Nano Additive Lubricant for Combustion Engines

Reducing abnormal combustion events like pre-ignition in hydrogen fueled internal combustion engines by using specific lubricant additives. The lubricant composition contains a high TBN overbased metal detergent, molybdenum compounds, and low sulfated ash base oils. The molybdenum additive significantly reduces pre-ignition compared to conventional lubricants in hydrogen engines.

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Fuel additive composition for internal combustion engines that simultaneously cleans, lubricates, and enhances combustion. The composition comprises a mixture of metal oxide nanoparticles, such as zinc oxide, cerium oxide, or aluminum oxide, with a multiple ester-based product. The nanoparticles have a high surface area-to-volume ratio and are designed to attach to engine components, while the ester-based product provides lubrication and cleaning properties. The composition is particularly effective in diesel engines, where it can improve fuel economy, reduce emissions, and extend engine component life.

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The practice of employing efficient lubricants involving functional additives has become imperative in order to enhance engine efficiency, to say the least. The span of an engine's life can be greatly enhanced by gear oil's tribological and thermo-physical properties. Addressing the tribological management of gearbox components within the mechanical sector is a dire necessity. In a quest for exceptional nanolubricants with improved serviceability, present manuscript deals with the dispersion of metallic-sulphide nano dispersants in gear oil lubricant. Nanolubricants were prepared by dispersing molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles (MoS2 Nps) in gear oil with varying concentrations of 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% by volume (v/v). Then nanolubricants' thermo-physical properties were assessed and contrasted with those of plain gear oil. This was followed by the measurement of the tribological and extreme pressure properties of the nanolubricant samples on a four-ball tester. According to the findings, as compared to gear oil, the prepared nanolubricant yielded a maximum reduction of 9.21% and 9.38... Read More

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Lubricating compositions comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity and an ashless antioxidant comprising a benzazepine compound, which provides improved oxidative stability and cleanliness in heavy-duty diesel engines and passenger car crankcase engines. The benzazepine compound can be a dibenzazepine compound, and the composition can further include other additives such as anti-wear agents, detergents, and dispersants. The lubricating composition can be used in various applications including internal combustion engines, power transmissions, gears, metalworking, hydraulic systems, and special applications.

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In the current growing demand for lubricants, there is a need for the improvement in their lubricating property. This chapter presents an extensive review of Nano lubricants as well as their applications in a variety of business sectors. Nowadays, the additives of the nanoparticles are coming in trend to increase the lubricating property of any lubricant for use in various applications, for this purpose the additives are dispersed in the base oil which forms the stable lubricating fluid. The addition of nanoparticles in the lubrication provides several benefits as compared with the ordinary lubricant such as reduced friction wear and tear, increased load-carrying capacity, and enhanced thermal stability. Continued research and development in the field of nanotechnology are unlocking the potential pertaining to Nano lubricants resulting in applications in high temperatures, high pressures, and corrosive environments where ordinary lubricants cannot work properly. Additionally, they are being explored for their uses in microdevices, electronics, and advanced materials. When seen from t... Read More

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Introducing nano-additives like aluminum oxide and cerium oxide into the B20 blend biodiesel exhibited encouraging outcomes of combustion eiciency and emission reduction. These additives likely catalyzed combustion, leading to more complete fuel burn and lower emissions. Additionally, the presence of nano-additives might have facilitated better fuel atomization and distribution within the combustion chamber, resulting in enhanced engine performance. The results indicate that adding nano-additives to biodiesel blends has significant potential for reducing environmental impact and enhancing engine longevity and efficiency. Moreover, the utilization of nano-additives represents a promising avenue for addressing the dual challenges of energy sustainability and environmental preservation. By harnessing the synergistic effects of nano-scale materials, such as aluminum oxide and cerium oxide, in biodiesel formulations, engineers and researchers can strive towards developing cleaner and more eicient propulsion systems. This holistic approach underscores the importance of cooperation across... Read More

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The current study is to test and analyze the performance of a compression ignition engine powered by a blend of hemp biodiesel and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nano additive, with a special emphasis on engine parameters. By incorporating the MWCNT nano additive into the hemp biodiesel blends, prospective improvements in engine efficiency, emission reduction, and overall engine performance is noted. The study of these engine characteristics provides vital information into the viability and application of using hemp biodiesel blends in diesel engines but also sheds light on the effectiveness and influence of the MWCNT nano additive on the engine's performance. Through a comprehensive experimental approach, including engine testing and data analysis, the effects of the hemp biodiesel-MWCNT nano additive blends on the engine's operation and functionality are studied. The findings from this study show that the incorporation of MWCNT in hemp biodiesel gives a significant enhancement in brake thermal efficiency and hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke emission reduction but a mar... Read More

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This study investigates the potential of a hybrid nanofluid composed of MoS2 and ZnO nanoparticles dispersed in engine oil, aiming to enhance the properties of a lubricants chemical reaction with the Soret effect on a stretching sheet under the influence of an applied magnetic field. With the growing demand for efficient lubrication systems in various industrial applications, including automotive engines, the development of novel nanofluid-based lubricants presents a promising avenue for improving engine performance and longevity. However, the synergistic effects of hybrid nanoparticles in engine oil remain relatively unexplored. The present research addresses this gap by examining the thermal conductivity, viscosity, and wear resistance of the hybrid nanofluid, shedding light on its potential as an advanced lubrication solution. Overall, the objectives of studying the hybrid nanolubricant MoS2 + ZnO with engine oil aim to advance the development of more efficient and durable lubrication solutions for automotive engines, contributing to improved reliability, fuel efficiency, and env... Read More

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The study of lubricating oil is paramount for the optimal functioning of modern engines, and it has generated intensive research in the automotive industry. The aim is to improve the tribological properties of lubricants by including nanomaterials as additives in base oils. This article presents an exhaustive bibliographic review of the experiments carried out to optimize the tribological properties of nano-lubricants in order to identify the nanoparticles and experimental processes used and analyze the results obtained. The methodology adopted combines inductive and deductive elements. It begins with the formulation of a general theory on the application of nanoparticles in lubricants, followed by the collection of specific data on the conceptualization and preparation of nano-lubricants. A total of 176 articles focused on the application of nanoparticles in lubricants, especially to reduce the coefficient of friction, are reviewed. These works, with impact levels Q1 and Q2, delve into the application and are analyzed to review the obtained results. Most researchers worked with a na... Read More

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The performance of liquid lubricants employing nano-additives in minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) during the machining process has garnered significant attention in recent years. Nano-additives, due to their unique properties and characteristics, have demonstrated potential in enhancing the lubricating properties of conventional fluids used in MQL. These additives, typically ranging from nanoparticles to nanofluids, offer improved lubricity, reduced friction, and enhanced heat dissipation, thereby leading to better machining performance, extended tool life, and improved surface quality of machined components. By reducing the amount of lubricant used while maintaining or even enhancing performance, MQL with nano-additives not only addresses environmental concerns associated with excessive fluid usage but also contributes to cost savings and increased productivity in machining operations. However, challenges such as dispersion stability, compatibility with base fluids, and cost-effectiveness need to be carefully addressed to fully realize the potential benefits of incorporating nano-... Read More

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To determine the engine performance and emission parameters of diesel engine using diesel and bio diesel blends with nano additives.Blends of biodiesel of different proportions are prepared to which the Yttrium Oxide and Magnesium Oxide nano additives are added.Here Wheat germ Oil is taken as base oil with both the nano additives.The nano additives which are used here are of 30nm and are added to biodiesel in different proportions.The experiments were conducted on a single cylinder direct injection (4) stroke diesel engine.The fuel is used in diesel engine the performance is noted along with the emission characteristics.The experiments have been investigated for Carbon Monoxide(CO), Hydro Carbons (HC), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Oxygen (O2), NO, Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE).The variations are seen in above characteristics.All these are compared with Pure Diesel.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Although pure biodiesel is used in diesel engines, some challenges, such as higher density, lower cetane number, and lower calorific value, prevent it from completely replacing conventional fossil diesel. Therefore, the addition of compounds aimed at improving the biodiesel combustion process or improving its physicochemical properties is a fundamental issue in using them in pure form or in high proportions in engines, thereby maintaining the performance of such equipment. An alternative that has been studied in recent years is the addition of nanoparticles to biodiesel, which act as catalysts in the combustion process. This study examined in detail the influence of nanoadditives on the performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics of the CI engine. Furthermore, it will discuss the challenges and potential future directions in the utilization of nanoparticles to improve the use of biodiesel in CI engines. The reviewed articles show that the addition of nanoparticles to biodiesel can improve the thermal... Read More

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In this chapter, two main applications of nanomaterials in engines, named fuel additives and engine oil, are investigated under different conditions, such as fuel, engine oil, and nanoparticles type. Diesel and gasoline base fuel and Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) engine oils are considered base fluid, and different nanoparticles added to those are reviewed and discussed. The methodologies of preparing homogeneous and stable nanofluid are introduced, and the effect of nano-fuel and nano-lubricants on engine performance and emissions is discussed. As the main outcome, the best nanoparticle additives for the fuel were Al2O3, CuO, CNT, and CeO2, and the lubricant was TiO2 and Al2O3.

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Lubricant oils play a vital role in all areas with the purpose of reducing wear, smooth functioning of the system, reducing cutting temperature, absorbing heat, and overall improving machining efficiency. General impact of the commercial lubricant that has been used in automobiles has adverse effect on the environment. With the advancement in nanomaterials, the nanomaterials have proved to perform under extreme temperature and pressure and have shown some significance in the lubrication areas as well. With the growing demands of lubricant oil and the pollution caused by them, there has been a need for utilizing a lubricant oil that is available in abundance and at the same time trying to utilize the naturally available resource. In order to enhance its characteristic performance a small addition of nano compound is added to improve its performance and efficiency. As it is already proved that non-edible vegetable oils can effectively be used as a lubricant in machines for its smooth functioning. The present work focuses on collaborating the nano compound with the non-edible vegetable ... Read More

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Compression ignition (CI) engines are widely used in transportation and industry due to their reliability and high thermal efficiency. On the other hand, the use of CI engines coincides with the emission of harmful pollutants, and to address these problems, researchers were interested in studying the use of different types of fuel and additives, such as biodiesel, ethanol, and nanoparticles. Generally, there are increasing views that adding Nano-additives to fuel improves the thermo physical properties and helps enhance combustion characteristics. More so, the investment of Nano-fuel additives generally leads to premature combustion and accelerated ignition of the fuel charge inside the engine cylinder. What's more, the optimal amount of Nano fuel additives is associated with improvements in ignition characteristics and reduced exhaust emissions. This review concentrated on recent advancements in the use of nanoparticles, specifically different types from Nanoparticles, as a diesel fuel additive, including experimental and theoretical analyses. This study's findings can contribute to... Read More

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In this study, the formulation of nano lubricants is undertaken through the utilization of SAE20W40 engine oil and surface-activated praseodymium oxide (Pr 6 O 11 ). An analysis is conducted on the impact of concentration profile (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 wt.%) on various physio-chemical properties, including stability, viscosity, fire and flash point, calorific value, acid value, and iodine value of the nano lubricants. The wear rate and coefficient of friction are determined through the utilization of a pin-on-disc tribometer for all the synthesized nano lubricants. A comprehensive examination on the attributes of the synthesized nano lubricants is presented by means of informative images and graphs obtained from SEM, EDS, TEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis, and DSC. It is revealed that the lubricant oil containing 0.3 wt.% of Pr 6 O 11 demonstrates superior performance when compared to the base lubricant.

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This study investigates the potential of a hybrid nanofluid composed of MoS2 and ZnO nanoparticles dispersed in engine oil, aiming to enhance the properties of lubricant's chemical reaction with the Soret effect on stretching sheet under the influence of applied magnetic field. With the growing demand for efficient lubrication systems in various industrial applications, including automotive engines, the development of novel nanofluid-based lubricants presents a promising avenue for improving engine performance and longevity. However, the synergistic effects of hybrid nanoparticles in engine oil remain relatively unexplored. This research addresses this gap by examining the thermal conductivity, viscosity, and wear resistance of the hybrid nanofluid, shedding light on its potential as an advanced lubrication solution. By analyzing the dispersion stability and interaction mechanisms between nanoparticles and base oil, valuable insights are gained into the fundamental aspects governing the entertainment of hybrid nano lubricants. Overall, the objectives of studying hybrid nano ... Read More

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Abstract Friction and wear are unavoidable in mechanical movement. The use of lubricants with nano-additives can effectively reduce friction and wear, which is of great significance to saving energy and protecting the environment. At present, great progress has been made in the scientific research and industrial application of nano-additives for lubricants. This paper mainly introduces the types of nano-additives for lubricants (such as carbon nanomaterials, nano-metals, nano-oxides, sulfides, complexes, polymers, etc.), the tribological properties of lubricants with different components of nano-additives, and the lubrication mechanisms of the nano-additives (including tribofilm formation, rolling ball bearing effect, repairing effect, polishing effect, and synergistic effect). It also deals with the dispersion of nano-additives in lubricants and the influences of their particle size and microstructure on the tribological properties of lubricants. This review outlines the performance requirements of nano-additives in different lubrication states, discusses the use of nano-additives i... Read More

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Lubricants are indispensable components for alleviating friction and wear in mechanical components especially in automobile. However, due to its poor heat transfer capabilities, traditional lubricants are denatured under extreme working conditions, leading to lubrication failure during the friction process. Therefore, this study elaborately put forward to a novel MoS2/h-BN hybrid nanoparticle as efficient nano-additive for engine oil. The results of experiments and molecular dynamics simulation jointly show that compared with mono nanoparticles, hybrid nano-lubricants (NL) thermal conductivity was significantly improved than that of base oil owing to the synergistic effect. The corresponding mechanism for the improving heat transfer performance was suitably proposed based on the Mean Square Displacement (MSD) and Radial Distribution Function (RDF) results at the microscopic atomic level.

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Abstract In recent years, bio-lubricants have received a growing interest for industrial applications. Still, a full-scale implementation in machinery lubrication requires a thorough evaluation of their performance through tribological and operational tests to stand upon their performance. Additionally, the promising outcomes achieved by nanoadditives in improving the performance of synthetic lubricants have prompted research efforts to identify suitable nanoadditives for bio-grease. This paper introduces a bio-grease from a hybrid vegetable oil and glycerol monostearate as a thickener for the lubrication of rolling bearings. Activated carbon nanoparticles (ACNPs) as nanoadditives were synthesized, characterized, and incorporated into the bio-grease at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2% by weight. Tribo-tests were conducted on these bio-grease blends, and running tests were carried out using 6006 ball bearings on a custom test rig. Throughout a 30-min test run under a radial load of 10% of the bearings dynamic load rating, mechanical vibrations and power consumption were measured and ... Read More

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Nanoparticle additives hold the potential to enhance combustion efficiency and reduce emissions from liquid combustion processes. This study conducted a comprehensive investigation into the spray evaporation, ignition, and combustion characteristics of nanoparticle/fuel blends, especially under challenging environmental conditions, to significantly improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. Employing various optical combustion diagnostic techniques, we examined the spray combustion dynamics of thermally stable nano-Al2O3/diesel (NAD) blends within a constant volume combustion chamber. Diesel, a prevalent primary or auxiliary fuel, represents other highly volatile renewable fuels, while Al2O3, a major component in combustion fly ash, is noted for its specific catalytic properties and ability to re-burn, thus eliminating organic toxic elements. The results indicated that NAD blends exhibit a faster evolution rate for both liquid and vapor sprays compared to pure diesel, attributed to the increased flash point and weaker evaporation. Under most experimental conditions, the inco... Read More

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Bio lubricants derived from biomass can lessen the carbon footprint of production, lubrication, and energy production.When nanoparticles (NPs) additives are used, the performance improvement from the usage of bio-lubricant is more pronounced.This brief review highlights the key characteristics of current bio lubricants and the argument for utilizing sustainable bio lubricants that may be produced from agricultural feed stock with the potential to replace conventional mineral oil products.There is a need to shift to waste-derived oils and conduct research on alternative sources of bio-products to address the challenges of the lubricant/food competition, even though existing studies on bio lubricants have primarily focused on the use of vegetable oils and some non-edible oils.Most NPs additives combined with bio-lubricant, according to the literature, have the potential to reduce wear and friction.Furthermore, it was discovered that the NPs mechanisms during operations were responsible for the friction and wear reduction from nanofluids application.As a result, sliding contact was conv... Read More

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A method for producing a stable, oil-soluble organometallic salt composition comprising copper, comprising reacting copper carbonate particles with a carboxylic acid at a lower temperature and pressure than conventional methods, resulting in a faster reaction rate and higher conversion of the metal carbonate to the organometallic salt. The resulting composition is useful as a lubricant additive that reduces friction and provides wear protection, and is soluble in a wide variety of hydrocarbon oils.

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A lubricant composition for marine engines, particularly two-stroke engines, comprising a lubricant base oil and a di-alkylaminopolyalkylamine additive, such as dimethylaminopropylaminopropylamine (DMAPAPA), that enhances neutralization kinetics of sulfuric and sulfurous acids formed during combustion of high-sulfur and low-sulfur fuels. The composition can be formulated with a Total Base Number (TBN) of 10-140 mg KOH/g, and can be used in both high-sulfur and low-sulfur fuel applications.

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Reaction product of an acidic organic compound, a boron compound, and a polyalkylamine component, comprising a hydroxybenzoic acid compound, a boron compound, and a polyalkylamine component, wherein the hydroxybenzoic acid compound is selected from mono-alk(en)yl substituted salicylic acids, di-alk(en)yl substituted salicylic acids, acid functionalized calixarenes, and mixtures thereof, the boron compound is selected from boric acid, boric acid complexes, boric oxide, and trialkyl borates, and the polyalkylamine component is selected from triamine and tetramine compounds.

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Nanoparticles as lubricant additives demonstrate powerful friction reduction and antiwear properties and are potential alternatives to traditional additives in line with green and environmentally friendly requirements. However, the vast majority of currently available research focuses on the tribological properties of various nanoparticles in base oils at laboratory, which has a large gap with their application in engineering. To cope with the rapid economic and industrial development in China, there is a need to improve the tribological properties of nanoparticles. This paper highlights the current status and development trend of nanoparticles as lubricant additives in China. The factors influencing the tribological properties of nanoparticles, such as their composition, particle size and morphology, as well as the base stocks and their combination with other additives, are summarized. Furthermore, the research progress in the lubrication mechanism of nanoparticles is discussed, and the issues concerning the application of nanoparticles as lubricant additives as well as their future... Read More

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The lubricant is an important industrial product widely used in vehicles and other machines. The main purpose of a lubricant is to reduce friction loss and save energy. However, with the development of the vehicle, the appearance of electrical vehicles, for example, and machines, lubricants need to satisfy more demands. Normally, this was fixed by adding additives. Nanoparticles are one of the best additives because they can efficiently reduce friction loss and provide a more useful function. But nanoparticles may form sedimentation in lubrication, which will increase friction loss and cause damage. Common methods like stirring, ball milling, and chemical methods are used in lab production to keep particles stable in lubricant. All those methods can form relatively stable samples of nano lubricants, but it is still hard for industrial manufacturers because of the technology blank and high cost. Nano lubricant is a potential market and can save more energy in the future.

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Lubricant additives can effectively enhance the performance and environmental adaptability of lubricants and reduce the energy loss and machine wear caused by friction. Nanomaterials, as important additive materials, have an essential role in the research and development of new lubricants, whose lubrication performances and mechanisms are not only related to their physical and chemical properties, but also influenced by the geometric shape. In this paper, the friction reduction and antiwear performances of nanomaterials as lubricant additives are first reviewed according to the classification of the dimensions, and their lubrication mechanisms and influence rules are revealed. Second, the recent research progress of composite nanomaterials as lubrication additives is introduced, focusing on their synergistic mechanism to improve the lubrication performance further. Finally, we briefly discuss the challenges faced by nanoadditives and provide an outlook on future research. The review expects to provide new ideas for the selection and development of lubricant additives to expand the ap... Read More

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Lubricants play a critical role in the energy losses of an engine. Several engineering solutions are existing to reduce the frictional and wear losses caused by the lubricant such as ultra-low-viscosity lubricants. With the spread of low-viscosity engine oils like 0W-20 and below, the importance of tribological lubricant additives is increasing. To ensure the necessary protection of the rubbing surfaces against friction and wear, new lubricant additive materials should be researched and investigated. Next to the tribological performance of the additives, their impact on the price is a strong influencing factor. No financial information of the investigated additive materials is available in the current scientific articles and so no rentable decision can be defined which additive worth to invest as an engine oil additive in the future mass production engine oils. This article presents the tribological potential of selected nanoscale ceramic particles (zirconia, cupric oxide and yttria) as lubricant additives and compares them according to their financial impact. According to the result... Read More

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Lubricating oil can effectively reduce friction between mechanical parts, thereby reducing energy consumption and improving service life and reliability. Due to the development of science and technology, it is necessary to improve the performance of lubricating oil to fulfill the higher tribological requirements for countering wear and providing lubrication. Nanolubricant additives have the four lubrication mechanisms of micro-bearing, protective film, polishing, and repair effects. A nanolubricant additive can often demonstrate a variety of lubrication mechanisms at the same time. As lubricating additives, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have outstanding effects which improve the tribological properties of lubricating oil and have been widely studied in the field of tribology. This paper introduces the lubrication mechanism of nanoadditives and the latest research results for metal and metal-oxide nanoparticle lubrication additives.

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Lubrication has become essential in enhancing engine efficiency in the era of rapid globalising. The tribological, oxidation and thermal conductivity properties of an engine oil play a vital role in improving the quality of a vehicle's engine life. In this research, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticle was synthesised via a microwave hydrothermal reactor. Later, the nanoparticles were dispersed in SAE 20W50 diesel engine oil to formulate the nanolubricant. The results show that nanolubricant with 0.01 wt% MoS2 concentration showed the coefficient of friction, average wear scar diameter decreased by 19.24% and 19.52%, respectively, compared to the base oil. Furthermore, the nanolubricant with 0.01 wt% concentration of MoS2 nanoparticle showed an enhancement of 61.15% in oxidation induction time in comparison to the base oil. Furthermore, MoS2 addition within the base oil demonstrates a ~ 10% improvement in thermal conductivity compared to the base oil.

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Motor fuels are the source of energy for internal combustion engines, and also a lubricant for friction units of the fuel equipment of automobile, aircraft and ship engines. The reliability and service life of the entire mechanism depend on the antiwear properties of fuels. Traditional anti-wear additives containing sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, etc., are not applicable in motor fuels due to restrictions on emissions of toxic compounds. To improve the antiwear properties of lubricants, it is possible to use a new class of spatial carbon compounds - fullerene-like nanoparticles (FLNs).
 This work shows that modification of liquid hydrocarbon motor fuels with fullerene-like nanoparticles (FLNs) increases the antiwear properties of fuels

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An additive for lubricating oil that improves the performance of internal combustion engines by reducing friction and wear on moving parts. The additive comprises a dispersion of boron nitride in a base oil, with a boron nitride concentration of 1.5-9.0% by weight. The additive is used in combination with a lubricating oil in an internal combustion engine, and is particularly effective in reducing fuel consumption and improving engine efficiency.

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Nanomaterials have been widely used in many fields due to their special microstructure and quantum size effect. In addition, there are many advantages that other traditional materials do not have. Nanometer silicon dioxide and silicon carbide as inorganic nonmetal high-tech materials have high temperature resistance, no pollution and other properties, and are very suitable for making grease additives. At the same time, it is also possible to improve the tribological properties of grease additives by using unique characteristics such as innocuity and tastelessness. Correspondingly, grease is an additive that cannot be obtained in equipment manufacturing. It is very urgent to continuously study and improve the service performance. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore new routes of grease additives and transmission based on the theory of nano-materials, analyze the development and fusion paths in the application of nano-technology technology, and explore the advantages and disadvantages of application. This article will use the research method of specific analysis of speci... Read More

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Global emission of gases has increased rapidly due to higher combustion of fossil fuels arising from increasing world population which has led to a greater number of manufacturing industries and on-road vehicle (ORV) users. Researchers have attributed cause of global warming to gases emissions which correspondingly lead to climate change with devastating repercussions. Currently, climate change is a general issue and world leaders have been tasked to cut down emissions of gases that directly affect the ecosystem and influence climate change. Biodiesel which is an alternative to fossil fuels face many challenges and to tackle some limitations with biodiesel researchers blends biodiesels in various proportional ratio to diesel fuel. This paper, therefore, concentrates on reviewing the use of additives specifically nano-additives by researchers recently to alter and boost desired characteristics in diesel-biodiesel fuel; it also examines the synthesis of nano-additives; challenges, and advances made. This paper further analysed, reviewed, and compared recent results from nano-additive... Read More

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A reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxybenzoic acid, a boron compound, and a quaternary ammonium salt, useful as a marine lubricant additive. The reaction product provides improved corrosion and wear resistance, thermal stability, and detergency performance in marine engines, particularly two-stroke engines, operating with both high-sulfur and low-sulfur fuels.

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Reaction product of an acidic organic compound, a boron compound, and an amine component comprising two or three amine functions, useful as a lubricant additive for marine engines. The reaction product provides improved corrosion and wear resistance, thermal stability, and detergency performance, enabling its use in both high-sulfur and low-sulfur fuel environments.

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How to improve the combustion efficiency and reduce harmful emissions has been a hot research topic in the engine field and related disciplines. Researchers have found that nano-additives to diesel-biodiesel fuel blends have achieved significant results. Many research results and both current and previous studies on nanoparticles have shown that nano-additives play an essential role in improving the performance of internal combustion engines and reducing the emission of harmful substances. This paper summarizes the recent research progress of nanoparticles as additives for diesel-biodiesel fuel blends. Firstly, the excellent properties of nanoparticles are described in detail, and the preparation methods are summarized and discussed. Secondly, the effects of several commonly used nanoparticles as diesel-biodiesel fuel blends on combustion performance and harmful substances emissions in terms of combustion thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, CO, UHC and NOx, are reviewed. Finally, the effects of nano-additives on internal combustion engines, the environment and human ... Read More

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Nanoparticles showed their efficacy in every aspect of engineering applications due to their exceptional properties. The objective of the present work is to critically present a brief overview of improvement in engine performance and reduction in exhaust emissions due to the addition of nanosize fuel additives both in diesel or blended diesel fuel. It is found that the addition of fuel additives enhances the thermo-physical properties and improve combustion characteristics. Addition of the fuel additive also resulted in early combustion and shortened the ignition delay. Enhancement of properties of fuel due to nanoparticles as fuel additives enabled the blending of biodiesel with diesel. It is found that the addition of optimum quantity of fuel additive is beneficial for improvement in ignition characteristics and reduction in emissions. It is also gathered that the enhancement in thermal conductivity and reduction in peak cylinder temperature reduce NOx emissions. Very limited studies are reported for health risk issues associated with the addition of fuel additives.

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In automotive engines, it is critical that lubricating oils are able to increase fuel efficiency. The approach of nanotechnology in recent years has led to the use of nanolubricants in automotive lubrication and mechanical application applications. The use of nanolubricants is a new strategy to improve tribological characteristics and engine efficiency, which is of great importance for saving energy, diminishing harmful emissions, and increasing the life of engine components. This chapter illustrates the recent development in the area of nanolubricant additives, the dispersion stability of nanomaterials in lube oil, and the tribological and thermophysical performance of these nanoadditives. Using data from the literature, the lubrication mechanisms of nanomaterials in lube oils were discussed. This chapter also summarizes the actual engine performance lubricated by nanolubricants, particularly fuel economy and emissions. Furthermore, some key recommendations have been presented to guide future lubricant oil development. The previously published results revealed a remarkable improveme... Read More

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Abstract According to the Environmental Protection Agency, transportation is the largest contributor of greenhouse gas emissions (28% of total emissions). Electric vehicles have remarkably grown in popularity and represent a greener future for the automotive industry. This growth has prompted lubricant and grease technology to adapt to an entirely new environment, which is exposed to new factors including external electric currents/fields and extreme temperatures and pressures originating from electric motors and power electronics. Consequently, novel lubricants and greases need to be developed and explored to ultimately improve fuel efficiency and performance. Nanoadditives have offered exceptional opportunities to enhance electrical, thermal and tribological properties of the lubricants and greases used. It is thus vital to fully explore and understand the effects of nanoparticles' addition to lubricants and greases, as well as the mechanisms by which improvements are obtained. This perspective summarises the recent trends of developing lubricants and greases for electric vehicles... Read More

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Lubricants are derived from biological or non-biological sources. However, the use of stand-alone lubricants lacked desirable tribological properties and had hit their performance limit. A frequent solution to this obstacle is introducing a few but effective additives in the base oil lubricants. These formulations significantly enhance the lubricants, especially in thermal properties, tribological characteristics, and anti-oxidation capability. Advancement in nanotechnology offers the potential to enhance the performance of the lubricant base oil using nanoparticles additives. Introducing lubricant base oils with nanoparticles is critical to improving lubricant characteristics, mainly resistance to wear and friction. Understanding the base oil lubricants commonly used with nanoparticles is vital as the initial guidance in solving these obstacles. Therefore, this review paper aimed to highlight the classification of lubricants base oils for nanolubricants applications. A good understanding of the base oil lubricants leads to the quickly discovering of novel nanolubricants formulations... Read More

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This article presents the results of an experimental investigation of different nanoforms of graphene used as a nano additive in engine lubricating oil. The experiments were carried out on a pin-on-disc tribometer at the Department of Internal Combustion Engines and Propulsions at Szchenyi Istvn University. The paper introduces the experimental equipment and the experimental method and presents the research findings. The paper concludes that fullerene can decrease friction by 7% on average when used as a nano additive in engine lubricating oil. Furthermore, fullerene did not present a sedimentation problem when used as an additive up to 0.25 wt% in lubricant instead of graphene and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The paper attempts to explain the friction decreasing effect and the possible roles of carbon nano additives in tribological systems.

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The thermal efficiency is increasing in combustion of diesel fuel and reducing the emission produced by the diesel fuel is the main theme of the researchers. Many researchers research and proof the bio-diesel as alternate fuel. Bio diesel is using in diesel engine performance is increasing and reducing the emission. Adding nano additives in bio diesel increase the performance and decrease the emission. Nano particles with high catalytic effect and surface area are high in chemical properties of fuel and lower emission. A review on the latest work of nano particles as a fuel additive in diesel fuel.

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Mineral oil resources are dwindling and the mineral-based lubricants are not compatible with the environment, and thus there is great interest in replacing them with bio-based lubricants. Automotive engines are an important application for bio-lubricants. In this context, this review investigates recent advances and research gaps in automotive-related applications of bio-based lubricants. The main objective of the current article is to review the tribological and thermophysical properties of nanoparticles in bio-oils, which could be used as a reference in the future development of bio-lubricants. The various nanomaterials, concentrations, surfactants, and mixing techniques have been presented. The key mechanisms which can result in superior tribological and thermal behavior of bio-lubricants are explained. Studies on the tribo-chemical reactions and between nano-additives and bio-oils are included in this review. It was reported that the tribological and thermophysical performance of bio-oils could be improved especially after adding nanomaterials according to the recent studies resu... Read More

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The Iraqi refineries produced a wide range of lubricating oils. The specification and lifetime of these lubricants required more evaluation and enhancement to achieve the high quality. In this work, the rheological properties of lubricating oil base stock-60 were enhanced using SiO2 NPs and Al2O3 NPs as nano-additives. The concentration of each NPs was 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt.% under sonication conditions of 45min. The specifications of lubricating oil were tested at operating temperatures of 40 and 100oC. Moreover, the results showed that the kinematic viscosity of nano-lubricant is highly affected by the concentration of nanoparticles and operating temperature. Accordingly, the flashpoint was increased with nano-additive increase. For SiO2 NPs concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt.% the flashpoint enhanced by 5.042%, 6.612%, 8.502%, and 10.67% respectively, while, for Al2O3 NPs provided values of 4.237%, 5.04%, 7%, and 9.63%, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that when the concentration value NPs increased, the pour point temperature values were reduced signif... Read More

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This paper investigates the impact of metallic lubricant additives on the morphology, nanostructure, graphitization degree, and oxidation reactivity of diesel exhaust particles. The experiments were conducted on a turbocharged heavy-duty diesel engine. Four typical lubricant oil additives, including Ca-based, Zn-based, Mo-based and ashless additives, were mixed into diesel at 0.5% and 1.0% by mass. Analytical characterization equipment used in this study includes a high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), a Raman spectroscopy, and a Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Results showed that the lubricant additives significantly changed the soot properties. Diesel fuels blended with ashless and Zn-based additives led to a more disordered nanostructure of diesel particles, thereby improving their oxidation reactivity. When Ca and Mo additives participated in combustion, the oxidation mass loss curve of soot particles shifted to a higher temperature range due to the combined effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of soot particles and the catalytic oxidation of ... Read More

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Emissions of gas pollutants are a concern nowadays. Among several technologies to avoid their generation, nanofuel additives have shown good performance, increasing brake thermal efficiency, reducing brake-specific fuel consumption, and, in some cases, reducing nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxides by the use of nanofuels as catalysts. This contribution focuses on the production of nanofuel additives and the most recent literature on their performance in combustion engines. Future applications will involve the synthesis of new nanomaterials for nanofuel applications.

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Abstract To reduce emissions of exhaust particles, using oils with improved properties has been proposed. Nanoadditives can be used to enhance lubricating properties of engine oils. Although many additives have been developed, molybdenum disulfide and carbon nanotubes have attracted significant attention. In this study, we demonstrate that hybrid nanostructures based on these unique materials (MoS 2 /CNTs) positively affect lubricating properties of the engine oil. Hybrid nanostructures were produced via wet chemical synthesis in impinging jet reactor. This method is characterized by easy scalability and possible continuous operation, which are crucial in material commercialization. Various concentrations of the oil nanoadditives were tested. The application of 0.5 wt% suspension produced the best results, reducing the friction factor at the engine operating temperature by up to 26%. Nanoadditives protected the lubricated parts, causing their wear to be considerably lower than the base oil. The effect of nanoadditives on the quality of exhaust gases was also investigated. The applica... Read More

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New engine lubricating oils based on nanotechnology have emerged with significant capabilities. In this study, the viscosity of SN 500 HVI/Mg(OH)2 lubricating nanofluid was recorded for analysis in solid volume fractions (SVF) of 0-1.5% with different shear rates (range of 650 to 13,250 s-1) at temperatures in the range of 560 C. The Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles were modified with oleic acid. Nanoparticle functional groups were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), morphology was examined by field emission scanning electron microscopes (FESEM), before and after modification. The prepared nanofluid was stable for up to 20 days at room temperature and no sediment was observed at rest. The non-Newtonian behavior for this nanofluid was proved in experiments of all samples with different SVFs. The rheological data of the new nano-lubricant stated that with the increase of Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles in the base oil, the viscosity increases and the increase of temperature has a negative effect. Based on the recorded SN 500 HVI/Mg(OH)2 nanofluid viscosity data (with changes in... Read More

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