What Limits Interlayer Strength in FDM — Analysed Solutions

ABSTRACTThe present study aims to optimise Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) printing parameters to enhance the tensile properties of 3D printed specimens adhering to the ASTM D638 standard. The mechanical integrity of printed components is crucial for their successful application in load-bearing scenarios. Through a systematic exploration of key FDM printing parameters, such as layer height, infill density, print speed, and extrusion temperature, their impact on the tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation at break of the ASTM D638 specimens have been explored. The Taguchi design of experiments methodology has been utilised to efficiently traverse the parameter space and identify the optimal combination of printing settings. Tensile tests were conducted on the 3D printed specimens, produced with different parameter configurations, to evaluate their mechanical performance. The results have been analysed to reveal the significant effects of each parameter on the tensile properties and the interactions between multiple parameters. The optimised parameters identified in this rese... Read More

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Photocurable composite materials for 3D printing of construction components that meet industry requirements for material properties such as elastic modulus, strength, and adhesion. The materials are formulated with a balance of acrylate monomers, oligomers, photoinitiators, chopped fibers, flame retardants, processing aids, additives, and fillers, and can be extruded at high speeds while maintaining stability and curing properties. The materials exhibit improved print resolution, reduced warping, and enhanced durability compared to conventional 3D printing materials, enabling the creation of complex structural elements and building components with high precision and quality.

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The economic and technical advantages of 3D printing make it a possible replacement for conventional production processes, especially for complex products and small batches. It is important to point out that technological parameters of 3D printing, such as layer thickness, print density, print speed, melting temperature, and table temperature, have a significant impact on the mechanical properties and productivity of parts obtained by 3D printing. Because of all the above, there is a great interest in research in this area. The paper presents the results of testing the tensile strength of the ABS polymer, in which two parameters were varied: the thickness of the print layer (0.39 mm) and the print density of 60100% in steps of 10% each. The samples were obtained on a ZORTRAX M200+ 3D printer using fused filament deposition (FDM) technology. The selected thickness of the printing layer is relatively large, and with it, parts with lower accuracy and high surface roughness are obtained, although at the same time high productivity is achieved, which can satisfy some requirements. The ob... Read More

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A composite filament for additive manufacturing comprising a glass fiber core, a carbon fiber core, a polypropylene matrix, and a thermoplastic sizing coating. The glass fiber core comprises 10-50% by weight of the filament, the carbon fiber core comprises 5-30% by weight, and the polypropylene matrix comprises 50-80% by weight. The filament exhibits improved mechanical properties compared to conventional polypropylene filaments.

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Additive technologies, also known as 3D printing technologies, are becoming more and more widely used in industrial conditions for the production of finished elements, especially for the production of parts that would be very difficult or even impossible to produce using existing technologies. Technologically difficult elements include parts with a thin-walled spatial structure. This work presents the research results and describes the problems of producing specimens of thin-walled profiles filled with an appropriate spatial structure, also thin-walled, using 3D printing technology. The results of a three-point bending test of specimens of various lengths and specimens filled with chemically cured resin are presented. Print simulations were discussed, paying attention to problems related to applying lines and layers in FDM/FFF technology and the impact of print technological parameters on the properties of the manufactured specimens.

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Apparatus and method for optimizing reinforcement in 3D printing to improve mechanical properties of printed parts. The system determines the most effective locations for reinforcement within a 3D model by iteratively partitioning the model, simulating reinforcement in each partition, and selecting the partitions with the greatest improvement. The system generates production data based on the optimized reinforcement strategy.

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An extrusion head for additive manufacturing, particularly for fused filament fabrication, comprising a material feed unit, a separating device with a blade element, and an offset unit with liquefier units. The blade element is designed to cut the extrusion material cleanly and reliably, with a cutting surface upper side and a cutting surface lower side arranged at an acute angle. The extrusion head also includes a cooling device integrated into the material feed unit and offset unit, which cools the extrusion material after cutting. The extrusion head is designed for high-temperature applications, such as processing high-performance plastics like PEEK, and can be used to manufacture complex products with multiple materials.

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Abstract In view of the quality defects of 3D printed workpieces and insufficient mechanical properties of parts, the optimization of mechanical performance parameters of workpieces based on 3D printing was studied. Taking the FDM molding technology and 3D printing technology of PLA material as the research object, better mechanical properties of the device can be obtained by optimizing the printing temperature, filling rate, and other parameters of the workpiece spline. Experimental results show that for printing temperature, an increase in temperature will increase the ultimate strength of the material, but will also decrease the elastic modulus, so 195C was finally selected as the processing temperature. For the filling rate and the number of contour turns, the larger the value is, the better the mechanical properties of the processed workpiece will be. The ultimate strength and elastic modulus will increase, but the elongation at break will decrease. Other parameters such as layer thickness, filling angle, etc. have less impact on mechanical properties.

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Abstract Along with emerging engineering requirements in multiple fields, how to fully realize the three-dimensional (3D) design has become a critical manufacturing challenge. To tackle this challenge, there is continuous research in recent years for development of additive manufacturing processes, that is 3D printing techniques. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one among the most extensively studied 3D printing techniques that generate 3D models, prototypes and especially end products from polymers. FDM printer uses a continuous filament of thermoplastic polymer or its nanocomposite, which is fed to the heated printer extruder head and then deposited onto the growing work. This technology offers multiple advantages over existing techniques, including fabricating complex designs, multi-material printing, rapid prototyping, high spatial resolution, on-site and on-demand production, as well as efficient material utilization with little or no waste. For example, according to existing literatures related to the FDM technique, various polymers, and their composites, such as ABS, PLA, PE... Read More

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A method for manufacturing a three-dimensional fabricated object using additive manufacturing technology that improves manufacturing efficiency and produces high-quality objects. The method involves detecting in-situ data on physical or chemical characteristics of the object during fabrication, enabling real-time monitoring and control of the manufacturing process. The detection can be performed from various angles, including the upper surface, side surface, or between layers, and can involve techniques such as X-ray interference imaging, chromaticity measurement, dielectric constant analysis, or electromagnetic wave reflection intensity measurement. The detected data is used to optimize the manufacturing conditions and prevent defects, allowing for the production of high-quality objects with reduced waste and improved manufacturing efficiency.

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3D printing of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique is one of the most widely used nowadays. One disadvantage of this method is that the printed product has low strength to the fact that the product is developed layer by layer. This research aims to combine PLA, PP, and ABS and determine which results in the highest flexural strength. A Cartesian 3D printer printed specimens according to the ASTM D790 standard. Then, specimens were tested using a universal testing machine. An optic microscope was used to observe the fracture area. The results showed that the combination of PLA-ABS increased flexural strength up to 33.12 MPa. While PLA-PP, PLA-PP-ABS and PP-ABS resulted in a flexural strength of less than half PLA-ABS one, they were 14.90, 14.59 and 12.10 MPa, respectively. All alloy combinations except PLA-ABS were delaminated during the bending test. Delamination causes a decrease in the flexural strength of a specimen.

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Additive manufacturing is becoming a global phenomenon due to its versatile properties and numerous benefits, which is not possible by conventional machining processes. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) shows a huge potential of shift from rapid prototyping toward the rapid manufacturing. Nowadays, the strength of the FDM-printed parts is very important to consider along with all the printing parameters, which affect the strength of these parts. This study includes the investigation of printing parameters (infill density, layer thickness, and shell count) on the strength of FDM-printed parts of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and carbon fiber-reinforced ABS (ABS-CF). These printing parameters directly affect the quality as well as the strength of the 3D-printed parts through FDM. Tensile tests were performed on the universal testing machine on both types of printed parts. The optimized parameters for the 3D-printed samples of the pristine ABS are found to be 0.1045 mm of layer thickness, 57.72% of infill density, and 7.63 numbers of shell count, while the optimum parameters obtai... Read More

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In the current era of additive manufacturing, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) method of printing is being studied extensively to print a concept model. Therefore, the dimensional accuracy and the mechanical properties of the FDM 3D printed part are very important. In this study, the tensile specimens are prepared according to ASTM D638 Type I. Dimensions of the specimen is measured in the x -direction (length), y -direction (width), and z -direction (height) and is compared against the standard measurement for accuracy. Tensile stress, strain at break and Youngs modulus were also investigated. Overall, the dimension accuracy achieved is more than 98%. The highest accuracy is obtained by using 0.2mm layer thickness and 0.2mm initial layer thickness. The tensile stress, Youngs modulus and strain at break are found to decrease when the layer thickness is increased. This is due having more layer with lesser and smaller voids which increases the strength and stiffness. Increasing initial layer thickness, however, has a low influence on the tensile stress but can greatly affect the Youn... Read More

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The top and bottom shells of fused deposition 3D-printed PLA models are exposed to the highest stresses. To improve the bending performance of PLA models under three-point bending conditions, the models were strengthened by a selective enhancement method. Several sets of PLA models were fabricated using FDM technology, and three-point bending experiments were conducted to compare the bending strength of PLA models when the layer height, top/bottom shell thickness, and extrusion rate were varied. The bending strength of the PLA models increased as the layer height of the top/bottom shell decreased, the thickness increased, and the extrusion rate increased. The average bending strength of the PLA models after selective enhancement was 84.4 MPa, and the average bending modulus of elasticity was 0.816 GPa, which were higher than the average bending strength of 68.6 MPa and the average bending modulus of elasticity of 0.736 GPa of the conventional groups. These results indicated that the selective enhancement method improved the bending performance of 3D-printed PLA models, and it also pr... Read More

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A method and apparatus for enhancing the heating and melting of a polymer being extruded, such as in additive manufacturing, by introducing shear within a nozzle structure. The nozzle structure is rotated to generate heat through viscous friction, augmenting heat provided by a heating element. The rotation speed is controlled based on backpressure sensed within the nozzle, allowing for dynamic adjustment of the frictional heating.

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Controlling toolpaths in additive manufacturing to improve the mechanical properties of 3D printed objects. The technique involves specifying desired manufacturing paths along which to build the object before slicing and generating toolpaths. These paths can follow geometries of the 3D model, approximate curves, or be user-selected sequences. The toolpaths are then sorted and oriented based on the desired paths. This allows controlling the toolpath of the additive manufacturing apparatus to manufacture the object using the desired paths. This can result in the printed object more closely conforming to the intended design and taking into account unique properties of the build materials.

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For small-scale and single production, FDM printing is considered as a technology competing with the well-known method injection molding. However, due to the specifics of the printing process associated with layer-by-layer formation printed parts are significantly inferior to parts obtained by injection molding in terms of strength and surface quality, minimizing the advantages of 3D-printing. The methods that make it possible to improve the physical and mechanical characteristics of a printed parts include bulk treatment methods based on thermal effects on the whole part. The aim of this paper is to compare the technologies of bulk thermal post-processing in terms of the effect on the physical and mechanical properties of FDM-printed samples. Three methods of bulk thermal post-treatment are considered: annealing in a dispersed environment, annealing in a dispersed environment with pressure, annealing in a vacuum bag. The properties and deformations of ABS plastic samples printed by the FDM-method are investigated. The research results showed that all the considered technologies of... Read More

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FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) is the most popular 3D printing technology worldwide due to its simplicity and low costs. One of the key points of FDM is the need for supporting material to realize the overhanging features. In general, however, both in the case of printing supports with the same material as the part and in the case of printing with soluble supports, there is a high waste of material and a significant increase in the printing time to get the finished part. One of the fundamental parameters for generating supports within the slicer software is the so-called "support overhang angle", which consists of the maximum achievable angle beyond which the slicer generates supports. The other key parameter in FDM printing is the "layer height", which directly determines both the quality of the final part, its strength, and the printing time itself. This paper will therefore attempt to investigate the relationship present between "layer height" and "support overhang angle", bringing some examples of how with proper layer height one can significantly reduce support generation, was... Read More

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This study investigates the comparison of Young's Modulus value from tensile and three-point bendingBending methods for two build orientations (0 and 90 build angles) of ABS material. Twenty specimens were printed using FDM 3D printer with parameters of 200 m layer thickness, solid print strength and cross print pattern for each method. The tensile experiment was following ASTM D638, and the three-point bendingBending experiment was also following ASTM D790 to find the Young's Modulus value. The results obtained from both experiments were compared to each other as well as to theoretical and standard values. The results show that highest Young's modulus value was from the three-point bendingBending method with 0 build angle orientation. This is due to the different ways of loading are used to test mechanical properties and orientation of 3D printing build angle.

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This paper represents a literature review on FDM-3D printing technique in additive manufacturing, Several variables affect the end product's features in fused deposition modelling (FDM), and these variables must be considered while selecting process settings. The study illustrates the effects of various materials and process parameters on final product mechanical properties. It concludes that too many polymer materials can be used as a filament in FDM printing techniques. And although FDM is the most common printing process but characterization of its parameters and their signification need to be covered with more studying, and analysis experimentally and statistically (DOE techniques) in order to control the final product quality.

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Carbon fiber blended modified 3D printing consumables and a manufacturing method thereof. The consumables comprise carbon fiber reinforced polymers such as polycarbonate, polylactic acid, copolyester, copolymer, and nylon. The method involves blending carbon fibers with base polymers and processing the blend into consumable form for 3D printing applications.

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Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is considered the most popular technique of three-dimensional (3D) printing. This is a simple and sustainable method of materials manufacturing with rapidly spreading applications in diverse areas. In this method, a thermoplastic filament is extruded through a nozzle on a layer-by-layer basis to construct a 3D object in a benchtop environment. To further promote its acceptance, FDM printing currently has a significant focus on the use of natural fillers with thermoplastic polymer. Nevertheless, successful FDM printing is largely dependent on the strength and consistency of the feed material, the filament. Preparing such composite filaments is challenging due to possible manufacturing defects and inconsistency while mixing the filler and matrix. Studies showed that there are significant differences between the tensile properties of FDM filament when compared with their printed parts, caused by the variations in printing parameters, filament consumption, density, and architectural difference. Previous reports have confirmed that mechanical characteristi... Read More

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Reinforcing a multi-layer structure with at least one filament-based rivet. The reinforcing includes distributing a cavity over multiple layers of a first filamentary material during deposition of the multiple layers of the first filamentary material, the cavity shaped as a double-headed rivet; and filling the cavity with a second filamentary material in a vertical direction to form a filament-based rivet, the vertical direction perpendicular to a plane of the multiple layers.

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Additive manufacturing method for 3D printing objects with customized internal structures tailored to the load requirements of the printed part. The method involves calculating a virtual model of the object based on a physical template, then dividing it into optimized layers with variable heights adapted to the component loads. This allows using thicker sections where needed for strength and thinner sections where flexibility is desired. The layers are then 3D printed with customized fill patterns to match the variable layer heights.

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Compacting lower layers of build material in additive manufacturing to improve object quality. The method involves selectively compacting the lower layers more than the upper layers. This involves depositing an initial amount of build material to form a base, then compacting that base layer and subsequent lower layers to a greater extent than the upper layers used for the 3D object. This reduces the likelihood of defects like cracks in the final object due to compressive forces during curing processes.

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An additive manufacturing system that uses artificial intelligence to provide feedback control during the printing process. The system captures images of each printed layer, generates a 3D topographical image, and identifies anomalies using AI algorithms. It then determines the correlation between the anomalies and print parameters, and adjusts the parameters to optimize the printed object's mechanical, optical, and electrical properties.

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Complex geometry components can be produced using FDM-based additive manufacturing (AM). In this study, the compressive and tensile strength were investigated, considering variations in layer thickness (0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 mm), density (40%, 60%, and 80%), and infill pattern (tri-hexagon, zig-zag, and gyroid). The experiment was designed using the Taguchi technique and carried out on a commercial FDM 3D printer, involving nine specimens with different processing settings. The compression standard ASTM D695 and tension standard ASTM D638-02a were used for evaluation. The results indicated that infill density significantly impacted compressive and tensile strength, contributing to 65% and 60% of the variations. Based on the S/N ratio analysis, the optimal parameters for achieving high compressive and tensile strength were 80% infill density, a Gyroid infill pattern, and a layer thickness of 0.3 mm. With these settings, the maximum compression strength reached 45.23 MPa, and the maximum tensile strength was 44.03 MPa. Regression prediction modeling proved to be a powerful tool for predic... Read More

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A method for reducing warping in 3D printed objects by adding anchor structures to critical areas. The method involves analyzing the expected warping of a 3D object based on its geometry and location within the build chamber, and adding anchor structures to areas predicted to warp excessively. The anchor structures comprise a body located at an offset from the object and a pin connecting the body to the object, and are designed to stabilize the object during cooling and prevent warping.

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A process for 3D printing thermally curable polymers without adjusting the ink formulation. The process involves printing the ink on a heated substrate or blowing heated air onto the substrate to provide in-situ thermal treatment. Between layers, the printer pauses to allow solidification from curing and solvent evaporation. The height of subsequent layers is adjusted to compensate for shrinkage. This allows high fidelity printing of thermally curable inks regardless of solvent content. The thermal treatment and height adjustment compensate for shrinkage during curing.

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Additive manufacturing of large-scale 3D printed objects with improved mechanical properties in the stacking direction to address the issue of delamination between layers in large-scale additive manufacturing. The technique involves inserting reinforcement elements into the printed object during the build process. These reinforcement elements, like threaded rods, are inserted through the z-direction of the part and apply a compressive load to the layers. They distribute contact stresses and impose a compressive stress in the layer direction to reinforce the printed part in multiple directions and tailored to specific geometry of the part. This provides reinforcement out of the z-direction that is needed for large-scale printed objects with complex geometry.

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The importance of dimensional accuracy in produced models has been highlighted by the use of FDM technology for prototyping in industries such as aerospace and medical.Several process factors, such as layer thickness, raster width, infill pattern, etc., can impact the dimensional accuracy of FDM-printed objects.The goal of this research is to conduct a systematic literature review of studies that examined the impact of process parameters on the dimensional accuracy of FDM printed parts.This will allow us to better understand the effect of each parameter individually and to find the optimal levels of each parameter based on the material types.The effects of layer thickness, extrusion temperature, and component orientation on common materials like ABS and PLA were outlined, along with a review of 29 related papers.Tables summarized the key findings from each study, revealing the optimum value for each process parameter and describing the articles' respective methods.Layer thickness levels between 0.1 and 0.2 millimetres are recommended for ABS and PLA parts, whereas higher layer thickn... Read More

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A composition for additive manufacturing that enables rapid curing of composite materials containing opaque or light-scattering reinforcement materials. The composition comprises a unique combination of monomers, including a fast-curing acrylamide monomer (ACMO) and a methacrylate monomer (M370), along with a photoinitiator and optional urethane oligomer. The ACMO monomer exhibits enhanced polymerization rates, particularly in the presence of opaque reinforcement materials, while the M370 monomer provides improved mechanical properties. The composition enables the production of high-performance composite materials with enhanced green strength and reduced curing times, suitable for applications in aerospace, automotive, and other industries.

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Apparatus and method for additive manufacturing of composite components, particularly suitable for complex multi-layered components in aerospace and other industries. The method combines thermoplastic material with pre-impregnated fibrous material in a single step, enabling continuous and short fiber reinforcement in various orientations. The apparatus features a robotic manipulator that follows a predetermined movement program to form multi-layered composite components with controlled fiber distribution. The system enables scalable 3D printing of large components with high mass output and thick single wall thickness, while achieving low coefficient of thermal expansion and variable material properties.

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The mechanical strength of the parts developed by 3D printing is an area of study because of the technology's inherent nature, which has led to its emergence as a disruptive technology for fabricating industrial components. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of various 3D printing parameters on the tensile strength of PLA parts produced using 3D printing. Given their importance to commercial 3D printing, the parameters of nozzle temperature, bed temperature, printing speed, layer thickness, and printing direction have been studied in depth. Three-dimensionally printed specimens made from PLA, the most important material for FDM printing. A key objective of the research is to ascertain whether or not a 3D printing parameter can be used to optimize the investigated mechanical characteristic within a practical budget. Furthermore, trends that may be obvious and major factors in shaping the outcome will be investigated.

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Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique in which parts are produced with thermoplastic polymer layers in a highly controlled manner. However, the production of ready-made parts using FDM is quite tricky. At the same time, the mechanical properties of parts printed with current print parameters and low-cost 3D printers also vary. The quality and mechanical characteristics of the final part are influenced by production parameters such as the extrusion temperature, infill density, infill pattern, print speed, and layer height. This study focused on the effects of the infill pattern, infill density and print speed parameters on the tensile strength and production time of model structures printed with PLA+ material. The tensile strength of the printed parts have been determined by a WDM-100E model tensile testing machine. In addition, the tensile strengths and production times of the parts have been optimized by the signal-to-noise (SN) ratio analysis. The results reveal that triangle infill pattern exhibits the best tensile strength at 40 mm/sec pri... Read More

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A 3D printing apparatus and method that improves Z-axis directional physical properties by using a dual-nozzle system. The apparatus includes a primary nozzle tip for extruding molten output material and a secondary nozzle tip that can be selectively coupled to the primary nozzle tip. The method involves printing an outer frame with a primary output, followed by filling cavities within the primary output with a secondary output. This dual-nozzle approach enables faster printing and improved structural integrity compared to conventional single-nozzle FDM methods.

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A 3D printing system that eliminates gaps between extruded filaments by using a secondary extruder to fill the gaps between primary extrusions. The system includes a primary extruder that produces a primary extrusion with a specific cross-sectional shape, and a secondary extruder that produces a secondary extrusion that fills the gaps between the primary extrusions. The secondary extrusion is designed to interlock with the primary extrusions, creating a solid bond between them.

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Methods and products for fastening materials together in additive manufacturing (AM) processes, such as 3D printing, to enable integrated manufacturing of complex parts. The methods involve identifying interfaces between different materials and positioning joiners at those interfaces. The joiners are formed by bulk depositing anchors in receptacles at the interface. The anchors can be made of different materials than the parts they join. The joiners can be used to connect parts during the build process, allowing for integrated manufacturing.

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Mechanical strength of 3D-printed components dramatically depends on printing process parameters. These can be usually set over a relatively wide range, in combinations that determine the microstructure morphology and the resulting mechanical behaviour. The present investigation focuses on the relationship between revealed structure and resulting mechanical properties of FDM-printed ABS specimens. The peculiar structures, examined at the meso- and microscale, are modelled by a finite-element Representative Volume Element (RVE) approach, in conjunction with cohesive elements to reproduce the sealing efficiency between fused filaments. The simulation of the tensile response up to failure falls within the 95% of confidence with experiments. Also, homogenized response of RVE determines spatial material constants useful for the effective numerical simulations of functional components, and intra- and inter-layer damage mechanisms are distinguished providing hints for the structural optimization.

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The Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D-printing method makes it possible to create high-complexity geometries quickly. The strength of the FDM printed components depends on various process factors, such as the infill density, the infill shape structure, the material, and a great number of other variables. This work evaluates the effect of infill structure and infill density on the tensile strength of different materials. PLA, ABS, and PETG materials were considered during the work with different infill densities and structures. It compares the deformation behavior of different materials with the same infill structures and density. The experimental results show that the tensile deformation of material depends on the infill structure and density. For PLA and ABS, triangular infill structures show higher tensile strength at each infill density, whereas for ASA tri-hexagonal structure shows higher strength. This work helps the researchers and academician to enhance their knowledge in the field of FDM process.

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At present study, FDM and DLP approaches are used for 3D printed structures and samples with topological optimization goal. It was shown that reducing the cell sizes affects significantly to the mechanical properties of 3D printing structures. We observed the systematic growth of the Youngs module, the compression strength and the Poisson coefficient when the cell decreases. We determined that changing the cell size in the lattice, we can purposefully control the mechanical properties of scaffolds after the FDM printing. It can be argued, that there is a real possibility of selection and combination of the mechanical properties for scaffolds and implants at the topological design stage.

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A 3D printing system and method that improves interlayer connection strength using radiation heating. The system employs a ring-shaped infrared lamp tube fixed to the printer nozzle, which preheats the printed layer and maintains the temperature of the newly printed filament, enabling consistent and enhanced bonding between layers.

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Fiber-reinforced thermoplastic resin filament for 3D printing, comprising a thermoplastic resin containing 30-93% by weight of polyarylene sulfide, 5-70% by weight of reinforcing fibers, and optional additives, wherein the resin content is preferably 45-80% by weight.

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Additive manufacturing technology(3D printing) as a rapid development of rapid prototyping technology in recent years. However, the surface quality and mechanical properties of the molded parts are worse than those of traditional material reduction manufacturing due to the special bottom-up processing and forming principle. In this paper, the performance of FDM parts is improved by studying the process parameters. According to the actual research situation, this paper selected the filling density, printing speed, printing temperature, stratification direction for experimental research. Through orthogonal test and single factor method, the best strength combination is obtained as filling density 80%, printing speed 35mm/s, printing temperature 195. After range analysis, it is found that the filling density has the greatest influence on tensile strength, followed by printing speed and printing temperature. the lamination direction also has a significant influence on tensile strength.

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Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is an actively growing additive manufacturing (AM) technology due to its ability to produce complex shapes in a short time. AM, also known as 3-dimensional printing (3DP), creates the desired shape by adding material, preferably by layering contoured layers on top of each other. The need for low cost, design flexibility and automated manufacturing processes in industry has triggered the development of FDM. However, the mechanical properties of FDM printed parts are still weaker compared to conventionally manufactured products. Numerous studies and research have already been carried out to improve the mechanical properties of FDM printed parts. Reinforce polymer matrix with fiber is one of the possible solutions. Furthermore, reinforcement can enhance the thermal and electrical properties of FDM printed parts. Various types of fibers and manufacturing methods can be adopted to reinforce the polymer matrix for different desired outcomes. This review emphasizes the fiber types and fiber insertion techniques of FDM 3D printed fiber reinforcement polymer c... Read More

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Fused Deposition Modelling is a three-dimensional printing technique used for making prototypes and rapid manufacturing of various parts ranging from commercial to biomedical applications. The FDM printed parts results in anisotropic mechanical properties due to weak bond formation between the rasters and the layers. It is possible to print a part with desired properties by optimising the tool path strategy and printing parameters. This paper investigates the friction properties of FDM-built PLA samples with three different fill patterns (Concentric, linear, and Hilbert) at two different printing speeds (20 mm/s and 50 mm/s). This study shows that printing parameters influence the friction coefficient and specific wear rate. The result shows that the fill pattern with a suitable printing speed provides good bonding between the rasters and the layers, and enhances the crystallinity for better wear resistance.

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Abstract FDM 3D-printing, is an additive manufacturing technology that is being increasingly adapted in the engineering industry due to its ability to produce complex design at lower costs as the materials are thermoplastic based. Due to the nature of its sequential layer deposition, the bonding quality is highly dependent on the temperature development during printing. In this paper, an experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of printing temperature on bonding quality with regards to dimensional accuracy and tensile behaviour of the fabricated parts. The test specimens were fabricated using PLA material at different printing temperature ranging from 180C-240C at intervals of 10C. Uniaxial tensile test according to ASTM D638-14 standard was conducted at a strain rate of 1 mm/min and was repeated five times for each variable. Results show that specimens fabricated at higher printing temperature have better tensile properties. The ultimate tensile strength recorded for specimens fabricated at T=240C and T=180C were 36.97 MPa and 17.47 MPa respectively. Fractur... Read More

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A 3D printing method and apparatus that improves mechanical properties of printed articles by thermally pre-treating the surface of each layer before depositing the next layer. The apparatus includes an extrusion head and a movable heat source that is synchronized with the extrusion head's movement to locally heat the surface of the underlying layer before depositing the next layer. This thermal pre-treatment enhances the bonding between layers, reducing deformation, cracking, and delamination in the final printed article.

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A multi-component print surface for additive manufacturing devices, comprising a solid matrix component and a fluid component, where the fluid component is at least partially embedded within the solid matrix component. The print surface enables easy removal of 3D printed objects by reducing the peel force required to separate the object from the surface.

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Additive manufacturing system for producing composite structures with improved properties. The system uses a robotic arm to move a print head that discharges composite material in tracks. The print head has an oblique outlet that allows the tracks to be oriented at different angles relative to the print head movement direction. This enables the tracks to be discharged in different directions, allowing for improved lamination strength between adjacent tracks.

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