Metal Hydrides for Fuel Cell Storage

Hydrogen storage and compression system using metal hydrides with a thermal management system that provides high compression ratio, efficiency, and safety. The hydrogen storage-compression apparatus has multiple metal hydride containers interconnected by a hydrogen circuit. A closed-loop thermal liquid circuit cools/heats the containers. Heat exchangers connect to sources/sinks. A pump circulates liquid. A control system manages hydrogen flow. The thermal liquid system allows high pressure ratios without excessive heat. The metal hydride containers with gaps between them enhance compression. The closed loop thermal liquid system cools/heats the containers. Heat exchangers connect to sources/sinks. A pump circulates liquid. A control system manages hydrogen flow. The thermal liquid system allows high pressure ratios without excessive heat. The metal hydride containers with gaps between them enhance compression.

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<title>Abstract</title> Metal hydride hydrogen compressors have been explored as an alternative to mechanical since the first patents were filed in 1970s. As heat engines, their productivity significantly depends on achievable transfer rate, which is inherently limited by pressure-bearing walls separating fluid from reactive metal beds and effective thermal conductivity. This work presents analyzes a new compressor system that uses direct convective contact with material. Following this principle, we show how integrated can be designed behaves bed level. The surpasses what has reported for experimental while showing good prospects low electrical energy consumption.

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This presentation provides an examination of critical and strategic raw materials (CRMs) their crucial role in the development electrolyser fuel cell technologies within hydrogen economy [1]. It analyses a range technologies, including alkaline water (AWE), proton exchange membrane (PEMWE), solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC), anion (AEMWE) conducting ceramic (PCCEL) [2]. Each technology is examined for its specific CRM dependencies, operational characteristics, challenges associated with availability sustainability. The study further extends to storage focusing on employed metal hydrides, implications. A key aspect this exploration supply demand dynamics CRMs, offering view that encompasses both present state future projections. aim uncover potential risks, understand strategies, identify bottlenecks involved addressing current needs demands as well supply. approach essential planning sustainable green sector, emphasizing importance CRMs achieving expanded capacity leading up 2050. References [1] Eikeng et al., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy , 2024, 71, 19, 433-464. [2] Chatenet, Pollet al.,Ch... Read More

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A method to produce porous magnesium with improved hydrogen storage properties by adding a magnesium precursor to a reductant solution. The method involves dissolving a magnesium salt and a transition metal compound in a reductant solution, then precipitating the magnesium by adding the precursor. This results in porous magnesium with doped transition metals that enhances hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics compared to undoped magnesium. The doped porous magnesium can be used as a solid hydrogen storage material that allows hydrogen storage at lower pressures compared to conventional methods.

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Compact and modular hydrogen storage tank using pellets of metal hydride surrounded by rings of expanded graphite to prevent powder accumulation and rupture. The tank has alternating stacks of metal hydride pellets and thermally conductive disks with pierced holes. The expanded graphite rings around the pellets prevent hydride powder from falling between disks and sticking to the tank walls. This prevents rupture and explosion risks during cycling compared to loose powder. The disks and pierced holes enable thermal management.

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Efficient storage of renewably produced hydrogen remains a serious bottleneck in the global transition to hydrogen-based energy system. Production metal super- hydrides with greater than 1:1 stoichiometry, by an electrochemical driving force aqueous electrolyte, is experiencing emerging interest as possible solution this critical challenge. In work, using palladium and its hydride (PdHx) model system, we combine state-of-the-art grand canonical density functional theory (DFT) operando X-ray diffraction investigate feasibility limitations via formation hydrides. We develop unique computational PdHx high granularity, particularly loading (0.6 &lt; x 1.0) regime. After benchmarking calculated lattice strain measurements, reveal that there signifi- cant energetic penalty filling all six octahedral sites surrounding Pd, well-known /PdHx coexistence macroscopic phenomenon. Using our com- putational PdHx, calculate bias-, coverage-, loading-dependent activation barriers reaction energies for Volmer Tafel reactions. Our find- ings dynamic changes evolution (HER) sub-reacti... Read More

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Hydrogen storage system for fuel cells that enables cold starts without external heating. The system has two tanks, a starter tank with a high temperature hydride and an operating tank with a low temperature hydride. The starter tank is incorporated into the operating tank with a pressure-tight wall separating them. Initially, the fuel cell is started using hydrogen from the starter tank. Then, as the fuel cell heats up, the operating tank provides hydrogen. The starter tank is recharged from the operating tank while insulated from environmental heat. This allows cold starts without external heating since the starter tank can provide initial hydrogen without being heated.

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The climate crisis continues to grow as an existential threat. Establishing reliable energy resources that are renewable and zero-carbon emitting is a critical endeavour. Hydrogen has emerged one such resource due its high gravimetric density near-abundant availability. However, it suffers from low volumetric incredibly challenging store transport. metal hydride, solid-state storage method, provides viable solution the current limitations. Storage achieved through chemical absorption of hydrogen into porous alloys sublattice. But thermodynamic functionality leaves gap between ideal capacity industry requires limited reusable hydrides currently provide. This work used mathematical modelling determine optimal operating conditions for hydride in order maximise capacity. Computational fluid dynamics simulate coupled heat mass transfer occurs during process alloy. finite volume method discretise governing equations, alternating direction implicit numerical solutions proved most stable platform conduct analyses. An initial investigation grid sizing conducted node allocation. impact bed ... Read More

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This study investigates the structure of a metal hydride (MH) cartridge as hydrogen storage tank for small-scale fuel cells (FCs). is designed to be stacked and used in layers, allowing flexible capacity adjustment according demand. MH enables compact safe cell (FC) applications due its high energy density low-pressure operation. However, because desorption from an endothermic reaction, external heat supply required stable performance. To enhance both transfer efficiency usability, we propose method that utilizes waste air-cooled proton-exchange membrane (PEMFC). The proposed incorporates four cylindrical tanks require uniform transfer. Therefore, arrangements within minimize non-uniformity distribution on surface. flow exhaust air PEMFC into was analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. In addition, empirical correlation Nusselt number developed estimate coefficient. As result, it concluded utilization rate flowing 13.2%.

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Hydrogen storage device for preventing excessive pressure rise in hydrogen storage containers due to temperature changes. The device uses two types of metal hydride materials with different pressure storage capabilities inside the container. As temperature and pressure rise, hydrogen discharged from the first material with lower storage capacity can be absorbed by the second material with higher storage capacity. This prevents container pressure spikes when external temperatures rise.

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This review delves into the advancements of TiFe alloy for solid-state hydrogen storage, highlighting its structure, properties, preparation method, and storage performance. The impact composition microstructure upon kinetics were explored summarized, as well on capacity. work details synthesis methods, from induction melting to mechanical alloying, discusses strategies enhance TiFe's absorption/desorption rates cycling stability. Emphasis is placed role process control agents nanostructuring in improving performance alloy. underscores potential alloys realizing a sustainable economy outlines challenges activation conditions cost reduction, providing roadmap future research directions.

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Magnesium hydride (MgH2) is a promising solidstate hydrogen storage material due to its high capacity and low cost, but dehydrogenation temperature poor kinetic limits applications. Although catalytic modification of MgH2 has been extensively studied, existing efforts focus on optimizing transfer, with limited exploration electron transfer transport. This study investigated the enhancement transport rates during de/hydrogenation by introducing singleatom catalyst composed Ru single atoms Nb2O5 substrate. The Ru0.028@Nb2O5 reduced peak from 429 214 C, activation energies for were 53.7% 83.9%, respectively. Furthermore, 15wt%Ru0.028@Nb2O5MgH2 composite maintained 97.4% after 100 cycles. Based excellent performance theoretical calculations, it was demonstrated that electronic structure modulation enhanced capacities, synergistic effects (dominant role), multivalent Nb, oxygen vacancies resulted in remarkable activity. offers new strategy improving modulating catalysts, thereby increasing activity pyrolysis reaction materials.

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Magnesium hydride (MgH2) is a promising solidstate hydrogen storage material due to its high capacity and low cost, but dehydrogenation temperature poor kinetic limits applications. Although catalytic modification of MgH2 has been extensively studied, existing efforts focus on optimizing transfer, with limited exploration electron transfer transport. This study investigated the enhancement transport rates during de/hydrogenation by introducing singleatom catalyst composed Ru single atoms Nb2O5 substrate. The Ru0.028@Nb2O5 reduced peak from 429 214 C, activation energies for were 53.7% 83.9%, respectively. Furthermore, 15wt%Ru0.028@Nb2O5MgH2 composite maintained 97.4% after 100 cycles. Based excellent performance theoretical calculations, it was demonstrated that electronic structure modulation enhanced capacities, synergistic effects (dominant role), multivalent Nb, oxygen vacancies resulted in remarkable activity. offers new strategy improving modulating catalysts, thereby increasing activity pyrolysis reaction materials.

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TiMn- and TiCrMn-based metal hydride alloys for reversible hydrogen storage that can absorb and release hydrogen at moderate temperatures and pressures. The alloys are tuned by adding modifier elements like VFe, Fe, Cu, Co, Ti, Zr, Al, Cr, La, Ni, Ce, Ho, Mo, and V to adjust properties like hydrogen uptake/release pressure, plateau slope, hysteresis, and equilibrium pressure. This enables customization for specific hydrogen storage applications like electrolysers and fuel cells. The alloys can have high hydrogen storage capacities, rapid uptake/release rates, and reduced hysteresis compared to known alloys. The tuning allows matching alloy properties to the hydrogen storage requirements of electrolysers and fuel cells.

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Lightweight, high-capacity hydrogen storage system for electric vehicles that enables quick and simple refueling. The system uses a replaceable structural component with an integrated hydrogen storage material. The storage material is a metal foam containing a hydrogen-absorbing metal hydride. The component can be swapped out like a battery pack to quickly and easily refuel the vehicle with hydrogen. The hydrogen-absorbing foam has high hydrogen density and low weight compared to pressurized tanks. The component attaches to the vehicle with a fluid connection to the fuel cell stack. The foam releases hydrogen when heated, which is fed to the fuel cell for power generation. The component design enables on-demand hydrogen refueling by replacing the depleted component.

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A hydrogen storage composite material with improved hydrogen storage performance by combining metal hydride, a hydrogen storage material, with a graphene oxide framework, a carbon-based matrix material, to replace traditional high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks. The graphene oxide framework has a very small pore size of 1-2 nm compared to previous carbon materials, allowing for better impregnation of metal hydride. This composite material has higher hydrogen storage capacity and lower cost compared to prior approaches. The composite is made by ultrasonically grinding graphene oxide in a solvent, forming a graphene oxide framework through solvothermal reaction with a linker, and then impregnating metal hydride onto the framework.

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Abstract This study investigates the thermal coupling of a 1 kW PEM fuel cell (FC) with LaNi5 metal hydride (MH) hydrogen storage system at 40C. A 1D MATLAB model solves coupled transport and reaction equations along FCs layers has been experimentally validated to confirm its polarization, consumption performance higher operating temperatures (70C), while COMSOL-based transient simulates release in MH tank, used train feedforward neural network for flow estimation. The cells stack voltage variation impacts balance between heat generated by required tank desorption Thermal energy recovery is maximized intermediate voltages, matching points production are observed up 2000 NL capacities.

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Heat generating material that can produce a large amount of excess heat when exposed to hydrogen gas at temperatures below the melting point of a secondary metal. The material contains a first metal with a high melting point (230°C or more) and a second metal with a higher melting point. At least one of the metals has high hydrogen solubility below the secondary metal's melting point. The hydride of this metal has a standard enthalpy of formation equal to or greater than CaH2. This allows the material to absorb and desorb hydrogen at lower temperatures to generate significant heat. The high hydrogen solubility and hydride properties prevent agglomeration and maintain hydrogen absorption at high temperatures.

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<title>Abstract</title> Hydrogen storage in lithium borohydride (LiBH4) with high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen densities has attracted intensive research interest. However, the working temperatures poor reversibility due to thermodynamic stability kinetic barriers, limits its practical applications. Herein, we fabricate a unique trilayered nanostructure composed of layers graphene support, Ni nanoclusters, LiBH4 nanoparticles, through layer-by-layer assembly approach. The nanoclusters offer nucleation sites, separate nanoparticles from graphene, catalyze formation B-H bonds eliminate foaming effect. During hydrogenation, cleaves H-H B clusters, creating additional absorption sites reducing H adsorption energy B, which lowers dissociation barrier, allowing reversible approximately 12.27 wt% H2 by commencing 70 C under 100 bar H2. This finding guides design fabrication light-metal hydride nanostructures for on-board

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Hydrogen is a key energy carrier, playing vital role in sustainable systems. This review provides comparative analysis of physical, chemical, and innovative hydrogen storage methods from technical, environmental, economic perspectives. It has been identified that compressed liquefied are predominantly utilized transportation applications, while chemical transport mainly supported by liquid organic carriers (LOHC) ammonia-based Although metal hydrides nanomaterials offer high capacities, they face limitations related to cost thermal management. Furthermore, artificial intelligence (AI)- machine learning (ML)-based optimization techniques highlighted for their potential enhance efficiency improve system performance. In conclusion, systems achieve broader applicability, it recommended integrated approaches be adoptedfocusing on material development, feasibility, environmental sustainability.

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