their technological innovations. Additionally, the advantages of natural additives and nanotechnology implementation in enhancing the effectiveness of edible coatings are illustrated and discussed. A thorough exploration of their multiple applications across various foods is provided, with a peculiar focus on their multifaceted advantages. Subsequently, the commercial viability of edible coatings is addressed by detailing their current market presence, challenges in scalability, and primary determinants for their market entry. The regulatory landscape of edible coatings is critically ass... Read More

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Abstract Cheese is one of the most popular and extensively consumed dairy products. It comes in a variety of flavors, textures, shapes and is prone to infection and decomposition. Edible coatings as cheese packaging serve various key functions in the preservation and enhancement of cheese quality, including increasing shelf life, retaining texture, boosting sensory qualities, and lowering plastic waste and environmental impact. In recent decades, the development of edible coatings has witnessed tremendous growth, and it is projected to have a significant impact on the quality of cheese products in the next few years. Novel edible materials and processing methods are of great interest due to their intriguing potential as revolutionary cheese packaging systems. This review summarizes recent trends in adding edible coating to increase the quality and the shelf-life of cheese, plus the functional of edible coating and their application on cheese to reduce the plastic waste and environmental impact.

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<h2>Abstract</h2> This comprehensive review investigates a variety of creative approaches in the field of sustainable food packaging biomaterials in response to growing environmental concerns and the negative effects of traditional plastic packaging. The study carefully looks at new developments in biomaterials, such as biodegradable polymers, ceramics, composites, and metal alloys, in response to the growing need for environmentally suitable substitutes. It highlights how they might replace conventional plastic packaging and lessen environmental damage. Moreover, the incorporation of nanotechnology into packaging is closely examined due to its crucial function in improving barrier qualities, introducing antimicrobial properties, and introducing smart packaging features. The investigation includes edible coatings and films made of biodegradable polymers that offer new sensory experiences in addition to prolonging the shelf life of products. The review emphasizes the use of biomaterials derived from food processing and agricultural waste, supporting environmentally responsible methods... Read More

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In this study, the food coating's bioprotective properties were investigated. Currently, in the food industry, special attention is paid to the creation of fundamentally new packaging materials nontoxic, capable of providing effective protection of the product from microbial contamination, exposure to oxygen in the air, to prevent the drying of the product during storage - including those applied to the surface of the product and eaten with it. The use of protective coatings in the production of meat semi-finished products allows you to improve the quality and appearance, and also allow you to preserve the freshness of meat semi-finished products. The aim of the work is to obtain a food coating with bioprotective properties and extracts of biologically active substances of plant raw materials. As the objects the objects of the study were used secondary collagen-containing raw materials of the meat industry (veins, tendons, fasciae released during the venation of beef in sausage and canning industries), dispersed forms of collagen proteins isolated from animal tissues by directed b... Read More

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During storage and transportation, food packaging is anticipated to maintain the reliability as well as protection of the food material. In the current food packaging industry scenario, nonbiodegradable petroleum-based polymeric materials are widely utilized. But it is a well-known fact that these nonbiodegradable traditional materials pose serious and adverse environmental threats. This subsequently led to numerous researches on environment-friendly packaging materials to substitute the conventional plastic packaging ingredients to overcome disposal problems associated with current-day plastics. Various bio-based polymers like thermoplastic starch (TPS), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and poly-lactic acid (PLA) are the current market capturers for food packaging applications. Alongside, the characteristics of the bio-based polymers can be tailored by reinforcing micro and/or nanoparticles as fillers which is also the order of current-day research. This paved way for biopolymer/filler composites which could be readily employed for food packaging applications. This chapter comprehensiv... Read More

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In the past years, consumers have increased their interest in buying healthier food products, rejecting those products with more additives and giving preference to the fresh ones. Moreover, the current environmental situation has made society more aware of the importance of reducing the production of plastic and food waste. In this way and considering the food industrys need to reduce food spoilage along the food chain, edible coatings have been considered eco-friendly food packaging that can replace traditional plastic packaging, providing an improvement in the products shelf life. Edible coatings are thin layers applied straight onto the food materials surface that are made of biopolymers that usually incorporate other elements, such as nanoparticles or essential oils, to improve their physicochemical properties. These materials must provide a barrier that can prevent the passage of water vapor and other gasses, microbial growth, moisture loss, and oxidation so shelf life can be extended. The aim of this review was to compile the current data available to give a global vision of... Read More

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In response to increasing concerns over food waste and safety, and the environmental impacts of traditional conservation methods, this review aims to explore the potential of bio-coatings in preserving the freshness of fruits and vegetables. Our primary objective is to provide a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in bio-coating technologies, detailing their benefits in terms of enhancing food safety, prolonging shelf life, and reducing waste. This paper delves into various forms of bio-coatings, their applications, and their effectiveness in maintaining post-harvest quality. We further elucidate the underlying mechanisms that govern their preservation efficacy. This review is intended for researchers, industry professionals, and policy makers who are interested in sustainable preservation alternatives and their implications for food security and environmental sustainability. By the end of this review, the audience will gain a thorough understanding of the current state of bio-coating technology and its prospects in the food preservation industry.

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Abstract To evaluate the potential of biodegradable materials in beverage packaging applications, five aquatic simulants and eight different commercial beverages were set up to study the aging effects of PLA-PBAT blends. The experimental data for 6 months consistently indicate that aquatic conditions have a small impact on the weight change and surface characters. PLA-PBAT blends show slow oxidation and decomposition process, which were less than 1%, like the samples exposed to air. Among different beverages, non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks showed little difference, while acidic beverages had a relatively remarkable surface erosion effect on the biodegradable materials.

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Biodegradable packaging materials generally comprise a solution to the environmental problem caused by the consecutive use of conventional packaging materials (petroleum-based materials) even though these have a high cost. The monomers resulting from the slow degradation of petroleum-based materials contribute to the pollution of the environment. Biodegradable packaging materials distinguished by high biodegradability and biocompatibility can successfully replace the aforementioned packaging materials and thus solve the environmental problems caused by their use or deposition. Although several of the biodegradable packaging materials present defective properties, mainly mechanical and barrier properties, these are reduced or even eliminated by the addition of various improving additives and by blending them with other biopolymers. Various natural preservatives such as essential oils or other phytochemical extracts can also be incorporated into the biopolymer network to increase its efficacy. This treatment is particularly beneficial since it contributes to the increasing of the shelf... Read More

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Edible coatings have gained significant importance recently for the shelf life extension of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. Food commodities being extremely perishable resulted in quality deterioration easily during storage. Edible coatings help to reduce post-harvest losses including moisture loss, ripening, and physio-chemical qualities. The use of edible coating offers hope for extending shelf life while maintaining product quality. Foods may be coated with edible materials as an alternative to non-biodegradable packaging materials. This current mini-review presents edible coatings, their types for fresh-cut vegetables, their advantages, and their futuristic scope with the incorporation of active ingredients to enhance the antimicrobial effect of edible coatings.

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Most foods derived from plant origin are very nutritious but highly perishable products. Nowadays, the food industry is focusing on the development of efficient preservation strategies as viable alternatives to traditional packaging and chemical treatments. Hence, polysaccharide-based edible coatings have been proposed because of their properties of controlled release of food additives and the protection of sensitive compounds in coated foods. Thus, this technology has allowed for improving the quality parameters and extends the shelf life of fruits and vegetables through positive effects on enzyme activities, physicochemical characteristics (e.g., color, pH, firmness, weight, soluble solids), microbial load, and nutritional and sensory properties of coated foods. Additionally, some bioactive compounds have been incorporated into polysaccharide-based edible coatings, showing remarkable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Thus, polysaccharide-based edible coatings incorporated with bioactive compounds can be used not only as an efficient preservation strategy but also may play a... Read More

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The food packaging industries are facing the challenge of food waste generation. This can be addressed through the use of edible coating materials. These coatings aid in extending the shelf life of food products, reducing waste. The key components of these coatings include food-grade binding agents, solvents, and fillers. The integration of polysaccharide, protein, lipids, bioactive and composite-based materials with edible coating matrix aids to combat substantial post-harvest loss of highly perishable commodities and elevates the quality of minimally processed food. The aim of this review is to introduce the concept of edible coatings and discuss the different coating materials used in the food industry, along with their properties. Additionally, this review aims to classify the coating types based on characteristic features and explore their application in various food processing industries. This review provides a comprehensive overview of edible coatings, including the integration of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, bioactive, and composite-based materials into the coating matr... Read More

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There has always been a challenge to preserve foods toward restoring the wholesomeness of the products employing technologically feasible, cheap and safe, in terms of end user as well as environment, methods, especially for perishable foods. Modern food packaging methods are primarily focused to meet that challenge. Extensive researches are being undertaken on the science and technology of edible films and coatings to address not only packaging issues but also to add values to the encased food products. Edible films and coatings are biomaterial based formulations applied as a thin layer over food product and can be consumed as it is. Films and coatings may be prepared employing different resource materials and may be applied to foods following different methods of application. The following sections represent the overview on the potential biopolymers being used for development of sustainable food packaging methods, strategies of manufacturing of edible films and coatings, their compositions as well as their potential application area.

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Nowadays, there is an increased interest for developing of innovative edible food packaging, prepared as thin layer and then used as a wrapper on food materials, or edible food coatings adhering to the food surface. The essential benefits of edible food packaging systems, by comparison with petroleum-based food packaging materials, are the following: They represent an entire component of the food product, have a role in extending shelf-life, can be eaten without having to take out and discard the package, decay easily, and are environmentally friendly. The aim of this chapter is to investigate the advantages and limitation of the main biopolymers used for fabrication of edible and coating food packaging, their compositions with additives, plasticizers, and bioactive agents, as well as the performance required for use in food packaging applications.

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Food products are highly perishable in nature which undergoes quick quality deterioration. In this note, the kind of packaging decides the active preservation of food qualities. Especially, edible coating plays a significant role in minimizing the post-harvest losses like moisture loss, ripening and physio-chemical losses. The application of edible coating shows promising results in increasing the shelf-life, also preserving its quality. The application of edible coating for foods could be an alternative for harmful non-biodegradable packages. This current review provides the elaborate research knowledge on edible coatings composition, methods of production, regulations, pros and cons.

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The development of biodegradable packaging materials can decrease the environment pollution generated by synthetic polymers like plastics. The utilization of biodegradable polymers over non-biodegradable polymers is a good choice for reducing environmental damage and preserving natural resources. The biodegradable polymers are categorized into natural, synthetic, and microbial biopolymers. These are non-toxic, compostable, and biodegradable. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of biodegradable packaging and recent developments regarding their applications for food products. The natural and synthetic biodegradable packaging materials, their sources, and film properties have been discussed in detail.

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The food industry is currently confronting a wide range of difficulties in ensuring the quality of food with a longer shelf life and long-term preservation. The industries have been able to tackle these issues due to sustainable and biodegradable food packagingFood packaging materials based on biopolymersBiopolymers. Due to their superior biodegradability, renewability, bioavailability, and non-toxicity, these eco-friendly materials are also reducing the environmental issues connected to plastic-related pollution. Presented here are biopolymer-based food packaging materials and their composites that influence the qualities of food packaging. This analysis also highlights existing research studies for leveraging these ecologically friendly materials in food packagingFood packaging applications.

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The development of edible/biodegradable films/coatings is a key and unique field of exploration within food packaging which possesses enormous commercial and environmental potential. The potential use of edible packaging has been well recognized by many research groups and the food and pharmaceutical industry as an alternative or synergistic complement to conventional packaging to enhance food protection and/or recyclability of packaging. Various innovative uses of edible films and coatings have been proposed as both new applications and alternatives to existing technologies. The dry thermoplastic process is rapidly developing as a viable commercial process for the production of edible film-forming materials, which can be used in food-grade coatings and soluble packaging to create more effective and convenient packaging solutions, among others, and with environmentally friendly approaches, are a challenge for research and development in the packaging industry.

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Abstract Packaging serves as a pivotal component in addressing food losses by extending the shelf life and preserving the quality of both raw and processed food products. Nevertheless, conventional plastic packaging has substantial environmental drawbacks due to its nonbiodegradable nature and the inclusion of potentially harmful chemical components. As a result, there is a global shift toward biodegradable packaging obtained from natural sources as a more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative. In this regard, biodegradable coatings made up of natural sources are very efficient for food packaging purposes because of various significant properties. Moreover, huge amounts of food waste are produced globally, leading to environmental pollution. Utilization of this waste is crucial, with one significant application being the extraction of essential oils (EOs). These oils are incorporated into different coatings materials to enhance their functional properties for better preservation of food products. So, this review covers the potential of EOs derived from food waste mate... Read More

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The study analyses the biodegradation degree of biodegradable phytobiotic-based films for packaging food products of animal origin. During the research the authors have completed the following tasks: studied the biodegradation degree of starch-and gelatin-based films, the structure of biodegradable natural polysaccharides-based polymers, water absorption of biodegradable edible films, the chemical stability of biodegradable natural polysaccharides-based polymers, pH and water activity. The study of the biodegradation parameters of phytobiotic edible films will allow the development of a new approach to the production process of edible packaging with an extended shelf life based on concentrated cranberry and lingonberry juice. The study has also evaluated the biodegradation parameters of edible protective coatings for products of animal origin. All the samples had almost complete biodegradation in one months time. The biodegradation rate is directly proportional to the presence of plant polysaccharides. The article presents the product characteristics of boiled-smoked meat products i... Read More

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Abstract Along with the growth of the world's population that reduces the accessibility of arable land and water, demand for food, as the fundamental element of human beings, has been continuously increasing each day. This situation not only becomes a challenge for the modern food chain systems but also affects food availability throughout the world. Edible coating is expected to play a significant role in food preservation and packaging, where this technique can reduce the number of food loss and subsequently ensure more sustainable food and agriculture production through various mechanisms. This review provides comprehensive information related to the currently available advanced technologies of coating applications, which include advanced methods (i.e., nanoscale and multilayer coating methods) and advanced properties (i.e., active, selfhealing, and super hydrophobic coating properties). Furthermore, the benefits and drawbacks of those technologies during their applications on foods are also discussed. For further research, opportunities are foreseen to develop robust edible coat... Read More

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Abstract Edible coatings and films for food preservation are becoming more popular thanks to their environmentally friendly properties and active ingredientcarrying ability. Their application can be effective in contrasting quality decay by limiting oxidation and deterioration of foods. Many reviews analyze the different compounds with which films and coatings can be created, their characteristics, and the effect when applied to food. However, the possibility of adding plant extracts and essential oils in edible coatings and films to preserve processed animalderived products has been not exhaustively explored. The aim of this review is to summarize how edible coatings and films enriched with plant extracts (EXs) and essential oils (EOs) influence the physicochemical and sensory features as well as the shelflife of cheese, and processed meat and fish. Different studies showed that various EXs and EOs limited both oxidation and microbial growth after processing and during food preservation. Moreover, encapsulation has been found to be a valid technology to improve the solubility an... Read More

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The limited degradation of synthetic polymers used in food packaging when discarded in the environment is a major concern for society. Therefore, industry and academia have sought to develop biodegradable and eco-friendly materials for single-use in packaging. An interesting alternative for the food industry is biodegradable polymeric films, which is why different biopolymers have been used in the production of sustainable packaging. It is worth mentioning that the use of biodegradable polymers is one of the most successful innovations in the industry to address issues related to the environment. Among the available raw materials, starch extracted from different renewable sources is very promising for this purpose, due to its abundance, low-cost compared to other polymers and ability to produce non-toxic films. However, when used alone, pure starch has many limitations, which can be overcome by developing a mixture with other polymers (polymer blends), preferably from renewable and biodegradable sources, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA). In this context, the absence of literature revi... Read More

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The contribution of plastic packaging in food is substantial, but issues associated with its biodegradability and recycling initiates major concerns for environment and human health thus necessitating substitution of conventional synthetic plastics with bio-based packaging materials. Studies have demonstrated economic competition of bio-based materials with synthetic plastics because of their biodegradability, wide availability, excellent barrier and mechanical properties. These materials can be commercialized on a large scale but still somehow are under-investigated in many areas. Moreover, some of the influencing factors including confusion between bio-based and biodegradability pose a significant challenge on evolution of bio-based packaging. Therefore, the review focuses on bio-based packaging materials derived from various renewable resources like biomass, microorganisms and microalgae involving their possible food packaging applications along with required development in multiple regions for proper utilization of offered advantages in the food packaging market.

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This review emphasizes the growing technical and functional properties of edible coatings, as well as their numerous prospective applications. Edible coatings were developed using proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and natural polymers. These ingredients could be altered and blended to create coatings with distinct properties. Food products were coated with edible coatings in a number of ways, including dipping, spraying, brushing, rolling, or twirling the food in the coating material. The application strategy applied is dependent on the distinctive food product and the desired outcome. These coatings are at the cutting-edge of innovation and sustainability, employing organic and biodegradable components to efficiently address major environmental challenges. This study additionally investigates the many technical and practical advantages that these coatings have, such as better barrier qualities, precise release mechanisms, and integration with cutting-edge sensor technologies for continuous quality monitoring. It also emphasizes the wide variety of applications, which vary from increa... Read More

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In the past years, consumers have increased their interest to buy healthier food products, rejecting those products with more additives and giving preference to the fresh ones. Moreover, the current environmental situation has made society more aware of the importance of reducing the production of plastic and food waste. In this way and considering the Food Industry need of reducing the food spoilage along the food chain, edible coating has been considered as an eco-friendly food packaging that can replace traditional plastic packaging providing an improvement in the products shelf-life. Edible coating are thin layers applied straightaway on the food materials surface, that are made of biopolymers that usually incorporate other elements, such as nanoparticles or essential oils, to improve their physicochemical properties. These materials must provide a barrier that can prevent the pass of water vapor and other gasses, the microbial growth, the moisture loss, and the oxidation, so the shelf-life could be extended. The aim of this review was to compile the current data available to g... Read More

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Artificial packaging materials, such as plastic, can cause significant environmental problems. Thus, the use of polysaccharide-based biodegradable polymers (cellulose, starch, and alginate) has the potential in the field of environmental sustainability, reprocessing, or protection of the environment. Morphological and structural alterations caused by material degradation have a substantial impact on polymer material characteristics. To avoid degradation during storage, it is critical to evaluate and comprehend the structure, characteristics, and behavior of modern bio-based materials for potential food packaging applications. Hence, this review focused on the various types of polysaccharide-based biodegradable polymers (cellulose, starch, and alginate), their properties, and their commercial potential for food packaging applications. In addition, we overviewed the recent development of polysaccharide-based biodegradable polymer (cellulose, starch, and alginate) packaging for food products. The review concluded that the membrane and chromatographics are widely used in production of ce... Read More

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This chapter discusses the need for bio-based material in food packaging as an alternative to conventional packaging that uses non-biodegradable and inedible plastic polymers. The biodegradable food packaging material includes edible coatings and membranes, multilayer films, intelligent films, anti-microbial films. It is composed of naturally available compounds such as polysaccharides and polypeptides from the plant (starch, cellulose, corn zein, gluten), animal (chitin, chitosan, whey proteins, casein, gelatin), micro-organisms (xanthan, curlan, pullulan). The film can be produced either by lamination, casting, coextrusion, or coating processes. The chapter brings out the emerging trends in the making of films and coatings for food materials that are both user-friendly and eco-friendly. Edible coating aims to retard moisture, gas and oil migrations by acting as partial barriers. It improves the structural integrity and nutritional quality (fortification). Different techniques of applying edible coatings are panning, fluidized bed, spraying, and dipping. The increasing application o... Read More

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Microbe colonization of food products is commonplace and, therefore, food packaging is one of the most challenging sectors always seeking new and innovative solutions to ensure consumer satisfaction and food safety. Biodegradable, food safe, and edible materials can be considered as suitable candidates for packaging applications as the modern-day food industry focuses on food safety along with biodegradability and recyclability; hence, the selection of natural packaging materials is encouraged. Edible coatings and films combined with antimicrobial and antiviral agents can also reduce the cost of traditional food packaging. It can improve the safety and protection of perishable materials in their production, distribution, and storage by increasing the shelf life. Over the last few decades, many coating materials have been developed based on their antibacterial and antiviral activities, resolving pathogen-related issues. This chapter underlines the essential biopolymer-based edible food packaging materials made from polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, and chitosan), lipids (beeswax and... Read More

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Plastics have been the major player in food packaging industry and have contributed to the containment and preservation of food quality and enhanced its shelf life. These petroleum-based plastic packaging materials have negatively impacted the environment through an exponential increase in global plastic accumulation in the oceans. This has led to an urgent need to replace these plastic-based packaging materials with biopolymer-based biodegradable packaging materials. Currently, biopolymers are employed primarily in food packaging, coating films, and to form an encapsulation matrix for functional foods. As biopolymers reduce the carbon footprint and are renewable, they provide a sustainable solution to environmental pollution. To enhance the low barrier and mechanical properties of biopolymers, incorporation of nanoparticles acting as reinforcement agents by forming nanocomposites with antimicrobial properties can be considered. Antimicrobial packaging promises to be another promising approach for food preservation by reducing the microbial deterioration of food products and revoluti... Read More

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Packaging can mitigate the physical, chemical, and microbiological phenomena that affects food products quality and acceptability. However, the use of conventional packaging from non-renewable fossil sources generates environmental damage caused by the accumulation of non-biodegradable waste. Biodegradable films emerge as alternative biomaterials which are ecologically sustainable and offer protection and increase food product shelf life. This review describes the role of biodegradable films as packaging material and their importance regarding food quality. The study emphasizes polysaccharide-based biodegradable films and their use in foods with different requirements and the advances and future challenges for developing intelligent biodegradable films. In addition, the study explores the importance of the selection of the type of polysaccharide and its combination with other polymers for the generation of biodegradable films with functional characteristics. It also discusses additives that cause interactions between components and improve the mechanical and barrier properties of bi... Read More

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Edible coatings and films are very promising and are one of the most analyzed strategies for maintenance of the quality of foods and improving their shelf life. They provide an effective approach to mitigate adverse environmental concerns arising from the use of petroleum-derived packaging by replacing them with edible or biodegradable food packaging substances. Lipids are widely used in edible coatings and films for protecting many food products. This document is a comprehensive review describing the importance of lipids in edible coating and film formulations. A detailed account of lipid and lipid-containing edible coatings and films is presented. We also surveyed the trends in the literature related to this work, using data from SciFinder and Scopus scientific databases. The findings infer that lipids are becoming a hotspot and important substance in the study of edible coatings or films. This review further covers the application of lipid-containing coatings and films to various types of foods.

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Edible films and coatings, despite their practical applications, have only entered the food industry in the last decade. Their main functions are to protect the food products from mechanical damage and from physical, chemical and microbiological deteriorative changes. The ingredients used for their formation are polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, in individual or combined formulations. The edible films and coatings have already been applied on various food products, such as fruits, vegetables, meat products, seafood products, cheese, baked products and deep fat fried products. The techniques for their application on foods are of particular interest. Nowadays, composite edible films and coatings are also being studied, based on combinations of the properties of individual components. In addition to conventional materials, new ones, such as nanomaterials, are being investigated, aiming to enhance the resulting properties. However, before the incorporation of new materials to films and coatings, they must be thoroughly checked according to the legislation, to assure their lawful use.... Read More

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Nowadays, consumers awareness regarding edible and functional coatings used in the food industry is increasing because of their novel approach on prolonging the shelf life of agri-food products that during storage, are subjected to a loss of quality attributes, which inevitably contributes to food waste. In order to combat this problem, functional coatings and edible films can be used because of their capability to extend the shelf life of food products by providing gas and water barrier properties and delaying microbial spoilage. The aim of this study is to review the literature and outline the most recent findings and developments regarding edible and functional coatings used in the food industry. Functional and edible coatings can be applied on different types of food products, like meat products, different kinds of cheeses and fruits and vegetables. mainly because they help maintain the organoleptic proprieties, such as aroma, taste and appearance and prologue their shelf life. The new concept of functional coatings and edible packaging has significantly influenced the marketing... Read More

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The demand to develop and produce eco-friendly alternatives for food packaging is increasing. The huge negative impact that the disposal of so-called "single-use plastics" has on the environment is propelling the market to search for new solutions, and requires initiatives to drive faster responses from the scientific community, the industry, and governmental bodies for the adoption and implementation of new materials. Bioplastics are an alternative group of materials that are partly or entirely produced from renewable sources. Some bioplastics are biodegradable or even compostable under the right conditions. This review presents the different properties of these materials, mechanisms of biodegradation, and their environmental impact, but also presents a holistic overview of the most important bioplastics available in the market and their potential application for food packaging, consumer perception of the bioplastics, regulatory aspects, and future challenges.

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Food packaging sector is always dominated by petroleum-derived synthetic plastics, and it is estimated that the use of plastic will be reached to 500 million tonnes by the year 2050. The intention of food packaging is to offer safety to the food product from external environment without harming its internal qualities. Along with plastics, other conventional methods, such as glasses, metals, and paper, were also used in food packaging. But these conventional materials also bring problems related to their degradability, disposable methods and recyclability. Biodegradable resources have the possibilities to replace conventional plastics as they are completely degradable in nature and gives high mechanical properties. PHA, PHB, starch, cellulose, and their derivatives are now extensively used for the food packaging. Blending of these biodegradable materials with other plasticizers increases its mechanical strength, improves gas barrier properties, and also increases the production which makes them cost effective. Another application of biodegradable materials is that they are also used i... Read More

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With the emergence of environmental problems, suppliers of biodegradable food packaging materials predict that recycling regulations will lead to new requirements for environmentally friendly packaging materials. Biodegradable food packaging materials are closely related to consumers' interest in environmental protection products and are expected to become a new way for the domestic food packaging materials industry. All kinds of biodegradable food packaging materials with bacterial cellulose as raw materials have been published, and domestic and foreign enterprises are gradually increasing their interest in it. The biodegradable food packaging materials industry will have the potential of environment-related business market.

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