Techniques to Increase Power Density of Fuel Cells

Article Study on Performance Simulation Matching of One-Dimensional Hydrogen Storage and Supply System for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles Qi Liu 1,2, * , Biao Xiong 1,3, Yuxuan Liu 1,3, Chuanyu Zhang 1,3, Shuo Yuan 1,2, and Wenshang Ma 1,3 1 College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China 2 Research Institute of Hunan University in Chongqing, Chongqing 401120, China 3 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China * Correspondence: author: [email protected] Received: 1 July 2024; Accepted: 12 September 2024; Published: 27 September 2024 Abstract: With the improvement of environmental protection requirements, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are considered one of the most potential and promising new energy vehicles because of their advantages, such as pollution-free emission, long cruising range, and short hydrogenation time. However, there are still unresolved problems between the storage and supply of hydrogen and the power demand during the operation of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle... Read More

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To improve the fuel cell durability of the hydrogen Electric Multiple Units, this paper proposes a novel multi-stack fuel cell hybrid system energy management strategy in consideration of fuel cell degradation. The top layer of the method distributes the power of fuel cells and lithium batteries reasonably according to the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy, and adjusts the fuel cell power through the feedback power regulation module. The bottom layer distributes the power of different stacks according to the degradation degree. The proposed layering method improves the durability of fuel cells by reducing the fuel cell degradation degree. The hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments results show that, compared with the traditional equivalent hydrogen consumption minimum energy management strategy, the proposed method is effective in lowering the degradation degree and operating pressure of the fuel cell by 25.77% and 35.73% respectively.

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As a clean energy conversion technology, hydrogen fuel cell has great development prospect in the field of sustainable energy. Scientists have been working on the design and optimization of hydrogen fuel cells to make the efficiency and performance higher. This article introduces the main directions and methods of designing and optimizing hydrogen fuel cells. First, the design of hydrogen fuel cell mainly depends on the which catalyst materials you choose and catalyst active sites. For example, precious metal catalysts, transition metal catalysts, and catalysts of nanostructured materials all make a huge impact on battery performance. Improving the activity and stability of catalyst and reducing the cost is one of the key points of this design. In addition, optimizing of the electrolyte film to improve the efficiency and battery life is also key. By taking the above factors into consideration and using advanced materials and technologies, hydrogen fuel cells can achieve high efficiency, high performance, and long life, and promote their commercial application.

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As the application of hydrogen as a clean energy source increasingly expands into the automotive industry, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) have emerged as a pivotal technology for the green transformation of transportation, attributed to their zero emissions, high energy density, and rapid refueling capabilities. However, thermal management issues in hydrogen fuel cell systems significantly impact their performance and lifespan, especially under high-power operating conditions. This study addresses the limitations of existing air and liquid cooling technologies in high-power fuel cell systems by proposing an integrated cooling system design. Through theoretical analysis, structural design, and experimental testing, this paper examines the performance of the integrated cooling system under various operating conditions. The results demonstrate that the system effectively maintains the hydrogen fuel cell within the optimal operating temperature range, addressing the thermal management challenges of traditional cooling methods and enhancing the system's thermal efficiency. The finding... Read More

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The hydrogen cycle system, one of the main systems used for hydrogen fuel cells, has many advantages. It can improve the efficiency, the water capacity, and the management of thermal fuel cells. It can also enhance the safety of the system. Therefore, it is widely used in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. We introduce the structure and principles of hydrogen cycle pumps, ejectors, and steam separators and analyze and summarize the advantages of the components, as well as reviewing the latest research progress and industrialization status of hydrogen cycle pumps and ejectors. The technical challenges in hydrogen circulation systems and the development direction of key technologies in the future are discussed. This paper aims to provide a reference for research concerning hydrogen energy storage application technology in hydrogen fuel cell systems.

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This paper investigates fuel cell technology, an efficient and environmentally friendly method for generating electricity by harnessing the energy content of hydrogen or alternative fuels. Fuel cells produce electricity with water, heat, and power as the only by-products when hydrogen is used as fuel, making them a clean and sustainable energy option. Future applications in the hydrogen economy are expected to utilize fuel cells as safe, quiet, and reliable energy sources. Fuel cells exhibit superior efficiency compared to combustion engines, promptly converting fuel energy into electrical energy. Various types and sizes of fuel cells with distinct technological requirements have been developed by scientists and inventors to enhance efficiency. The choice of electrolyte is a critical factor influencing the possibilities available to fuel cell inventors. Beyond exploring the technologys evolution, this paper delves into the diverse applications of fuel cells across different sectors. From transportation to industrial processes and residential power generation, fuel cells play a cruci... Read More

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This chapter describes the theoretical aspects and main characteristics of fuel cells and electrolyzers, a technological field in constant evolution. Hydrogen can be produced through the electrolysis of water to be stored and subsequently supplied to a fuel cell to obtain electrical energy and water as products. The biggest obstacle for these devices is their cost since they are not yet able to compete economically with more traditional energy technologies. The progress of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell and PEM electrolyzers is complex and requires significant research on the materials of electrodes (specifically on those were take place the oxygen reduction reaction and the oxygen evolution reaction) membranes and the overall components of both cells. Nevertheless, the development and commercialization of this equipment at market price would give a huge boost to hydrogen systems. Great technical advances have been achieved due to the great effort of researchers in the need to reduce the load of catalysts, enhance the catalytic performance, and improve their components to r... Read More

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To solve the problems of energy and environment, after experimentations and selections, hydrogen steps into the limelight; we call it "the ultimate energy source for the development of human society," and fuel cell technology is an essential step of pursuing the recyclable hydrogen energy. Fuel Cell is viewed as one of "The ideal power generation devices in the 21st century"; it has a high energy transformation efficiency, and the electricity generation process has a low environmental impact. If the fuel is being provided, fuel cells can continuously provide electricity, which can likely be applied in power plants, electric vehicles, electronic devices, mobile communications, and space facilities. This work focuses on Alkaline Fuel Cells. The oxidation-reduction process will be more straightforward in alkaline-based electrolytes than in acidic electrolytes, and the alkaline system will also perform better under room temperature. Besides, Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC) can use non-platinum catalysts, so the cost is lower than the other Fuel Cells. Thus, designing a Hydrogen-based AFC is wh... Read More

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In response to the global energy crisis and climate change, hydrogen has been pointed out as promising fuel to be part of the green energy transition. Thus, countries worldwide have released policies to support and increase the hydrogen industry. Therefore, investigations regarding how hydrogen can be utilized best as a fuel should be addressed to evaluate its potential applications. Since transportation is responsible for 37% of the carbon emissions from the end-use sectors, it is of interest to consider hydrogen fuel for vehicle propulsion. There are two main alternatives that might be considered for the electricity generation from hydrogen: 1) a hydrogen fuel cell onboard the electric vehicle or 2) a hydrogen fuel cell off-board powering the electric vehicle. Therefore, in this work, we propose the modeling and simulation from hydrogen fuel to wheels of the two different systems using the WLTP as the driving cycle reference. For the onboard system, the following components were considered: the vehicle dynamics, the gear, the motor, the inverter, the battery, and the fuel cell syst... Read More

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Due to the global warming problem, the importance of eco-friendly fuels that do not emit environmental pollutants is increasing as a substitute for existing energy sources. Hydrogen, an ecofriendly fuel, is an eco-friendly fuel with high energy density to weight and no emission of environmental pollutants, and its importance as a substitute for existing energy sources is increasing. In particular, hydrogen fuel cells can supply energy stably for a long time due to their high energy conversion efficiency, and water and heat produced as by-products can be used in other areas such as smart farms, so they have high added value other than electricity production. A hydrogen fuel cell consists of a fuel cell stack and BoP (Balance of Plant). A fuel cell stack is a device that produces electricity and heat by reacting hydrogen and oxygen. The BoP constitutes the power system package around the stack, which it performs thermal management, water management, and air supply management to efficiently produce electricity. In this paper, we design the concept of a low-cost slot/rack type fuel cell ... Read More

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A hydrogen fuel cell generates energy by combining hydrogen and oxygen, making it a potential source of an electric power. The following paper presents the characteristics, operating theory, implementations, benefits, and drawbacks of the novel hydrogen fuel cell technologies available. It also covers the techniques for producing and storing hydrogen, which is the main fuel for a fuel cell. Additionally, a brief comparison of internal combustion vehicles (ICEV) and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV) is presented. The findings indicate that hydrogen fuel cell technologies have a general framework, a highperformance range of 40 to 60%, an optimal temperature range of 70 to 1000oC, and a reduced natural effect. At the end, a comparative study of five major power generating system is also performed.

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Hydrogen energy is currently considered by many countries as a promising solution to reduce the carbon footprint and includes technologies such as: the production, use, storage, transportation of hydrogen, the production of fuel cells, etc. The article shows the relevance of introducing hydrogen energy as one of the most promising areas for the transition to a decarbonized economy throughout the world. The prospects of using low-temperature hydrogen fuel cells with a proton-exchange membrane as the most efficient and environmentally friendly energy sources for water and other types of transport, which do not require initial heating to operating temperature, are distinguished by fast start-up and reliability, are substantiated. The arrangement and principle of operation of the fuel cell, its main components and their functions are described. The experience of some Russian organizations performing research in terms of improving the characteristics of proton-exchange membranes and gas diffusion layers is presented. A list of domestic membrane technologies for fuel cells and electrolysis... Read More

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Nowadays, in view of the seriousness of the environment pollution and the urgency of raising energy utilization, there is a need to develop green energy. Due to its high utilization rate, Hydrogen fuel cell system is favored by countries all over the world. What the paper studied is the mechanism model of hydrogen fuel cells as well as the influence of H2, O2 pressure difference and relative humidity on the cell voltage and power density with the current density. It is found that the battery performance can be enhanced by increasing relative humidity from 30% to 50% and the difference between hydrogen and oxygen pressure from 5kpa to25kpa within a certain range. More factors will be included for further research, making the model more reliable to be put into use in the green industry.

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Fuel cell power generation is one of the important ways of utilizing hydrogen energy, which has good prospects for development. However, fuel cell volt-ampere characteristics are nonlinear, the output voltage is low and the fluctuation range is large, and a power electronic converter matching its characteristics is required to achieve efficient and stable work. Based on the analysis of the fuel cells characteristic mechanism, maximum power point tracking algorithm, fuel cell converter characteristics, application and converter control strategy, the paper summarizes the general principles of the topology of fuel cell converters. In addition, based on the development status of new energy, hydrogen energy is organically combined with other new energy sources, and the concept of 100% absorption system of new energy with green hydrogen as the main body is proposed to provide a reference for the development of hydrogen energy.

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The lately technology advancements of usage for fuel alternate energy source has gained tremendous pace with several organizations leading active development in the same sector. From all the technologies currently under advance stage of development, hydrogen powered fuel cell technology looks to be promising with very little disadvantages. Major challenge in the same field is the efficiency and thermodynamic voltage improvement by different avenues. The impacts of change in pressure in supplied hydrogen and oxygen, its effects on thermodynamic voltage and possible efficiency improvement. With the improvement in fuel cell voltage, number of fuel cells requirement can be dropped reducing the required area for mounting on mobile applications. This study details the calculations of required fuel flow, air flow, exhaust flow etc. with different pressure is determined. Supercharged fuel cell conceptual study is performed.

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The design and principle of operation of the hydrogen generator are considered, the process efficiency is determined. The chemical composition of the metal hydride hydrogen storage system was investigated. Description of the design and operating principle of the hydrogen fuel cell is given. The results of an experimental study of a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle model with registration of electrical parameters are given.

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Addressing the complex design, weight, manufacturing costs and production scalability of conventional hydrogen fuel cell stacks, Bramble Energy's Printed Circuit Board Fuel Cell technology aims to revolutionize the FCEV transport sectors

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Abstract Hydrogen fuel cell technology is gaining significant attention as a promising alternative for decarbonizing automotive vehicles. At the heart of hydrogen fuel cell technology is the electrode, composed of catalysts, supports, binders, and pores, which facilitates the halfcell reactions and often governs the efficiency of fuel cells. Over the last decade, scientists have made great strides in discovering catalyst, support, and binder materials featuring unique nanostructures and compositions that significantly enhance the efficiency of those devices. While innovations must continue, we must not overlook how these materials are put together to form an electrode and how it impacts the overall efficiency. This perspective article discusses the urgent need for developing alternative electrodes for designing next generation hydrogen fuel cells.

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Hydrogen fuel cells are a potential route to decarbonize the automotive sector due to the zero CO2 tailpipe emissions, faster re-fuelling, and higher energy density than their direct competitor, the battery-electric powertrain. One of the key challenges is to find the best air path configuration to achieve high efficiency in a system level. This work aims to optimize, setup, and demonstrate a highly efficient Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell system (PEMFC). This powerplant is hydrogen fuelled and scalable to achieve the required power output for different vehicles. This work evaluates a PEMFC by a 1D-numerical approach. The fuel cell is modelled, validated, and later studied under different air inlet conditions. The main goal is the evaluation of different air path layouts to achieve the highest system efficiency. Numerical simulations of electric compressor and coupled and de-coupled electrically assisted turbocharging are performed with different component sizes and cathode pressures. Therefore, this work provides an overview of our initial findings that will outline the key mode... Read More

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This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the efficiency of a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) model kit. The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of hydrogen amount on the overall efficiency of the model. The literature review provides an overview of fuel cell vehicles, their energy conversion processes, energy efficiency, and life cycle CO2 emissions. The lab test involved assembling the model kit car, producing hydrogen through the fuel cell, and measuring the time and hydrogen amount. Calculations were performed to determine the efficiency of the model kit under different hydrogen quantity values. The results demonstrate the relationship between hydrogen amount and efficiency. The findings contribute to the understanding of FCV efficiency and have implications for the development of real-world fuel cell vehicles.

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The fuel cell system is an emerging technology for power generation because of its higher energy conversion efficiency and extremely low environmental pollution. Depending upon the applications, there are several types of fuel cell systems used for stationary, mobile and portable power generation. The most common types of fuel cells considered are the proton exchange membrane (PEMFC), direct methanol (DMFC), phosphoric acid (PAFC), molten carbonate (MCFC) and solid oxide (SOFC) fuel cells. These fuel cells use hydrogen as the fuel. If a hydrocarbon fuel is used, the fuel needs to be reformed to make it hydrogen rich or almost pure hydrogen depending upon the operating temperature and the type of the fuel cell. Heat exchangers play an important and critical role in the fuel cell systems to reform the fuel, to preheat the fuel and oxidant to the cell/stack operating temperature, to humidify the incoming fuel and oxidant streams, to recover water and energy, to cool the fuel cell stack and incoming high pressure air and reformed hydrogen, and in general, to control thermal management of... Read More

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This paper develops a hydrogen generator prototype that is for fuel cell systems used in portable applications. This generator is designed based on the use of solid-state hydrides with high hydrogen storage capacity in the catalytic hydrolysis reaction. Some using problems such as unstable hydrogen production, one-off service life, heavy or large-volume storage system, and short duty time can be avoided in moveable applications when the use of the produced prototype. In addition, A simulation model and an autonomous control algorithm, which evaluates the hydrogen generation and temperature responses of the prototype, are developed. The results confirm that the performance of a portable and autonomous prototype with 4 parts and 1-hour hydrogen production capacity is enough for small fuel cell applications.

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Review A Review of Fuel Cell System Technology: From Fuel Cell Stack to System Integration Weiqun Ren 1,*, Jun Shen 2, Xuebing Li 1, and Changqing Du 2 1 Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co. Ltd., 10 Dongfeng Avenue, Wuhan, China 2 Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-139-1820-4209 Received: 14 October 2022 Accepted: 8 November 2022 Published: 18 December 2022 Abstract: The technology of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV) is the ultimate direction of clean energy vehicle development, and commercial vehicles are the most important application area for fuel cell commercialization. This paper summarizes the key components, technologies and development trends of the fuel cell stack, fuel cell system and vehicle integration at home and abroad, and points out that key materials (such as bipolar plates and membrane electrodes), key system components (such as air compressors and ejectors), high-power modular integration technologies, and fuel cell control technologies are the main factors influencing the commercialization of FCVs. Part... Read More

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The bipolar plate is the fundamental structural element of the hydrogen fuel cell, and its flow field design has a significant impact on the performance of the fuel cell. The hydrogen fuel cell is employed as an important energy supply source for vehicle power. The classification and operation of hydrogen fuel cells, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of conventional flow fields, are discussed in this paper and contrasted with the state of bipolar plate flow field research in recent years. Comprehensive analysis is done on the optimization of the fuel cell bipolar plate flow field based on the conventional flow field. All are favorable to enhancing fuel cells' ability to generate electricity and aid in the progressive development of a full set of structural design guidelines.

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This chapter presents information on hydrogen as an energy carrier, its properties, how to produce and store it, how to transport it, as well as its role in future energy systems. Opportunities and concerns about hydrogen are discussed. The basic principles and analysis of the key transport phenomena, bottlenecks, and applications of fuel cells are discussed. Most attention is paid to so-called PEMFCs (proton-exchange membrane fuel cells) for low-temperature applications and SOFCs (solid-oxide fuel cells) for high-temperature applications. The major differences between these two types of fuel cells are discussed, and research needs and limitations are presented. Modeling issues and engineering design are also highlighted.

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Fuel cell is one of the main powers of new energy vehicles. In the fuel cell, bipolar plate is an important component for its normal operation, which plays a variety of roles, such as distributing reaction gas, collecting current, draining water, conducting heat and supporting machinery. Its flow field structure determines the proportion of reaction area, the uniformity of reaction gas distribution, etc., and significantly affects many important parameters such as fuel cell power, current density distribution in the range of electrode plates, voltage consistency between electrode plates, etc., thus determining the working performance index and service life of fuel cell, which is an important content of fuel cell structure design. at present, the hydrogen fuel cell technology is in the initial stage, and there are some problems, such as uneven distribution of reaction gas in the whole system, low conversion rate of hydrogen and electricity, and high production cost, especially the low reaction effect of bipolar plate flow field and the utilization rate of membrane electrode, which ser... Read More

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Chapter 24 Hydrogen Energy Recovery H 2 - Based Fuel Cells Nada Zamel, Nada ZamelSearch for more papers by this authorUlf Groos, Ulf GroosSearch for more papers by this author Nada Zamel, Nada ZamelSearch for more papers by this authorUlf Groos, Ulf GroosSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Andreas Hauer, Andreas Hauer ZAE-Bayern, Garching, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 April 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119239390.ch24Citations: 1 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract The Hydrogen economy is a crucial part in the future energy mix. In order to complete the circle in this economy, the recovery and use of H 2 becomes crucial. In this chapter, we introduce various H 2 -based fuel cells discussing their electrochemical reactions, advantages and disadvantages as well as their application fields. Based on market shares, the focus of the chapter is put on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The discussion put for... Read More

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Hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology are critical clean energy roads to pursue carbon neutrality. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has a wide range of commercial application prospects due to its simple structure, easy portability, and quick start-up. However, the cost and durability of the PEMFC system are the main barriers to commercial applications of fuel cell vehicles. In this paper, the core hydrogen recirculation components of fuel cell vehicles, including mechanical hydrogen pumps, ejectors, and gaswater separators, are reviewed in order to understand the problems and challenges in the simulation, design, and application of these components. The types and working characteristics of mechanical pumps used in PEMFC systems are summarized. Furthermore, corresponding design suggestions are given based on the analysis of the design challenges of the mechanical hydrogen pump. The research on structural design and optimization of ejectors for adapting wide power ranges of PEMFC systems is analyzed. The design principle and difficulty of the gaswater separator are s... Read More

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As a direction of development, hydrogen fuel cell passenger vehicle has a wide market due to its environment- friendly, high conversion efficiency, rapid filling of hydrogen and modularization. According to the connection mode, the hybrid power system topology is divided into direct connection structure and indirect connection structure, each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. According to the power capacity of the fuel cell system and the battery, it can be divided into three kinds of types: energy compensation, power hybrid and full power, and the type of full power would be the trend for fuel cell passenger vehicle. This article studies on three typical mass-production full-power hydrogen fuel cell passenger vehicles in the world, including Mirai, NEXO, and CLARITY. Analysis are made on their power system topology and parameters, in order to provide references for industry research.

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Hydrogen fuel cell technology is now being researched extensively globally to provide a stable renewable energy source in the future. New research is aiding in improving performance, endurance, cost-efficiency, and the elimination of fuel cell limitations. Throughout the development process, the many aspects impacting the features, efficiency, durability, and cost of a fuel cell must be examined in a specific method. This review study looked at the impact of several variables on hydrogen fuel cell durability (HFC). In every sphere of fuel cell application, long-term operation is a must to make this electrochemical cell work. The major durability-enhancing aspects of a fuel cell include temperature, catalytic decay, contaminants, thermal energy and water maintenance, and fuel cell component design.

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Fuel cell has longer than 200 years of long history but still has been met the several key limits from the fundamental scientific points for further development, especially the electrical energy conversion hydrogen via electrochemical devices. Namely, (i) Enhancing the thermodynamic energy efficiency for utilizing all the chemical reaction energy for resulting reduction costs for the manufacturing and fuel, (ii) avoiding from expensive precious metal, and (iii) raising productivity via AI based mass production strategy, i.e., lowering the production cost with enhancing the quality. This paper will be provided the fundamental design aspect on hydrogen electrochemical energy devices along with the predicted energy efficiency to help the world clean, economical, and highest hydrogen fuel efficiency could be extracted throughout the presentation.

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Abstract This Review elucidates the stateoftheart, challenges, and future prospects for bipolarinterfacebased fuel cells (BPIFCs), focusing on hydrogenbased systems. On the one side, it provides a summary of stateoftheart design strategies for BPIFCs from different fields of application. On the other hand, it identifies the two most pivotal areas for a future understanding that particularly refer to the changed mass transport situations introduced by the bipolar fuel cell design, that is, the water management and the bipolar interface layer itself. All operationrelevant components such as the gas diffusion layers, catalyst layers, and membrane designs are discussed within the framework of these two main areas. As nonplatinumgroup metal (PGM) oxygen reduction is one of the key benefits of bipolar hydrogen fuel cells, a particular focus is put on this configuration. Several additional challenges that exclusively originate from nonPGMbased catalyst layers and possible mitigation approaches are discussed. One key insight is that these thick layers could take over the role o... Read More

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Abstract The purpose of this research is to study the performance of hydrogen fuel cell to study different fuel flow rate and different concentration to obtain the optimum performance of the cell. First, design a hydrogen fuel cell model, second simulate cell performance toward hydrogen fuel flow rates of 6, 18, and 30 mL/min and fuel concentrations of 50 mol/m 3 . Subsequently, we obtained the characteristics of voltage-electric current density and power density-electric current density per stack of fuel cell. The research of this hydrogen fuel cell obtained the power density optimum of 0.0471 mW/cm 2 at a cell current density of 0.135 mA/cm 2 and a cell voltage of 0.35 V. The greater the load the greater the time used by the battery for instant loads. The average time when the load is small is 10 W with a time of 240 hours and the fastest time when a large load is 400 watts with a time of 6 hours. Decreasing battery discharge time to the same load due to the completion of power losses in each device or circuit that produces the power generated by the battery does not reach the maxi... Read More

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The study indicates a comparison of PEM fuel cell systems (cathodic plate) with previous experimental setup and a new nano-design manufacturing for the nano-micro scale fluids with the fuel of hydrogen gas. The scope of the study is to demonstrate a superiority of fuel cell efficiency as well as genuine design over the experimental commercial fuel cell. Finding results of the energy efficiency was found to be 72.4% and exergy efficiencys 85.22% of the PEMFC under 0.5 bar pressure and 0.2 l/min flow rate. Finding results revealed that the thermodynamic efficiency of PEMFC could be enhanced by regulating the pressure and flow rate parameters. This work gave great results thanks to the new design manufacturing. The results of this study emphasize to give better results compared to the results of the previous study. Besides supporting the previous study, it yielded even better results. Thus, it is thought that there will be a support energy system for larger energy systems in the future.

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Hydrogen is abundant in nature, and this paper presents how power can be generated and used at a distribution level for small domestic purposes. Many see hydrogen as the clean fuel of the future, because its only by-product is water which is abundant as well as cost-efficient. As a fuel, not containing carbon, we can potentially eliminate the local emission of CO and CO2. This work uses "Live Hydrogen" technique which is the main advantage of the design. Only required amount of hydrogen will generate from electrolysis of water and accordingly that water will utilize, which gives more stability to the system. The consequences will be highly beneficial not only to mitigate the emissions problem but also to encourage the utilization of more renewable resources to produce hydrogen. Working principle, applications, and advantages of the hydrogen internal combustion engines and fuel cells are discussed and compared.

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In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of compressed gaseous hydrogen system and liquid hydrogen system are compared and analyzed from the perspective of hydrogen storage density and energy consumption. It is proved that on-board liquid hydrogen system is the most economical and efficient and environmentally friendly choice for heavy-duty trucks which are running continuously at high speed and long distance. This paper also conducted a joint test of a large-capacity liquid hydrogen system and a fuel cell system. The results show that the on-board liquid hydrogen system can provide relatively stable pressure for the fuel cell stack at dynamic and steady-state conditions. The liquid hydrogen system is highly compatible with fuel cell system and can be applied to high-power fuel cell system. This study makes it promising to develop a new generation of heavy-duty fuel cell truck with long driving range, high load capacity and high power.

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Hydrogen fuel cells are an attractive technology to power zero-emissions heavy-duty vehicles, including road vehicles, such as trucks and buses, as well as marine, rail, and mining applications. Hydrogen fuel cell powertrains can offer several advantages over incumbent technologies, such as diesel engines, including higher efficiency, reduced emissions, higher torque, and no noise pollution. Additionally, they offer fast fueling and adequate fuel storage for applications demanding longer range. In comparison to light duty fuel cell vehicles, which have begun early commercialization, fuel cell systems for heavy duty applications have important differences in their requirements and typical operation. Heavy duty fuel cell systems must offer high durability and efficiency to provide a competitive total cost of ownership considering capital costs, fuel costs, and lifetime. Furthermore, load-hauling applications, such as trucks, rail locomotives, and mining vehicles, must provide higher average and peak power while meeting heat rejection and onboard packaging constraints. Efforts to develo... Read More

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Hydrogen and fuel cells are envisaged as some of the most promising technologies for decarbonizing the transportation sector. In order to avoid all safety concerns associated with the use of bottled hydrogen, its production on board is one of the best options for society. This chapter discusses the catalytic steps for clean hydrogen production and purification, as well as all successful catalytic formulations that make possible the effective feed-up of low-temperature fuel cells. The recent advances in two reactions are discussed: water gas shift (WGS), being the reaction that purifies the reforming outlets by producing more hydrogen; and the preferential CO oxidation reaction, as a possible final purification step. This chapter debates the advantages and the challenges to be confronted for both reactions, pointing to their possible future combination for on board hydrogen production.

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Hydrogen fuel cell technology is now being extensively researched around the world to find a reliable renewable energy source. Global warming, national calamities, fossil-fuel shortages have drawn global attention to environment friendly and renewable energy source. The hydrogen fuel cell technology most certainly fits those requisites. New researches facilitate improving performance, endurance, cost-efficiency, and overcoming limitations of the fuel cells. The various factors affecting the features and the efficiency of a fuel cell must be explored in the course of advancement in a specific manner. Temperature is one of the most critical performance-changing parameters of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC). In this review paper, we have discussed the impact of temperature on the efficiency and durability of the hydrogen fuel cell, more precisely, on a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). We found that increase in temperature increases the performance and efficiency, power production, voltage, leakage current, but decreases mass crossover and durability. But we conclu... Read More

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A Review of Design and Implementation of Hydrogen Fuel Cell with Modified Proton Exchange Membrane - written by Bhavya G B , Veronica Gudagur , Shreya S Poojary published on 2020/06/20 download full article with reference data and citations

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Hydrogen has the potential to be the sustainable fuel of the future, decrease the global dependence on fossil fuel resources, and lower the pollutant emissions from the transportation industry. In this study, recent development in hydrogen-based transportation engines is reviewed to scrutinize the feasibility of using hydrogen as a major fuel of future. Using hydrogen in internal combustion engines achieves only 20-25% efficiency and low power output compared to fossil-fueled internal combustion engines. Although hydrogen-based internal combustion engines have recently received considerable interests, several practical barriers have prevented the fast development of this technology. Hence, at the current stage, using hydrogen as an additive to hydrocarbon fuel systems have been taken into consideration to produce higher performance than hydrogen-only internal combustion engines. Using the dual-fuel strategy can increase the combustion stability and thermal efficiency while decreasing the CO and unburned hydrocarbons emissions, and fuel consumption. Alternatively, hydrogen can be used... Read More

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Abstract The automotive industry sees hydrogenpowered fuel cell (FC) drives as a promising option with a high range and short refueling time. Current research aims to increase the profitability of the fuel cell system by reducing hydrogen consumption. This study suggests the use of an electrochemical hydrogen compressor (EHC) for hydrogen recirculation. Compared to mechanical compressors, the EHC is very efficient due to the almost isothermal conditions and due to its modular structure, can only take up a minimal amount of space in vehicles. In addition, gas separation and purification of the hydrogen takes place in an EHC, which is a significant advantage over the standard recirculation with a blower or a jet pump. The high purity of the hydrogen at the cathode outlet of the EHC, also increased partial pressure of the hydrogen at the fuel cell inlet and its efficiency. The study carried out shows that replacing the blower with the EHC reduces the hydrogen loss by purging by up to 95% and the efficiency of the FC system could be further improved. Thus, the EHC has a great potential... Read More

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The fuel cell (PAC) has long been known as a hydrogen energy converter (electric-thermal) with very good efficiencies, research on this technology is developing extensively all over the world. The reasons are well known: the response to environmental constraints, the problems posed by centralized electricity production, the need for energy alternatives (hydrogen vector) and certain specific technological requirements such as space applications, submarines, portable electronics, and power supply to isolated sites and micro-systems.A macroscopic modeling approach has been developed. The complexity of a fuel cell lies in the consideration of its multi-physical character: it is the seat of electrochemical, fluid and thermal phenomena.

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Advances in fuel cells in recent years have made it possible to apply them with high efficiency in various engineering fields. In this paper, a scheme of functioning of an electrofloter was proposed in conjunction with a solid oxide fuel cell. Experimental studies of a hydrogen fuel cell were carried out to obtain a current-voltage characteristic and a curve for the dependence of the fuel cell efficiency on the specific power and current was obtained. The surface efficiency of the electroflater - fuel cell system was built and conclusions were drawn about energy savings and optimal areas of the active surface of the fuel cell under investigation when working with electroflotters with a capacity of up to 3 m3 / h.

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This article shows the structure and design features of a power installation based on a hydrogen fuel cell for an air vehicle. The ways of weight decrease and efficiency increase were proposed. A method of optimizing the design and power installation mode for the maximum flight time was proposed.

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This study proposes a design of polygeneration system based on solid oxide fuel cell to supply electricity, hot water, cooling, and hydrogen. This system also integrates the stationary supply for electric and hydrogen cars. The polygeneration system is developed based on energy, economic and environment simulation models by taking into account its application for the residential building. Four system configurations were designed based on the grid connection and the vehicle type and subsequently evaluated to determine the performance of the system in regard to the criteria such as efficiency, reliability, primary energy saving, cost saving as well as carbon dioxide reduction. Moreover, a strategy of selling the available hydrogen was also considered to analyze the competitiveness of the proposed system with the conventional separated system. Depending on these criteria, analysis of fuel cell size with respect to the coverage of demands was also conducted. The proposed system achieved primary energy savings, cost saving and emission reduction of about 73%, 50% and 70% respectively. The... Read More

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The development of hydrogen fuel cells is greatly hindered by the unwanted generation of H2 O2 at the cathode. A non-Pt cathode catalyst is now shown to be capable of simultaneously reducing both O2 and H2 O2 , thus rendering H2 O2 a useful part of the feed stream. The applicability of this unique catalyst is demonstrated by employing it in a fuel cell running on H2 /CO and O2 /H2 O2 .

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We are pursuing research and development of "making", "storing" and "using" hydrogen, aiming to realize a safe and comfortable hydrogen society. We have been developing the new fuel cell system "using" pure-hydrogen, but the development has two problems. One is the long development time and the other is the load change speed. In this study, the model-based development (MBD) approach is applied to the development of new fuel cell system to shorten the development time and to increase the load change speed by improving controlled performance.

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This chapter presents research progress on various fuel cell technologies linked to renewable energies toward a hydrogen economy. A description of efforts placed on the development of new materials to improve the performance and fuel efficiency in diverse types of fuel cell applications was presented. The chapter covers the importance of a hydrogen economy and discusses general thermodynamics of fuel cells. It shows the operating principle, components, and perspectives of different types of available fuel cells and offers a summary of the advances and prospective of this technology. There are six types of fuel cells suitable for different power demands, namely: polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs), alkaline fuel cells (AFCs), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs), and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Fuel cell technology requires an energy balance analysis that should take into account energy conversion processes, electrochemical reactions and heat loss.

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One of the main conditions for the transition to hydrogen energy is development of reliable, high-performance and cost-effective fuel cells, in which chemical energy is converted directly into electrical energy. The advantages of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are: high electrical efficiency (50 - 60)%, in cogeneration with thermal energy the efficiency may reach 90%, and high operating temperatures (700 - 900 C), which allows us to use practically any hydrocarbon fuel.

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