Ferrography Test for Lubricant Wear Analysis

Method for characterizing electric vehicle lubricants using electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to quantify superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in the lubricant, which correlates with wear particle accumulation and degradation. The method involves acquiring an EPR spectrum of the lubricant and analyzing it to determine the SPION concentration, which can be used to monitor lubricant condition and predict maintenance intervals.

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The paper presents results investigated a lubricating properties of SN 150 mineral base oil modified with exploitation preparations R-2000 (soft material based preparation), MOTOR LIFE (chemical preparation) and Acorox 880 (zinc preparation). The test was conducted using the T-02 tester (four ball apparatus).

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The lubrication performance of bearings is greatly influenced by the distribution of the lubricant. In this study, a cylindrical rolling bearing test rig was constructed and presented. The distribution of grease and lubricating oil along the contact region was examined using the laser-induced fluorescence technique, and the thickness of the layer was determined. The lubricating oil and grease layer thickness distribution map was acquired. The effects of supply amount, thickener content, and speed on grease distribution were examined. Mechanisms for replenishing the line contact area were investigated.

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This article presents the verification of the hypothesis on using certain approximation curves in the evaluation of used lubricating oil. These curves are plotted for fresh lubricating oil to approximate the parameters of lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil. To confirm the hypothesis, an experiment is conducted to determine the flash point, initial boiling point, density at 15 C, kinematic viscosity at 40 C and 100 C, and viscosity index. The analysis covers fresh oil and used SAE 30 grade Marinol CB-30 RG1230 oil taken from the circulating lubrication system of a supercharged, trunk-piston, 4-stroke ZUT Zgoda Sulzer 5 BAH 22 engine that is located in the Marine Power Plant Laboratory of the Maritime University of Szczecin. Undiluted lubricating oils (both fresh and used) and mixtures of lubricating oils with diesel oil are examined for diesel oil concentrations in the mixture equal to 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20% m/m. Orlen Efecta Diesel Biodiesel is used to prepare the mixtures. The functions approximating the parameters for fresh oil are determined and adapted to describe the v... Read More

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Grease, a type of lubricant, finds applications in various mechanical components due to advantages such as shape stability and sealing. However, grease is classified as a non-Newtonian fluid, and its film formation behavior is not fully understood to date due to variations in the mechanism related to the film formation behavior of grease based on factors like the base oil, bleed oil, thickener, and additives. In this study, the film formation behavior of fluorine-based grease was analyzed through the 3D profile of the grease after a friction test. In particular, the film formation behavior of the grease during sliding motion was analyzed. The experimental equipment used was a reciprocating-motion-type experimental equipment. Variations in the 3D profile were observed based on the speed and the cycle, indicating differences in the film formation behavior corresponding to changes in viscosity. In contrast to numerous studies that have observed the film formation behavior of grease under rolling motion, investigating the film formation behavior during the initial cycles of sliding motio... Read More

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Turbine oils often encounter high surface temperatures during operation that cause their breakdown and the formation of solid, carbonaceous coke deposits. These deposits may cause serious operational problems, delays, and loss of revenue. Recognizing changes in a lubricants composition as it undergoes the high-temperature break down reactions may allow better lubrication maintenance practices to be implemented. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is often listed as a way to detect changes in oil composition. This study therefore explored any changes in FTIR spectra caused by the formation of coke deposits in a laboratory-controlled, inert environment. In addition, the spectra of new samples of various lubricants (both mineral and synthetic) were compared. It was found that the spectra of synthetic lubricants differ from those of mineral-based lubricants. In addition, synthetic lubricants formed fibrous deposits that clogged oil lines (as opposed to coke deposits like in the case of mineral-based oils) after being exposed to high surface temperatures. Regardless of the mod... Read More

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<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This test method describes a standardized process to evaluate an aviation lubricants resistance to thermal degradation and to evaluate the fluids tendency to corrode a steel specimen. Fluids are evaluated in an environment free of both air and moisture at a specified temperature and for a specified time period.</div></div>

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The performance and endurance of lubricating greases is often assessed through model tests (like four-ball tests or SRV tests). This approach has some limitations, especially when greases with special fillers are investigated, because simplified laboratory test conditions can never replicate real operating conditions. For a more reliable assessment on the performance of a lubricating grease, lubricants must be tested in close-to-actual operational conditions, e.g. through component tests. This paper presents both the design and implementation of a dedicated test rig to test lubricating greases through middle-sized thrust ball bearings. The test rig design is optimized to monitor the effectiveness of lubrication and determine the useful life of grease by recording representative parameters, namely bearing temperature at different location in the bearing, vibration level, and electric contact resistance (ECR) through the bearing. The results of a couple of assessment tests are presented and confirm that the test rig is working as expected. The chart of the parameters being monitored sh... Read More

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Analytical ferrography plays a crucial role in predictive maintenance, which is a proactive approach to asset and equipment management. This technique provides valuable information about the internal condition of machines and components, allowing early identification of potential problems and the scheduling of maintenance interventions before catastrophic failures occur. Ferrography allows you to identify worn particles, non-metallic inclusions and other indicators of wear on components. By analyzing samples of lubricating oil or hydraulic fluid, analytical ferrography can offer insights into the health of internal components such as gears, bearings and other critical elements. Changes in particle concentration and composition may indicate abnormal wear. This work involves the use of analytical ferrography to interpret wear results carried out with two vegetable lubricants with additives, compared to a mineral lubricant, also with additives. To assist in the interpretation of the results, the open source software Image J and a small program developed in Python were used. It was found... Read More

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The forthcoming revolution in mobility and the use of lubricants to ensure ecological friendliness intensifies the pressure on tribology for predictors in new life cycles, mainly addressing wear. The current paper aims to obtain such predictors by studying how the wear processes that occur in a standard FE8 bearing test rig under thin film lubrication are conducted by the properties of the lubricant rather than simple viscosity parameters. Assuming that the activity of a lubricant with respect to the temperature, surface, and chemicals is a matter of its chemical potential, the results show that the nature of the base oil is a key parameter, apart from the chemical structure of the additives. Moreover, it becomes clear that chemical predictors are changing by altering the conditions they are exposed to. As an important result, the lubricant is effective in the prevention of wear if it has the capacity to uptake and transmit electrical charges due to its polarisability during a wear process.

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Based on the analysis of standards for the testing of lubricants, both liquid and plastic, on a four-ball tribometer, and the analysis of the parameters by which lubricants are evaluated, this paper proposes a methodology and an integral parameter for the estimation of tribological properties. The methodological approach proposed in this paper allows for the integration of a variety of parameters provided in the standards for the testing of lubricants into one indicator. Herein, we show that the developed technique is based on the energy approach and takes into account the specific wear work of the test material (steel balls) in the lubricating medium to be investigated. The results of laboratory tests of a wide range of lubricants are presented: hydraulic fluids, motor and transmission oils of various purposes and classifications. It is shown that the magnitude of the integral parameter can be used to assess the effectiveness of anti-wear and anti-scuff additives in base lubricants, as well as the ranges of their applications. This allows for differentiation and quantitative evaluat... Read More

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A metal debris sensor for oil that detects ferromagnetic particles in lubricating oil using a differential inductive measurement technique. The sensor includes a first inductor exposed to the oil and a second shielded inductor, with a comparator generating an output based on the difference between their voltages. The sensor's design provides temperature compensation and eliminates interference from parasitic voltage sources, enabling accurate detection of metal debris in oil.

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A system and method for quantitative analysis of lubricating fluids using remote hyperspectral scanning. The system comprises a fluid sample container, a hyperspectral scanner, a hyperspectral library, and a server. The method involves collecting a fluid sample, directing a light into the sample, receiving reflected light, converting incremental bands into sample reflectance numbers, matching sample reflectance numbers with laboratory reflectance numbers from the hyperspectral library, and reporting element content for each matched sample reflectance number. The system enables rapid, accurate, and portable analysis of lubricating fluids for contaminants, including metal components, particle size, viscosity, and chemical components.

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Method for detecting oil film state in lubricated devices, comprising deriving film thickness and electrical characteristic parameter from measurements of dielectric properties, particularly relative dielectric constant and loss factor, under controlled conditions. The method enables simultaneous determination of lubricant film thickness and electrical characteristic parameter, facilitating early detection of wear and damage in rotating parts.

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Eco-friendly lubricant research continues to increase since it has a comparative performance to commercial mineral lubricants to overcome the effects of environmental impact. However, the efficiency of these green lubricants depends on specific applications. In this study, we analyzed the friction and wear performance of a castor/sesame oil mixture as an eco-friendly lubricant and its comparison to a commercial mineral lubricant tested in a metallic system employed in bearing elements. For this purpose, AISI 8620 steel against ISO 100Cr6 was used as tribological pair. The friction and wear tests were carried out through a Tribometer of ball-on-disk configuration under boundary lubricating conditions, whereas the worn surfaces were investigated by using optical and electron microscopy. The physical properties and the rheological properties of the lubricants were also determined. The friction and wear performance between the eco-friendly lubricant and mineral oil were similar so that the CLE were comparable. The CLE values in terms of friction and wear ranged from 86% to 99.4%, respect... Read More

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The journal bearing test rig is used for experimental research to evaluate the effect of various speeds and loads utilizing two distinct fluids, SAE 30 and Ferro Fluid. The effect of lubricant mobility on a loaded journal bearing is investigated, and metrics such as coefficient of friction, load capacities, and bearing pressure are calculated to better understand the nature of both lubricants. Three distinct loads are introduced to the setup at three different rpms: 500, 600, and 700. A thorough tabular form is created to compare each load bearing capacity. The comparison results suggest that a proper ratio of nano particles added to a lubricant can boost load bearing ability and might carry away most of the temperature created due to friction.

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Lubricants are essential for keeping internal combustion engine parts lubricated and extending the engine's useful life.For its application, lubricating oils' load carrying capacity is a crucial factor.This study measures the coefficient of friction of 20W40 engine oil with various nanoparticles using the Four-Ball testing method.The tribological characteristics of the formed oil were assessed by a four ball tester during tests that were conducted in accordance with conventional test procedures.For 30 minutes, the spinning ball is rotated at 1,200 rpm at 75 C.As per ASTM D 4172 B, the coefficient of friction was assessed.

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In order to help one to judge the friction properties of lubricating oils without tests, this paper intends to establish the correlation between the characteristic parameters of lubricating oils and the friction properties. The elastohydrodynamic and boundary friction properties of poly alpha olefin (PAO) synthetic oil, polyol ester oil and paraffin-based mineral oil were tested using a Mini-Traction Machine. Fourier transform infrared microscopy is used to identify material changes before and after friction tests. The kinematic and dynamic viscosities of the three lubricating oils were measured using a petroleum product viscosity tester and a rotating rheometer. The results show that the kinematic viscosity does not directly determine the COF (coefficient of friction) of the lubricating oil, but the higher the dynamic viscosity, the higher the COF of the lubricating oil. The higher the viscosity-pressure coefficient, the lower the viscosity index (the worse the viscosity-temperature performance), and the higher the COF of the lubricating oil, which is related to the adaptability of ... Read More

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The development of new types of lubricants requires highly accurate testing equipment. The design of a laboratory bench has been developed for testing greases according to a four-ball scheme following international standards and beyond them.

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Conventional petroleum-based lubricants have numerous environmental and toxic issues related to their disposal. As a result, there is a growing interest in developing innovative environmentally friendly oils as lubricants. A novel apricot oil-based bio-lubricant was developed in the present research work. Its tribological performance was analysed using a four-ball tester compared with SAE 40 oil and blends of SAE 40 and developed bio-lubricant. A four-ball testing method (ASTM D4172) is a test for determining the wear-preventative features of a lubricant. It was observed that the optimum blend of SAE 40 and bio-lubricant had shown better extreme pressure performance than apricot oil-based bio-lubricant and SAE 40 alone.

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