Nanomaterial Based Chitosan Film for Packaging

An edible film for food preservation made from a blend of chitosan and aloe vera extract. The film contains at least 90% of a mixture of chitosan and aloe vera extract. The film provides improved properties for food packaging, such as better barrier properties, due to the blend. The aloe vera helps optimize water vapor permeability, while chitosan provides antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The film can be made by mixing the chitosan solution with aloe vera gel and casting it into a film. The film is then dried to form the edible preservation film.

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A hydrophobic bioplastic film for multiple uses, comprising a bioplastic film made from chitosan biopolymer and coated with hydrophobic nanoparticles, exhibiting improved water resistance, mechanical strength, and biodegradability compared to conventional bioplastics and petroleum-based plastics.

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Preparation of high-barrier antibacterial flame-retardant food packaging films using a chitosan quaternary ammonium salt/phytic acid polyelectrolyte (HTPA) added to a PVA matrix. The HTPA provides antibacterial properties from the chitosan quaternary ammonium salt and flame retardancy from the phytic acid. Adding the HTPA improves the PVA's flame resistance and antibacterial properties compared to the PVA alone. The films have excellent oxygen barrier, antibacterial effectiveness against E. coli and S. aureus, and flame retardancy with high LOI values.

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The development of an effective food packaging material is essential for safeguarding against infections and preventing chemical, physical, and biological changes during food storage and transportation. In the present study, we successfully synthesized an innovative food packaging material by combining chitosan (CH), nanocellulose (NC), and a gallic acid-based metal-organic framework (MOF). The CH films were prepared using different concentrations of NC (5 and 10%) and MOFs (1.5, 2.5, and 5%). Various properties of prepared films, including water solubility (WS), moisture content (MC), swelling degree, oxygen permeability, water vapor permeability (WVP), mechanical property, color analysis, and light transmittance, were studied. The chitosan film with a 5% NC and 1.5% MOF (CH-5% NC-1.5% MOF) exhibited the least water solubility, moisture content, and water vapor permeability, indicating the overall stability of the film. Additionally, this film demonstrated low oxygen permeability, as indicated by a peroxide value of 18.911 4.009, ensuring the effective preservation of packaged con... Read More

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A coating composition for medical and food packaging surfaces that provides antiviral and antimicrobial protection against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including COVID-19. The composition comprises chitin nanofibers and silver-chitosan or silver-copper-chitosan, which can be applied to various substrates to create a barrier that prevents transmission of infectious agents while maintaining oxygen and water vapor barrier properties.

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In recent advancements, the development of smart packaging systems for food has focused on utilizing composite materials to enhance functionality and sustainability. In this study, the composite film from chitosan and PVA was combined at various concentrations (ranging from 0.1% to 0.5%) with the addition of Cu(500mM) and 1% STPP at a 5:1 ratio. An additional indicator was included to detect fish spoilage. The synthesized chitosan material was then blended with PVA to form a composite film. The film was characterized using FTIR, which confirmed the presence of fingerprint vibrations indicating the cross-linking between TPP, chitosan, and Cu. These bonds were observed at wave numbers 1118 cm-1, 879 cm-1, and 603 cm-1. SEM analysis revealed that the film had particle sizes ranging from 865 nm to 1.49 m. XRD analysis showed distinctive features of pure chitosan and chitosan composite. The composite film K-05 produced an amorphous structure, indicating decreased crystallinity due to the addition of STPP and Cu. The water uptake test demonstrated that an increased concentration of chitos... Read More

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Abstract The chitosan-based film, a cling film commonly used with wide application potential, is the focus of this research. Chitosan, a molecule that readily binds with other molecules, possesses the capability to enhance the physicochemical properties of the film when combined with other active substances. The progress made in enhancing the properties of chitosan-based film through the incorporation of other substances is a significant area of investigation. In this article, examples of improved mechanical, antioxidant, barrier, and water uptake properties are listed and discussed. Furthermore, the preparation method of chitosan-based film is thoroughly examined. Ultimately, the synthesis of the application of chitosan-based film in food preservation is presented.

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Bioactive nanocomposite film for active food packaging made from thermoplastic starch, bacterial cellulose, and gallic acid. The film has enhanced properties like mechanical strength, water resistance, oxygen barrier, UV blocking, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity compared to pure starch films. The nanocomposite films can be used as sustainable, environmentally friendly, active packaging for food products to extend shelf life and preserve quality.

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Chitosan can serve as a natural alternative to petroleum-based components in food packaging; however, the mechanical and barrier properties of pure chitosan film possess certain limitations. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the mechanical and barrier properties of composite films formed by combining chitosan-based films with plasticizers, polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. These composite films often exhibit superior mechanical strength and enhanced barrier performance compared to pure chitosan film, thereby expanding the potential applications of chitosan in food packaging. Chitosan represents an ideal raw material for developing innovative biofilms that can cater to diverse packaging requirements for various food products while offering promising prospects for broad application.

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Biodegradable composites for packaging applications with low oxygen and water vapor barrier properties to replace petroleum-based plastics. The composites contain cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and chitin (Ch) with controlled chitin acetylation levels. The composites have oxygen permeability below 4 cm3 pm m2 d1 kPa1 and water vapor transmission rate below 18 g mm m2 d1 at 23°C, 50% RH. The method involves mixing CNC suspension with chitin solution, coating, drying, and optionally heat treating. The low DA chitin provides better barrier properties compared to higher DA chitin.

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This review presents a summary of plastic films made from two abundant natural polymers, starch and chitosan. Films possess many useful attributes such as transparency, good physical strength, and barrier properties. Modifications are being investigated to improve the properties of the product such as reinforcement with nanoparticles, strengthening by cross-linking, and applying surface coatings to improve interfacial properties. We provide perspectives on the use of starch chitosan films as a biobased, biodegradable food packaging material. Additionally, a detailed life-cycle assessment compares the production of chitosan-based polymers to other bioplastics and petroleum-based alternatives. Finally, we predict which factors will be important in the future for making the production of chitosan films economically and environmentally sustainable.

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Composite films based on chitosan (CS) incorporating

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Recently there has been a continuous rise in research work on biopolymer-based nanocomposite films in active food packaging regimes. Moreover, it has been well established that bio-based polymers are more favorable than conventional ones. To improve the physical properties and exert functional properties in bio-based packaging systems, nanofillers have emerged as potential candidates. Among the various nanofillers used, chitosan and chitin are paid a lot of attention nowadays. This is owing to the good physical and functional properties of the chitosan/chitin-based nanofillers. The incorporation of chitosan/chitin nanofillers not only improves the mechanical and barrier performance of the films but also shows antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Moreover, the functional properties of the chitosan/chitin nanofillers can be tuned and modified by adding additional materials like essential oils, plant extract, etc. Thus, recently, various types of chitosan/chitin nanofillers alone or combined with other bioactive agents have been utilized in the production of bionanocomposite films fo... Read More

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The demand for eco-friendly and natural food packaging materials has sparked considerable interest in the research and development of sustainable active packaging materials. In this study, a chitosan-based film was developed using glycerol as a plasticiser, chitooligosaccharide (COS) as an additive, and gallic acid as a cross-linking agent. The physical, barrier, mechanical, morphological, thermal, and functional properties of fabricated films were measured. The bio-composite film showed significantly lower moisture content (from 24.28 to 17.01%), water solubility (from 41.56% to 31.03%), water vapour permeability (14.63 to 9.79 109 gm1s1Pa1), and light transmittance (from 63.67% to 21.71%) compared to neat chitosan film. Furthermore, the bio-composite film exhibited higher tensile strength (57.66 MPa) and elongation at break (88.76%), smooth microstructure, strong DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging capacity, and good antimicrobial activity towards E. coli, L. innocua, and S. cerevisiae, and non-toxic to HaCaT cells indicating promising potential for use in sustainable active fo... Read More

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Food packaging is an essential part of food transportation, storage and preservation. Biodegradable biopolymers are a significant direction for the future development of food packaging materials. As a natural biological polysaccharide, chitosan has been widely concerned by researchers in the field of food packaging due to its excellent film-forming property, good antibacterial property and designability. Thus, the application research of chitosan-based food packaging films, coatings and aerogels has been greatly developed. In this review, recent advances on chitosan-based food packaging materials are summarized. Firstly, the development background of chitosan-based packaging materials was described, and then chitosan itself was introduced. In addition, the design, preparation and applications of films, coatings and aerogels in chitosan-based packaging for food preservation were discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each research in the development of chitosan-based packaging materials were analyzed. Finally, the application prospects, challenges and suggestions for solvi... Read More

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Chitosan (CS)-based ternary bionanocomposite materials have applications in the food packaging industry owing to their excellent properties. We fabricated chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/graphene oxide (CS/PVA/GO) ternary bionanocomposites for food packaging using an environmentally friendly approach involving solution casting and solvent evaporation method. The physiochemical characteristics of the prepared ternary bionanocomposite films were elucidated using FTIR, Raman, XRD, TGA, DSC, FE-SEM, UVvisible, PL, and CD analysis. The viability assay revealed that the bio-based nanocomposite films are superior to native CS and PVA films. Water uptake and porosity of bionanocomposite films were evaluated. Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) were used to evaluate the shelf-life-enhancing capability of the CS/PVA/GO composite. The results indicate that the biocompatible and eco-friendly CS/PVA/GO bionanocomposites are promising for food packaging applications.

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Abstract This study aims to investigate the dual effects of (3aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES)graftedGO (AgGO), and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) on the novel chitosan (CS) packaging nanocomposite films developed via the solutioncasting method. The chemical properties of GO and AgGO were assessed using FTIR and XRD. Subsequently, the chemical, structural, and physical attributes of all chitosan packaging nanocomposite films were analyzed through FTIR, XRD, TGA, DSC, AFM, water contact angle analysis, and food packaging tests. Successful silanization of GO by APTES was first confirmed. The highest surface roughness value was observed in the CS/AgGO/TiO 2 film (16.574 nm) compared to pristine CS and other nanocomposite films. Incorporating GO into the CS matrix improved its thermal stability, suggesting robust bonding between GO and the polymer matrix. The addition of AgGO slightly decreased the contact angle value (107.7 for CS/AgGO), whereas TiO 2 increased contact angles (117.3 for CS/GO/TiO 2 and 119.4 for CS/AgGO/TiO 2 ), suggesting a more hydrophilic structure w... Read More

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Chitosan (Cs) being a natural biopolymer serves as an excellent template to construct active packaging materials for achieving sustainable development. In this study, Cs was chemically modified via epoxide ring opening click reaction using vinyl epoxide to obtain a novel chitosan vinyl epoxide (Cs-VE) derivative with hydroxyl and olefinic functional groups. The Cs-VE transparent film was fabricated through the eco-friendly solution casting technique. A meticulous investigation into the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of the synthesized films was conducted using FT-IR,

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This research paper presents a comprehensive investigation into developing biodegradable films for food packaging applications using chitosan (CN) in conjunction with three distinct types of cellulose (CE), each characterized by varying viscosities. The primary objective was to assess the influence of cellulose viscosity on the physical, mechanical, and barrier properties of the resulting films. The medium-viscosity cellulose imparted numerous advantageous qualities to the biodegradable films. These films exhibited optimal thickness (31 m), ensuring versatility in food packaging while maintaining favorable mechanical properties, blending strength, and flexibility. Also, medium-viscosity cellulose significantly improved the films' barrier performance, particularly regarding oxygen permeability [1.80 106 (g.mm.m2. s1)]. Furthermore, the medium-viscosity cellulose contributed to superior moisture-related properties, including reduced water vapor permeability [14.80 109 (g.mm.m2. s1. Pa1)], moisture content (13.22 %), and water solubility (22.87 %), while maintaining an appro... Read More

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The edible film is a thin layer that functions as food packaging or coating and can be eaten with the packaged product. Edible film derived from nutmeg pectin can produce a smooth surface and high elasticity, but the water absorption rate is faster so it is necessary to add other materials that can improve these physical properties, such as chitosan. The solubility of chitosan against some solvents needs to be researched to produce the edible film. This study aims to find the edible characterization of pectin-sago and chitosan composite films, with the use of different chitosan solvents. The use of citric acid and an alcohol solution for chitosan in the composite film nutmeg, chitosan, and sago had no significant effect on the edible films thickness, solubility, elongation, and color. The treatment of 0.4 g of chitosan (in citric acid solvent) and 1.2 g of CaCl2 concentration has a thickness of 0.143 mm, an elongation of 20 N/m2, and a solubility of 99.99%. The treatment at a concentration of 0.6 g of chitosan (in alcohol solvent) and 1.4 g of CaCl2 has a thickness of 0.180 mm, an e... Read More

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Polymer-based food packaging is widely used and causes serious environmental problems due to the chemical ingredients. Therefore, these packages should be replaced by biodegradable alternatives in order to prevent environmental pollution. Many biodegradable polymers are used in food packaging. Among them, chitosan is gaining attention since it is bio-sourced and biodegradable. In this study, the usability of chitosan films as physical and chemical tests investigated food packaging. In order to improve the packaging properties of the films, halloysite nanotube was used as filler with a concentration range of 1-4 wt.%. It was observed that the halloysite significantly increased the opacity, mechanical strength, water resistance, and antioxidant properties of the films.

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The recent day has shown a remarkable improvement in biopolymer packaging films that can easily solve some of the petroleum-based nonbiodegradable packaging materials for food packaging industry, which are causing severe environmental difficulties. For example, cellulose and chitosan are the most used and popular biopolymers in the field of food packaging. Biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antibacterial activities are the main features of these kinds of biopolymers that help to form the film along with the superior biological, natural, and physical characteristics. A numerous chitosan-based films have been developed in the food packaging industry. This chapter deals with the discussion on various types of chitosan-based film used in the food packaging industry.

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Use of biopolymers in food technology is creating a lot of attention in response to the challenges from the modernization of the society. Food packaging technology is a unique approach to improving the shelf life of perishables while keeping quality and safety in mind. Deacetylated chitosan derived from chitin is the second largest polysaccharide found in nature. Chitosan is a widely used environmentally friendly polymer in many scientific applications as it is nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible. Further, chitosan can be a good inhibitor for the growth of bacteria and fungus and therefore is widely used in food packaging applications. Chitosan also demonstrates gas and aroma barrier behaviors in dry environment. Besides, chitosan can exhibit good antimicrobial behavior for food packaging applications as well. This chapter aims to present the properties and applications of chitosan polymer films used in food packaging applications.

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Chitosan and its derivatives are widely used in food packaging, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical, textile, paper, agriculture, and environmental industries. However, the flexibility of chitosan films is extremely poor, which limits its relevant applications to a large extent. In this paper, chitosan/sorbitol/nano-silica (CS/sorbitol/SiO2) composite films were prepared by the casting film method using chitosan, sorbitol, Tween-80 and nano-SiO2 as raw materials. The structure of the films was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, electron scanning microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The effects of sorbitol and nano-silica dosage on the mechanical properties, thermal properties and water vapor barrier properties of the composite film were investigated. The results show that with the gradual increase in sorbitol (75 wt %), the elongation at the break of chitosan/sorbitol films significantly increased. When the addition of sorbitol was 75 wt %, the elongation at break of the chitosan/sorbitol composite film was 13 times higher than that of the chitosan film. Moreover, nan... Read More

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Bioactive edible packaging films have attracted the attention of many researchers in the recent past due to the concerns over the heavy use of petroleum-based synthetic packaging materials for food. Among various other materials such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats, chitosan stands out to be the most suitable polysaccharide for this purpose mainly due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, its poor barrier and mechanical properties are limiting factors for its application as a food packaging material. Several studies have been conducted to improve the poor characteristics of chitosan film to the industrial standard by adopting various strategies. This paper provides an overview of modification made to the film preparation techniques of pure chitosan films and the incorporation of other natural substances to chitosan to make composite films with the focus on their role on the improvement of physicochemical and biological properties of the chitosan-composite edible films.

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Composite food packaging material that inhibits bacterial growth on food products. The material is made by combining an antimicrobial agent like lauric arginate with pullulan (a polysaccharide) to form a layer. This layer is then bonded to a layer of polyethylene or chitosan. The composite packaging prevents bacterial growth on foods like meat and poultry during refrigerated storage. The pullulan layer with the antimicrobial provides a biodegradable and edible barrier against bacteria. The polyethylene layer provides sealability. The composite packaging is suitable for food contact and can replace traditional plastic packaging.

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Biodegradable, edible and antimicrobial food packaging film made from a blend of biopolymers like chitosan, crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) and esterified crystalline nanocellulose (ECNC). The film has improved mechanical, barrier, antimicrobial and biodegradability properties compared to chitosan alone. Additives like stearic acid or vanillin can further enhance the film properties. The CNC and ECNC reinforcement provides strength and barrier while chitosan adds antimicrobial activity. The blended film can be made via roll-to-roll extrusion for scalable production.

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Toward establishing the full design aspects of chitosan as a packaging material or as cling wraps, the chemical characteristics, thermal stability, optical transparency, Young's modulus, elongation at fracture, and burst strength of pure and glycerol-added 100 m-thick-chitosan films were investigated. Films of chitosan and films with 10%, 20%, and 30% w/w glycerol as the plasticizer were prepared per standard protocols. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that all films are homogeneous. The addition of glycerol did not alter the crystallinity, lowered the glass transition by 7 C, decreased the thermal stability, decreased the roughness by 50%, and increased the optical transparency by 5%. It was found that the incorporation of glycerol decreased the Young's modulus by two orders, increased the plastic strain at least by four times, and decreased the burst strength by at least two times. The results from this systematic analysis, including comparisons with existing packaging materials, provide a holistic picture for tailoring the properties of chitosan-based packaging materials ... Read More

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In the last years, several researchers have developed new films and coatings as substitutes for petroleum-based non-biodegradable packaging materials. Chitosan is one natural polymer obtained by deacetylation of chitin with abundant applications in various fields. Chitosan possesses exciting properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, antimicrobial ability, and easy film-forming ability. However, chitosan has poor mechanical and barrier properties that may limit its use in food and pharmaceutical applications. This chapter discusses the fabrication and applications of chitosan-based films and coating using plasticizers, polysaccharides, and proteins. Physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of chitosan-based films and coating on food products are also discussed.

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Packaging of food is among the most significant issues in today's research. Due to increased pollution and toxicity of food caused by non-biodegradable plastic means of packaging, consumers and scientists have started looking toward "greener" strategies. When natural biopolymers were introduced, they eliminated environment and toxicity concerns but faced problems such as mechanical strength and water resistance. Nanoscience has helped in improving reduced gas permeability, mechanical strength, and water resistance. This chapter focuses on the development and applications of several kinds of nanostructured layers, like nanoedible films, chitosan films, natural biopolymerbased nanocomposites, etc., in food packaging and how challenges have been overcome by them that were observed in case of synthetic materials. Nanocomposite films have also shown activity against microbes S. aureus and E. coli.

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Current trends in food packaging systems are toward biodegradable polymer materials, especially the food biopolymer films made from polysaccharides and proteins, but they are limited by mechanical strength and barrier properties. Nano-chitin has great economic value as a highly efficient functional and reinforcing material. The combination of nano-chitin and food biopolymers offers good opportunities to prepare biodegradable packaging films with enhanced physicochemical and functional properties. This review aims to give the latest advances in nano-chitin preparation strategies and its uses in food biopolymer film reinforcement and applications. The first part systematically introduces various preparation methods for nano-chitin, including chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) and chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs). The nano-chitin reinforced biodegradable films based on food biopolymers, such as polysaccharides and proteins, are described in the second part. The last part provides an overview of the current applications of nano-chitin reinforced food biopolymer films in the food industry.

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Recently, chitosan has become attractive due to being biodegradable, biocompatible and renewable. However, the weak mechanical properties of chitosan films limit their large-scale application. In this work, a strategy of blending TEMPO, oxidized CNF (TOCN) and chitosan was developed to fabricate nanocomposite films in order to improve the mechanical properties and maintain biocompatibility. The TOCN/chitosan nanocomposite films exhibited excellent optical transmittance (>85%) and extremely high tensile strength of 235 MPa. The good compatibility of TOCN and chitosan chains, good dispersion of chitosan aggregates and the presence of stiff TOCN crystal domains are the main reasons for getting improved mechanical strength of composite films. The films showed good biocompatible properties based on the cell activity assay results. Furthermore, they were stable in PBS buffer for more than 6 months without significant degradation. The TOCN/chitosan nanocomposite films with these excellent properties could be employed in medical applications.

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Due to global environmental concerns and increased awareness of renewable green resources, many efforts have been made to use chitosan as a sustainable polymer to develop environmentally friendly food packaging materials. Although the low mechanical stability and high water sensitivity of pure chitosan films have limited its industrialisation, two active groups in chitosan monomers, i.e. amino and hydroxyl groups, help to form a variety of derivatives with improved performance, thus expanding the advanced applications of chitosan materials. This review has provided an insight into the network interactions of chitosan and its widely compounded components, highlighting the implications for performance improvement as food packaging. An obvious improvement was shown in the antimicrobial ability. Meanwhile, composites with variable interactions allow the formation of films with mechanical properties represented by superior tensile strength and elongation compared to many conventional polymers. The effect on gas barrier properties has also been demonstrated. The advances in the preparation... Read More

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Abstract BACKGROUND Chitosanpoly()caprolactone diol (PCL) blends were studied for food packaging film applications. The mechanical and thermal properties of blend films can be regulated with different amounts of PCL and the addition of a nanofiller could reinforce specific domains in the blend to generate nanocomposites with desirable properties for food packaging. This is evidence of the selective insertion of functionalized carbon nanotubes in either PCL or chitosan domains, depending on the nature of chemical groups and the structure over the surface nanofiller. RESULTS Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were functionalized with four different dendritic molecules and were tested as nanofillers to reinforce biodegradable films made from 70 to 30, 80 to 20, and 90 to 10 ChitosanPCL blends in an effort to explore their effects on the barrier and mechanical properties of the yielded nanocomposites. PCL was obtained by biocatalysis from caprolactone and diethylene glycol and then blended with commercial chitosan. Blends were prepared from a solution of chitosan in acetic acid (2... Read More

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In recent years, the development of biopolymer-based packaging materials is being practiced at a higher rate. The use of biopolymer-based packaging materials will help out in the eradication of environmental pollution-based problems which were being caused by petroleum-based products. Among various biopolymers, chitosan is found to become the choice of the researchers nowadays after cellulose. This is because of its fantastic properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, film-forming, capacity, and antimicrobial properties. Chitosan-based polymeric films are being explored as excellent food packaging material which can also be used as edible coatings. Thus, this chapter is intended to present a detailed review of the applications of chitosan as polymeric films for food packaging.

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Chitosan and cellulose nanofiber films are frequently employed as biodegradable materials for food packaging. However, many exhibit suboptimal hydrophobicity and antioxidant properties. To address these shortcomings, we enhanced the performance by adding different concentrations of soybean protein isolate (SPI) to chitosan-cellulose nanofiber (CS-CNF) films. As SPI concentration varied, the turbidity, particle size, and -potential of the film-forming solutions initially decreased and subsequently increased. This suggests that 1 % SPI augments the electrostatic attraction and compatibility. Rheological analysis confirmed a pronounced apparent viscosity at this concentration. Analyses using Fourier transform infrared spectra, Raman spectra, X-ray diffraction, and Scanning electron microscope revealed the presence of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between SPI and CS-CNF, indicative of superior compatibility. When SPI concentration was set at 1 %, notable enhancements in film attributes were observed: improvements in tensile strength and elongation at break, a reduction i... Read More

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Abstract Background Chitosan is the second most abundant polysaccharide abundant in nature after cellulose. In this study chitosan edible films with three different molecular weights (low [LMW], medium [MMW] and high [HMW] molecular weights) were prepared by drying them at room (21C), 40 and 50C and their physicochemical properties were characterized. Results Molecular weight had a positive effect on the thickness, tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB) and swelling ability (SA) of the films. However, film solubility(S) and water vapor permeability (WVP) were negatively affected. Higher drying temperatures increased the TS of the films whereas lower drying temperatures increased the MC, S, WVP and the EAB of the films. All the films prepared were transparent; however, films made with LMW chitosan were yellowish color. FTIR spectra of the films were influenced by the molecular weight of chitosan and the drying temperature, which revealed that there was an interaction between MW and the drying temperature. Conclusion This study demonstrated that films made with medium MW ch... Read More

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Chitosan-based food packaging film was prepared by incorporating zein-tannic acid nanoparticles (ZTNPs) into chitosan and was evaluated in terms of structure, physical, mechanical and functional properties. Results showed that there were hydrogen bonding interactions between ZTNPs and chitosan matrix, which is conductive to mechanical enhancements of chitosan films. Compared with the pure chitosan film, the composite films with 10% ZTNPs at pH 4 showed the increased tensile strength by 196.58%, increased elongation at break by 161.37%, decreased water vapor permeability by 70.76% and decreased oxygen permeability by 40.68%. The highest inhibition rates of this composite film-forming fluid against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached 83.32% and 72.35%, respectively. The composite film forming solution formed by adding 10% ZTNPs was used for sugar orange preservation. The weight loss rate of oranges was reduced and the nutrient retention rate was improved. This study expanded the application of chitosan-based packaging materials in fruit preservation.

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To overcome the limitations of chitosan (CS) and konjac glucomannan (KGM), the bilayer films of CS and KGM were prepared by layer-by-layer (LBL) casting method, and the effects of different mass ratios (i.e., C5: K0, C4:K1, C3:K2, C1:K1, C2:K3, C1:K4, and C0:K5) on the microstructures and physicochemical properties of bilayer films were examined to evaluate their applicability in food packaging. The results revealed that the bilayer films had uniform microstructures. When compared with pure films, the bilayer films displayed lower swelling degrees and water vapor permeability. However, the tensile tests revealed a reduction in the mechanical properties of the bilayer films, which was nonetheless superior to that of the pure KGM film. In addition, the intermolecular interactions between the CS and KGM layers were observed through FTIR and XRD analyses. Finally, TGA and DSC analyses demonstrated a decrease in the thermal stability of the bilayer films. Our cumulative results verified that CS-KGM bilayer films may be a promising material for use in food packaging and further properties ... Read More

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Chitosan-based food coatings that preserve food by inhibiting mold, rot, and spoilage, and improving appearance and shelf life. The coatings contain chitosan, sulfite, and acid. Applying the coating to foods like meats, fruits, and vegetables using methods like steaming, dipping, spraying, or wiping inhibits discoloration, mold growth, and spoilage. The coatings prevent water loss, respiration, and ripening to preserve food quality. The sulfite and acid in the coating enhance chitosan's antimicrobial properties.

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Chitosan is the second-most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose. It presents unique inherent antibacterial and ultraviolet absorbance properties, biodegradability, non-toxicity, environmentally friendly qualities, and film-forming properties. Due to these unique properties, researchers have gained tremendous interest in replacing food packaging with non-petroleum-based packaging materials in the last decade. This chapter presents recent developments on the production techniques of chitosan from various natural sources, its physical and chemical modifications, strategies for chitosan-composites film production, as well as antibacterial and barrier properties of chitosan-based composites film reinforced with organic and inorganic nanofillers or a blend of chitosan with other bio-based polymers for food packaging applications.

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Aqueous dispersion comprising chitosan and microfibrillated cellulose, suitable for coating cellulose-based supports and fabrics to impart oil and grease resistance while maintaining biodegradability. The dispersion is prepared by mixing chitosan and microfibrillated cellulose in water at a specific ratio, typically between 4:1 and 2:1, and is characterized by a kinematic viscosity range of 60-100 seconds. The dispersion can be applied to supports using spray coating technologies and forms a film that provides excellent oil and grease resistance while maintaining mechanical properties and biodegradability.

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A biodegradable packaging material comprising poly(alkylene glycol)-chitosan-poly(glucuronic acid) and chitosan-poly(glucuronic acid) films that combine oxygen and water vapor barrier properties with scalable manufacturing. The films are produced through a thermally cross-linked network polymerization process where chitosan and poly(glucuronic acid) react to form a crosslinked polymer network, which is then cast into films. The films exhibit low oxygen transmission rates while maintaining good water vapor transmission rates, making them suitable for food packaging applications. The crosslinked structure prevents material swelling with water vapor, while maintaining mechanical properties. The production process enables the fabrication of scalable, biodegradable packaging materials from renewable biomass sources.

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The recent increased concern for environmental problems caused by plastic packaging has stimulated interest in alternative and sustainable packaging materials.This new trend favours the development of industry knowledge of bio-based packaging materials, such as chitosan-based films for food packaging.Although there are some shortcomings in thermal stability, barrier properties, mechanical properties, and high sensitivity to moisture, chitosan has been widely studied and used due to its unique biological and functional properties.Blending chitosan with other natural and/or synthetic polymers (e.g.PVA) is an effective way to overcome these limitations.In this study, we tried to summarize the application of various strategies to overcome the inherent deficiencies and enhance the properties of chitosan/PVA-based biofilms, especially when mixed with natural and synthetic film-forming agents.

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Biopolymer composite films made from agarose and nanofibrillated chitosan particles for sustainable food packaging. The films have improved mechanical properties and water resistance compared to pure agarose films due to the chitosan reinforcement. The chitosan particles are synthesized through a simple, green process involving polymer precipitation in a turbulent medium. The chitosan particles have a unique fractal-like morphology with nanofiber coronas that enable strong adhesion and network formation in the agarose matrix.

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Chitosan is a multifunctional biopolymer that is widely used in the food and medical fields because of its good antibacterial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibiting activity and its degradability. The biological activity of chitosan as a new food preservation material has gradually become a hot research topic. This paper reviews recent research on the bioactive mechanism of chitosan and introduces strategies for modifying and applying chitosan for food preservation and different preservation techniques to explore the potential application value of active chitosan-based food packaging. Finally, issues and perspectives on the role of chitosan in enhancing the freshness of food products are presented to provide a theoretical basis and scientific reference for subsequent research.

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Chitosan is obtained from chitin and considered to be one of the most abundant natural polysaccharides. Due to its functional activity, chitosan has received intense and growing interest in terms of applications for food preservation over the last half-century. Compared with earlier studies, recent research has increasingly focused on the exploration of preservation mechanism as well as the targeted inhibition with higher efficiency, which is fueled by availability of more active composite ingredients and integration of more technologies, and gradually perceived as chitosan-based biofilm preservation. In this Review, we comprehensively summarize the potential antimicrobial mechanisms or hypotheses of chitosan and its widely compounded ingredients, as well as their impacts on endogenous enzymes, oxidation and/or gas barriers. The strategies used for enhancing active function of the film-forming system and subsequent film fabrication processes including direct coating, bioactive packaging film and layer-by-layer assembly are introduced. Finally, future development of chitosan-based b... Read More

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Today, nanotechnology has a promising role in food industry regarding all aspects of food processing and packaging. Using nanoforms can significantly boost the nutritional and organoleptic qualities of food commodities. Therefore, as a robust polymer, chitosan has been extensively exploited as vehicle, owing to its remarkable qualities such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. Countless methods and practices have been as of late utilized for the improvement of chitosan-based nanoparticles to be applied in food processing and packaging. Researchers have developed numerous nanoforms of chitosan such as nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanoemulsions, and nanocomposites that have been viably useful for nanoencapsulation of a wide scope of bioactive compounds including vitamins, essential oils, fish oils, antioxidants, etc. The present chapter will give an investigation about the up-to-date and possible chitosan-based nanoparticles implementations in the food manufacturing field and the challenges facing its acceptance to the consumers.

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In this study, films of chitosan and 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[

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A biomass-based encapsulating material for protecting probiotic activity comprises a nano-film with two layers: a first layer formed through covalent cross-linking or metal chelating of natural biological macromolecules and metal ions on probiotic surfaces, and a second layer formed through interactions between a bio-enzyme and the natural biological macromolecules. The material provides enhanced protection against antibiotics, free radicals, and environmental stressors while maintaining probiotic activity and allowing nutrient penetration.

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