Anti-Corrosion Lubricants for EVs

Lubricating composition for electric vehicles with improved electrical resistivity and antiwear properties, comprising a major amount of lubricating oil and about 1.0-5.0 wt.% of a phosphorylated dispersant derived from a bis-succinimide and dialkyl dithiophosphoric acid, wherein the composition is substantially free of zinc and exhibits a volume resistivity of 10^8 ohm-cm or greater at 120°C.

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Reducing electric corrosion and extending bearing life in electric vehicles by suppressing voltage and current spikes on the motor shaft. An apparatus with capacitors, resistors, and inductors is connected in series between the shaft and ground. This reduces common mode voltage on the bearing inner/outer rings to prevent electric discharge damage. It also suppresses shaft currents to mitigate bearing wear. The apparatus has multiple capacitors, resistors, and inductors connected in series to adjust voltage division, phase/amplitude, and charge release.

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An electric driving system for new energy vehicles that suppresses bearing corrosion caused by high-frequency loop currents. The system includes a motor controller, a motor, and a decelerator, with a bearing corrosion suppression apparatus connected to the motor shaft. The apparatus comprises a capacitance module, a first resistance module, and a reactance module connected in series, with the output end grounded. The apparatus can be installed at the motor, motor controller, or decelerator, and can be integrated with the position sensor wire. The system suppresses common mode voltages and high-frequency loop currents that cause bearing corrosion, extending the service life of the bearings.

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Lubricating oil composition for electric vehicle transmissions that balances wear protection with good copper corrosion resistance, sufficient volume resistivity, and good hot surface deposit control. The composition contains a sulfur-based additive with a thiadiazole and a sulfurized polyolefin, along with phosphorus-containing anti-wear additives. The sulfur-based additive provides wear protection and helps prevent corrosion. The phosphorus additives provide wear protection without contributing to corrosion. The oil also has specific viscosity and volume resistivity ranges.

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Lubricant composition for engines in hybrid vehicles with rechargeable batteries or range extenders. The lubricant has lower viscosities at cold temperatures compared to conventional oils. It contains a friction modifier, viscosity index improver polymer, and specific base oil properties. The lubricant has KV40 and KV100 kinematic viscosities below 20 mm^2/s and 5 mm^2/s respectively, and 10-85% Noack volatility at 250°C. This allows better lubrication and reduced friction at lower engine temperatures commonly seen in hybrid vehicles.

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A tetrahydrobenzotriazole compound is used to improve anti-corrosion properties of lubricants and coolants in electric vehicle propulsion systems. The compound, which is commercially available, is added to the lubricant or coolant in an amount of 0.001-1.0 wt% to enhance corrosion protection of the system's mechanical components.

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Low-ash lubricating oil compositions with improved corrosion and emulsion stability, comprising a base oil with a total calculated sulfated ash of 0.5 wt% or less, and an acyclic corrosion inhibitor with a C6 or greater hydrocarbyl chain, substantially free of imine, imide, amidine structural units or hydroxy derivatives thereof. The lubricating oil composition exhibits a stable emulsion at 0°C and/or 25°C and no steel corrosion in humidity corrosion testing.

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Lubricant additive compositions and lubricating oil compositions for electric vehicles, comprising a nitrogen- or sulfur-containing additive or derivative thereof, which provides enhanced protection against wear, friction, and fatigue in electric drivelines. The additive is present in an amount of 0.001-1.5 wt. % based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

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Electric vehicle transmission fluid formulation designed to meet the unique demands of EV drive systems, providing improved lubrication, wear protection, and compatibility with yellow metals and electrical components. The formulation includes oxidation inhibitors, anti-wear additives, and copper corrosion protection, while maintaining low electrical conductivity and thermal stability. The fluid is engineered to withstand extreme power and torque fluctuations, and is designed to be compatible with a wide range of EV transmission materials.

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Lubricating composition for electric vehicle drivelines, comprising a lubricating oil, a dispersant, corrosion inhibitor, phosphorus antiwear agent, antioxidant, and a sulfur-free detergent, specifically designed for compatibility with both electric motor components and traditional combustion engine gear reduction units.

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A grease composition for vehicular hub unit bearings that balances low torque and excellent durability. The composition comprises a base oil, a thickener, and additives including a carboxylic acid salt-based corrosion inhibitor, an alkenyl succinic acid half ester, and a fatty acid amine salt. The grease exhibits low bearing torque, excellent water resistance, and corrosion prevention, making it suitable for electric vehicle hub unit bearings.

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Lubricating compositions for transmissions, axles, tractors, and industrial gears that achieve desired load carrying capacity while improving copper corrosion performance. The compositions include a base oil, at least 0.35 wt% of a thiadiazole additive, and a specific type of tris-aryl phosphite compound with a defined ratio of para-position to ortho-position substitution. This combination enables the lubricant to meet performance requirements for extreme pressure, antiwear, and friction while preventing copper corrosion.

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A lubricating fluid for electric motor systems in hybrid and electric vehicles, comprising a base oil of lubricating viscosity, a high molecular weight succinimide dispersant, an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester, an ashless dialkyl dithiophosphate, and a sulfur-providing additive. The fluid has a kinematic viscosity of 4.5 cSt or less, 150-250 ppm total phosphorus, and an electrical conductivity of 37 nS/m or less. The succinimide dispersant is derived from a polyisobutylene with a number average molecular weight of 2000 or greater, and is post-treated with a phosphorus and boron containing compound.

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In recent years, with the development of productivity, the update and iteration of anti-corrosion technology is also advancing rapidly. The innovations of anti-corrosion materials, anti-corrosion technologies, and anti-corrosion mechanisms are emerging in an endless stream. They use different ways to make anti-corrosion stronger, more convenient, and more environmentally friendly. This review summarizes the new discoveries in the field of anti-corrosion in recent years according to different characteristics. These include traditional coatings and corrosion inhibitors that apply new materials; adding nanofillers to the gaps in the coating to prepare new multifunctional coatings; obtaining super-hydrophobic surfaces after special treatment of the coating surface; and discovering the corrosion inhibition effect of bacterial biofilms, and even anti-corrosion coatings suitable for UV preparation. In addition to introducing and analyzing their anti-corrosion methods, the characteristics and application fields of various methods are briefly evaluated. Finally, based on the current developme... Read More

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Lubricating oil composition for electric vehicle systems that circulates through a circuit connecting a battery, motor, and transaxle, providing thermal management and insulation properties. The composition has a high transmittance of 90% or more and a kinetic viscosity of 1.0-2.2 mm2/s at 100°C. The composition is used in a circulation system that controls temperatures of the battery, motor, and transaxle through a network of paths and valves.

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A lubricant composition for electric motors in electric or hybrid vehicles, comprising a base oil blend of polyalkylene glycol (PAG), poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), and ester, with an additive package containing a sulfur-based extreme pressure agent. The PAG provides thermal stability and low viscosity, while the PAO and ester enhance solubility and compatibility with the extreme pressure agent. The composition is optimized for electric motor applications, avoiding additives commonly used in conventional lubricants that can degrade performance.

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A corrosion inhibitor for ionic liquids that maintains stability in high-temperature environments, atmospheric environments, and vacuum environments. The inhibitor is a metal alkylcarboxylate compound with a cation structure similar to ionic liquids, which provides solubility and corrosion resistance in ionic liquids. The compound can be used in lubricant compositions for space instruments, enabling long-term operation in extreme environments while preventing metal corrosion.

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A lubricating oil composition for electric vehicle cooling systems, comprising a base oil and a fluorine compound, where the base oil is a mineral oil with a 40°C kinematic viscosity of 1-25 mm²/s, and the fluorine compound content is 3-30% by weight. The composition provides both lubricity and cooling performance, enabling efficient heat management in electric vehicle systems.

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A lubricating fluid for electric motor systems in hybrid and electric vehicles, comprising a lubricating oil and additives, including a succinimide dispersant, a sulfur-providing additive, and a detergent system, that provides improved wear protection, oxidative stability, and electrical conductivity while maintaining low viscosity. The fluid is formulated with a specific combination of additives that balance antiwear, friction, and corrosion performance while minimizing electrical conductivity.

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A lubricating composition for electric and hybrid vehicles, comprising a bio-based oil derived from decarboxylated rosin acid, a base oil, and optional additives. The bio-based oil exhibits improved wear prevention, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity properties, while maintaining compatibility with conventional lubricant additives. The composition can be used in various applications, including engine oils, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and transmission fluids, and demonstrates enhanced performance in electric and hybrid vehicles.

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A transmission fluid composition for hybrid and fully electric vehicles that provides lubrication, cooling, and electrical insulation. The composition comprises a major amount of a lubricating oil basestock and a minor amount of an additive package containing a phosphorus-containing compound, a calcium salicylate detergent, and a non-calcium-salicylate detergent. The additive package enables the fluid to balance competing demands of electrical insulation, wear protection, and low viscosity, while also providing cooling and energy efficiency benefits.

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A lubricating fluid composition for electric drives that prevents corrosion of electrical components while maintaining high efficiency in transmissions. The composition comprises 10-88% by weight of a low-viscosity synthetic oil, 0.1-5% by weight of a borated succinimide dispersant, 0.1-5% by weight of a 2,5-alkyl-thiadiazole compound, and 0.1-5% by weight of a phosphorus-containing additive. The composition has a dynamic viscosity of 0.8-4.0 mm2/s at 100°C and is suitable for use in electric motors, transmissions, and battery-operated vehicles.

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A lubricant fluid for electric vehicle transmissions that combines biodegradable ester base oils with a carefully selected additive package to achieve optimal performance in high-torque, low-speed, and low-temperature operating conditions. The fluid features a unique blend of ester base oils, including a high-viscosity complex ester, along with a specific anti-foam additive and a friction modifier. The formulation is designed to meet the unique demands of electric vehicle transmissions, including compatibility with high-voltage components and low electrical conductivity.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained increased attention in recent years owing to their excellent performance and emission of less hazardous products to the surroundings. The varied design of EVs compared to the internal combustion engine vehicles has created new requirements in lubricants and fluids for their operation. The increasing electrification of vehicle drivetrains has led to lubricants being in contact with more electrical components, such as motors, sensors, battery modules, and power electronics. This has led to different operating conditions, such as being subjected to an electric field, higher rpm, and higher thermal stress, affecting the electrical properties of lubricants, especially for electrified transmission fluid. The electrical properties of lubricants play a vital role in preventing corona discharge and arc absorbance, which can cause premature failure and electromagnetic interference problems in motors, leading to bearing instability, excessive vibrations, and noise. Understanding the interactions of lubricants with the electric field is crucial for optimizing ... Read More

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To increase the driving range of electric vehicles (EVs) and to make them less dependent on fossil-based technology, it is important to switch to new types of lubricants with low friction and renewable origin. During the past couple of decades, researchers found that glycerol, which is biodegradable and nontoxic, can provide superlubricity even under high contact pressure with rough surfaces. Glycerol can also be used as a coolant for EVs to increase the efficiency of the electric motors. This chapter gives a summary of the tribological performance of different contacts, i.e., steel-steel, steel-diamond-like carbon (DLC), DLC-DLC, steel-self-lubricating materials, and steel-ceramic, which are lubricated by glycerol.

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Corrosion has long been an enduring obstacle for researchers. It is a challenge to make progress in corrosion protection technology and understanding corrosion mechanisms for quite some time. In recent years, the slippery surface has been applied for anti-corrosion. This novel surface gives new expectation to corrosion protection technicians. Even though some researchers have constructed lots of slippery surfaces for anti-corrosion, the robustness should be improved and the intrinsic anti-corrosion mechanism also needs to be clarified. Therefore, we fabricated a solid slippery surface (SSS) via electrodeposition combined with hydrothermal method followed by solid lubricant infused into a micro-nano "metasequoia" structure. The anti-abrasion performance was enhanced due to the special structure as well as the solid lubricant. Besides, the SSS showed thermal assisted self-healing property even after experienced abrasion. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by electrochemical experimental with the potentiodynamic polarization curve and alternating-current impedance technique. The Eco... Read More

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The paper contains an overview of Rosoil rust-preventive, protective and operating lubricants for metallurgy, mechanical engineering and other industries, including for military-industrial enterprises, as well as for the needs of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the population. The main physicochemical and operational characteristics of rust-preventive, protective and operating lubricants are given such as rust-preventive greases for corrosion protection of ferrous and non-ferrous metal products during storage and transportation; protective grease lubricants for anticorrosive and mechanical processing of metals; protective antifriction greases for lubrication when manufacturing and operationing steel ropes made of uncoated wire and galvanized wire; universal lubricants for multi-purpose applications; corrosion-preventing oil for protection of military equipment; gun oils for cleaning, lubrication and corrosion protection of artillery and small arms during storage and operation; corrosion inhibitors to improve the protective properties of lubricating oils for vari... Read More

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A coolant composition for electric vehicles that prevents corrosion and maintains thermal stability in lithium-ion battery systems. The composition comprises a solvent, an organic acid or salt, and an azole compound, specifically benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, or 1,2,4-triazole, which provides corrosion protection and thermal management properties suitable for electric vehicle applications.

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Lubricant compositions for vehicle engines that improve antiwear properties while reducing the content of conventional antiwear additives. The compositions contain diester additives of the formula R1OOC-R2OOC-R3, where R1, R2, and R3 are hydrocarbon groups, and conventional antiwear additives such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphates. The diester additives enhance antiwear performance while enabling lower levels of phosphorus-based and sulfur-based additives that can damage engine components and emissions control systems.

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Lubricating and cooling fluids for electric and hybrid-electric vehicle drivelines that provide improved durability of insulated magnet wires in electric motors. The fluids contain a detergent system providing at least 50 ppm metal and a base oil system including a lubricating viscosity base oil blended with an ester base oil, with a ratio of metal to ester groups of 70 or less. The fluids are compatible with insulation coatings on magnet wires, including polyamides, polyimides, and poly(amide/imide) materials, and maintain electrical properties while providing cooling and lubrication.

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A lubricant base stock with improved thermal stability and oxidation resistance, comprising a high viscosity Group II base stock with a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 29 cSt to 32 cSt or more, and a sulfur content of less than 0.03 wt %. The base stock is produced by catalytic processing of C3 deasphalted oils, and exhibits superior performance in oxidation tests and haze formation resistance compared to conventional base stocks.

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High-efficiency lubricating grease for electric vehicles that reduces energy consumption by optimizing oil viscosity and frictional properties. The grease formulation includes a thickener, lubricating oil, surface-active ester, and additives such as friction reducers and anti-wear agents. The composition can be tailored to achieve specific NLGI consistency grades and viscosity classifications for various EV components.

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Electrically as well as thermally conductive lubricants have drawn considerable attention and are an emerging research topic because they have unique advantages and advanced lubrication performance over traditional lubricants such as corrosion protection and efficient heat dissipation. For instance, some components of electric vehicles (EVs) such as bearings, seals, pads and gears require conductive lubricants to avoid premature failure and electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems due to induced shaft voltages and currents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in conductive lubricants. The review focuses on the important aspects to enhance the thermal and electrical conductivities as well as the tribological behavior (COF, and wear rate) of conductive solid, semisolid, and liquid lubricants. The lubricants that are electrically and thermally conductive with superior tribological performances have been identified through extensive literature review and presented in tabular form. This review summarizes the effect of various additives used to impro... Read More

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A lubricant base stock with improved thermal stability and oxidation resistance, comprising a high viscosity Group II base stock with a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 29 cSt to 32 cSt or more, and a composition of greater than or equal to 90 wt % saturates, less than or equal to 10 wt % aromatics, and a sum of terminal/pendant propyl groups and terminal/pendant ethyl groups of at least 1.7 per 100 carbon atoms. The base stock is suitable for use in low-temperature environments and can be formulated into lubricants with enhanced deposit resistance and oxidation stability.

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A low-traction, high-pressure viscosity fluid formulation for electric vehicle drive units and drivelines, comprising a base oil selected from API groups II-V and an additive, optimized for motor cooling, oxidation stability, and evaporation resistance while maintaining gearbox protection and efficiency.

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A lubricating composition for electric and hybrid vehicles that combines lubrication and cooling properties. The composition comprises a base oil and additives such as antiwear, antioxidant, and dispersant agents, with specific concentration ranges of boron (≤100 ppm) and nitrogen (100-500 ppm). The composition is designed to provide improved durability and electrical resistivity for electric motor and hybrid vehicle applications, including cooling of power electronics, rotors, and stators, as well as lubrication of bearings and gearboxes.

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A lubricating oil composition for electric drive units that combines gear oil and motor oil functions, featuring high extreme pressure resistance, durability, and wear resistance, along with high volume resistivity. The composition contains a phosphite ester derivative with a sulfur-substituted alkyl group and a thiadiazole derivative, which are blended with a base oil. This unique combination enables the lubricating oil to meet the demanding requirements of electric drive units, including miniaturized gearboxes and high-force tooth surfaces.

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A lubricant composition with enhanced rust prevention properties, comprising a combination of alkyl benzene sulfonate metal salts, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate metal salts, and specific aluminum-copper-silicon alloys (ADC1-ADC14) that provide a synergistic effect to prevent corrosion and wear on metal surfaces.

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Lubricant composition for steel bearings that suppresses wear and corrosion under severe conditions, comprising an inorganic sodium salt with a spontaneous potential of 0.04 V or more, zinc alkyldithiophosphate, and a synthetic hydrocarbon oil, preferably polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil. The composition is particularly effective in preventing premature flaking and wear on bearing surfaces when used in high-speed, high-load applications.

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Hybrid electric and electric vehicles have represented a small portion of the automotive market for many years and mainly use current lubricants, typically automatic transmission fluids (ATFs). However, regulatory compliance to limit greenhouse gases and increased consumer demand have resulted in a rapid global transition to electrified vehicles. This has prompted the need for new advances in vehicle technology to improve efficiency and thereby increase range. Enabling and optimizing such advances requires a new generation of driveline lubricants. Incorporating an electric motor in a transmission or axle, where the motor is exposed to the gear box lubricant, creates new challenges that focus attention on lubricant characteristics that were previously not differentiating features, for example, electrical and thermal properties. Additionally, lubricants must now also be compatible with the constituents used in electric motors which include new polymeric materials and, in some cases, exposed copper. Compatibility tests of these polymers vary within the industry and the risk of copper co... Read More

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A lubricating oil composition for electric motors and transmissions that maintains electrical insulation and copper corrosion inhibition performance even after oxidative degradation. The composition comprises a lubricant base oil, a nitrogen-containing oiliness agent-based friction modifier, a calcium detergent, a phosphite ester, an ashless dispersant, and an antioxidant. The composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 1.8 to 4.0 mm2/s, and exhibits improved long-term stability of electrical insulation and copper corrosion inhibition performance compared to conventional lubricating oils.

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A family of twin-tailed amine derivatives that provide antiwear protection and friction modification in lubricants without containing metal, sulfur, or phosphorus. The compounds, characterized by a specific molecular structure, exhibit improved antiwear properties compared to conventional additives while allowing modulation of friction coefficients to suit various applications.

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Lubricating oil composition for hybrid vehicles that improves corrosion protection of engine parts. The composition includes a major amount of lubricating oil of viscosity suitable for hybrid engines, and additives comprising carboxylic acid, ester, or anhydride compounds, and polyalkoxylated hydrocarbyl phenol compounds. These additives work together to prevent the formation of unstable emulsions and corrosion in hybrid engines, particularly in start-stop systems where water and fuel accumulation is a problem.

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A lubricant composition for electric vehicle gearboxes that reduces energy losses by minimizing traction coefficient. The composition includes a base stock and a traction coefficient additive, which can be a polyhydroxyalkyl or polyhydroxyalkenyl carboxylic acid or a polyether compound. The additive is specifically designed to reduce friction between gear components, enabling improved energy efficiency and longer battery life in electric vehicles.

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Lubricating compositions for electric and hybrid vehicle propulsion systems that reduce wear and prevent corrosion of components like motors and gears. The compositions contain phosphorus compounds free of sulfur and amine functions as extreme pressure and antiwear additives. These phosphorus compounds provide lubrication benefits without the corrosive effects of sulfur- and amine-containing additives. The compositions are suitable for lubricating electric motor components and transmission gears in electric and hybrid vehicles.

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Lubricant composition for electric vehicle propulsion systems that combines triazole corrosion inhibitors with amine-based and sulfur-based antiwear additives to provide simultaneous wear protection and corrosion prevention. The composition comprises a base oil, triazole corrosion inhibitors, and amine-based and sulfur-based antiwear additives, such as dimercaptothiazole derivatives, in a specific concentration range. The triazole corrosion inhibitors, particularly tolyltriazole derivatives, enhance the lubricant's electrical insulation properties while preventing corrosion of sensitive components.

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Lubricant composition for electric vehicle propulsion systems that combines succinimide compounds with amine-based and sulfur-based antiwear additives to prevent corrosion and wear on moving parts. The succinimide compounds, such as polyisobutylene succinimides, are used as anticorrosion additives to mitigate the corrosive effects of amine-based and sulfur-based antiwear additives, while maintaining their wear-reducing properties. The composition is suitable for lubricating electric motors, power electronics, and transmission components in electric and hybrid vehicles.

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A lubricating and cooling fluid for electric motor systems that provides wear protection, friction reduction, and cooling while maintaining low electrical conductivity and copper corrosion resistance. The fluid comprises a lubricating base oil, a sulfurized component, a dispersant system with two dispersants of different molecular weights, and a friction modifier system with multiple components. The dispersants are balanced to maintain low conductivity while providing wear protection, and the friction modifiers are selected to optimize friction reduction while minimizing electrical conductivity. The fluid is designed for use in electric motor systems operating at elevated temperatures, where conventional lubricants may fail to provide adequate performance.

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A lubricant for electric vehicles comprising a base oil selected from carboxylic acid esters, such as 2-ethylhexyl oleate, that provides controlled electrical conductivity, heat conductivity, wear protection, oxidation stability, deposit control, and corrosion inhibition over the lifetime of the lubricant. The carboxylic acid ester base oil enables the lubricant to maintain its lubricating properties despite exposure to high surface temperatures of electrical components in electric and hybrid vehicles.

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Lubricant composition for cooling electric vehicle engines and batteries. The composition contains polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) obtained by polymerizing alkylene oxides like ethylene oxide or copolymerizing ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. The PAGs cool the engine components and batteries by transferring heat more effectively than air or water. The composition can also lubricate engine parts like bearings and gears. It provides an alternative cooling method to air or water cooling for electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles.

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