Techniques to Reduce Pour Points in Bio-Based Lubricant

Biodegradable chain bar lubricant for chainsaws that can be used in cold weather without solidifying and in hot weather without breaking down. The lubricant composition contains a blend of naturally occurring and partially hydrogenated triglycerides optimized for pour point. The winter version has >60% oleic acid, <5% stearic acid, and <35°C pour point. The summer version has <50% oleic acid. Other additives like viscosity modifiers, tackifiers, pour point depressants, and anti-wear agents complete the formulation.

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A lubricant composition comprising a saturated hydrocarbon base oil derived from renewable biomass sources, such as plant oils, and a blend of additives that provide performance characteristics comparable to or exceeding those of conventional petroleum-based lubricants. The base oil is formulated from monomers and/or oligomers of C10-C18 olefin monomers, while the additive package includes a combination of synthetic esters, lubricant additives, friction modifiers, pour point depressants, antimicrobial preservatives, inhibitors, defoamers, and viscosity index improvers. The composition meets or exceeds 19 applicable American Petroleum Institute (API) certifications and demonstrates direct drop-in compatibility with current systems.

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It is well known that lubricating oils reduce the friction coefficient between two surfaces in contact. Since petroleum lubricants are toxic and have a low biodegradability, they are typically not appropriate for the environment. As a result, as public worries about a pollution-free environment grow, so does the demand for lubricants that are acceptable to the environment. The primary rationale for utilizing vegetable oils in forthcoming bio-lubricant formulations is their high lubricating performance, low toxicity, sustainable, and biodegradability. Plant oils hold great potential as a foundational fluid for bio-lubricants, since their synthetic and vegetable oil-based esters provide the most environmentally friendly option for creating lubricants. In this study, Jatropha and Jojoba raw oil were chemically modified via epoxidation followed by transesterification to produce bio-lubricants. Thus, the aim of this work is to develop a bio-lubricant from jatropha and jojoba methyl ester, further adding nanoparticles multiwalled nanotubes and titanium dioxide for improvement of tribologic... Read More

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Modern industry has increased gasoline use, emphasizing the need for engine oil to reduce friction, wear, and heat. Anti-corrosion-based lubricants, especially esters derived from bio-based oils, are of interest because they reduce toxicity and increase biodegradability. This study on bio-lubricants inspects the effects of a bio-lubricant, specifically Pentaerythritol ester, blending with commercial motor oil. The research entailed the combination of commercially available motor oil with Pentaerythritol (PE) ester obtained from Calophyllum inophyllum. The focus is on analyzing the changes in physicochemical properties and optimizing the best blending ratio. The synthesis of Pentaerythritol ester (PE ester) was optimized to attain a complete conversion to long-chain tetra-esters. The blending was conducted using proportions of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. Furthermore, significant emphasis was placed on the meticulous formulation of the bio-lubricant to mitigate the risk of any potential deterioration in its physicochemical properties upon its incorporation with conventional oil. The bi... Read More

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It is well known that lubricating oils can reduce the coefficient of friction between two contacting surfaces. Owing to their poor biodegradability and toxicity, petroleum lubricants are typically deemed unacceptably harmful to the environment. These oils have a significant negative impact on both human and plant life and contaminate air, soil, and drinking water. Consequently, the public's concerns about a pollution-free environment are growing along with the demand for ecologically friendly lubricants. Because of their superior lubricity, biodegradability, viscosity-temperature properties, and low volatility, plant oils hold promise as basis fluids for lubricants. In the current work, jatropha and jojoba oil were converted into bio-lubricants by chemical modification processes such as transesterification and epoxidation using H2SO4 and HCl catalysts. The kinematic viscosity of jatropha ester increases by 12.93 and 123.22%, and that of jojoba ester increases by 15.91 and 104.24% at 32 and 90 C, respectively, when the concentration of the catalyst is increased from 0.3 to 0.9 ml for... Read More

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Abstract The growing concern and limitations for existing lubricants have driven the need for biolubricants, extensively proposed as the most suitable and sustainable lubricating oils. Biolubricant refers to lubricants that quickly biodegrade and are non-toxic to humans and aquatic habitats. Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the production of biolubricants due to the rising demand for replacing petroleum-based lubricants with those derived from renewable sources like vegetable oils and lipase that are used in various applications. In this study biodiesel (FAME) produced from blending animal fats and waste cooking was used as a raw material with ethylene glycol for biolubricant production using a transesterification reaction in the presence of calcium oxide which considers the newest and novel part as there is no production of biolubricant from animal fats and waste cooking oil in previous researches. The reaction parameters of biolubricant production were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with the aid of Box Behnken Design (BBD) to study ... Read More

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A biodegradable lubricant oil composition for marine applications, comprising a specific ester compound (A) derived from pentaerythritol, a straight-chain fatty acid, and adipic acid, blended with a specific acidic phosphoric acid ester amine salt (B) in a specific ratio. The composition exhibits excellent biodegradability, lubricating properties, oxidation stability, demulsibility, and shear stability, while minimizing toxicity and bioaccumulation in aquatic life.

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Traditional lubricants, often containing harmful chemicals and synthetic or fossil-derived oils, pose environmental risks by damaging ecosystems and threatening human health and wildlife. There is a growing demand for environmentally sustainable and cost-effective bio-based lubricants derived from renewable raw materials. These bio-based oils often possess natural lubricating properties, making them an attractive alternative to traditional synthetic lubricants. In addition to providing effective lubrication, they offer good biodegradability and minimal toxicity, which are essential for reducing environmental impact. However, the primary challenge lies in optimizing their performance to match or surpass that of conventional lubricants while ensuring they remain cost-effective and widely available. This paper reviews the general requirements for lubricants and explores how plant-based oils can be utilized to meet the diverse lubrication needs across various industries. Further, it highlights different approaches that can be used for further improvements in the area of plant-based lubri... Read More

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Lubricants aid in decreasing friction between surfaces in proximity, which in turn lowers the heat produced as the surfaces move. They are composed of 80% to 90% of base oils and 10% to 20% of additives that impart properties like antiwear, corrosion inhibition, pour point depression, etc. Petroleum-based lubricants are attributed to low biodegradability and toxicity. Demand for lubricants based on edible and nonedible plant oils or other renewable resources that are good for the environment is rising because of their enhanced lubricity, nontoxicity, and biodegradability. Biolubricants are synthesized by modifying plant oils chemically, by transesterification, estolide formation, epoxidation, etc. This chapter is intended to inform readers about renewable feedstocks for biolubricant production, comparison of physicochemical properties with petroleum-based lubricants, current scope, advantages, and challenges of biolubricant production in the future.

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Lubricating oil composition comprising a viscosity modifier concentrate that includes a bio-based liquid decarboxylated rosin acid as a solubilizer and a viscosity index improver. The decarboxylated rosin acid is a rosin-derived composition obtained by decarboxylating a rosin acid, and it has a unique molecular structure that enables it to effectively solubilize the viscosity index improver. The composition exhibits improved viscometric performance, reduced treat rates, and enhanced solvency and oxidative stability compared to conventional lubricating oils.

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Bio-lubricants are becoming important alternative to mineral oil based lubricants due to growing international concerns about environmental pollution associated with the use and disposal of mineral oil based lubricants. Vegetable oils are nowadays considered as viable bio-resource and promising candidates for the development of bio-based lubricants. As a result, more than 95% of world bio-lubricant is produced from edible oils such as groundnut oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, canola oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil. This has affected price, production, uses and availability of these oils for human consumption and brought serious competition between food and lubricants. It is also believed that large-scale production of bio-lubricant from edible oil may bring global imbalance to food supply and demand market. In order to overcome this devastating phenomenon, researches have shifted focus to non-edible oils which are very economical comparable to edible oils and potentially offer greatest opportunities in the longer term for effective lubricant production. Intensive review of recent r... Read More

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Friction and lubrication are ubiquitous in all kinds of movements and play a vital role in the smooth operation of production machinery. Water is indispensable both in the lubrication systems of natural organisms and in hydration lubrication systems. There exists a high degree of similarity between these systems, which has driven the development of hydration lubrication from biomimetic to artificial manufacturing. In particular, significant advancements have been made in the understanding of the mechanisms of hydration lubrication over the past 30 years. This enhanced understanding has further stimulated the exploration of biomimetic inspiration from natural hydration lubrication systems, to develop novel artificial hydration lubrication systems that are cost-effective, easily transportable, and possess excellent capability. This review summarizes the recent experimental and theoretical advances in the understanding of hydration-lubrication processes. The entire paper is divided into three parts. Firstly, surface interactions relevant to hydration lubrication are discussed, encompass... Read More

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Bio lubricants derived from biomass can lessen the carbon footprint of production, lubrication, and energy production.When nanoparticles (NPs) additives are used, the performance improvement from the usage of bio-lubricant is more pronounced.This brief review highlights the key characteristics of current bio lubricants and the argument for utilizing sustainable bio lubricants that may be produced from agricultural feed stock with the potential to replace conventional mineral oil products.There is a need to shift to waste-derived oils and conduct research on alternative sources of bio-products to address the challenges of the lubricant/food competition, even though existing studies on bio lubricants have primarily focused on the use of vegetable oils and some non-edible oils.Most NPs additives combined with bio-lubricant, according to the literature, have the potential to reduce wear and friction.Furthermore, it was discovered that the NPs mechanisms during operations were responsible for the friction and wear reduction from nanofluids application.As a result, sliding contact was conv... Read More

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Abstract Vegetable oils are promoted as a base oil for automobile lubricants due to increased concerns about the environmental damage caused by synthetic and mineral oilsderived lubricants. Coconut oil exhibits excellent tribological properties but poor cold flow properties. This work investigates the effect of the addition of palm oil methyl ester (POME), obtained from the transesterification of palm oil, on coconut oil by blending it in three proportions with varying volumes and evaluating for lubricant properties namely tribological properties, rheological properties, thermal properties, chemical properties and corrosion and oxidative stabilities. Fatty acid composition are evaluated for the base oil and the blends. The findings show that the addition of POME improves the base oil's pour point and reduces friction and wear. The corrosion test shows only slight tarnishing of copper strips, while the HOOT and chemical tests indicate appreciable resistance to oxidation. Therefore, this blended mixture has the potential to be a viable biolubricant alternative to traditional mineral... Read More

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The search for bio-based material as industrial and automotive lubricants from vegetable oil has accelerated in recent years due to environmental concern. This trend is primarily due to the nontoxic and biodegradable characteristics of vegetable oils that can substitute mineral oil as base fluid in lubricant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of various fatty acid content in vegetable oils on wear and coeffecient of friction performances as biolubricant on mixed lubrication regime. Several vegetable oils with different fatty accid compositions (saturated and unsaturated fatty acid) and varied viscocities were investigated using pin on disc apparatus. The results obtained show that on mixed lubrication regime fatty acid content in vegetable oils has strong correlation with wear and friction. Oleic acid content in olive oil could reduce CoF and scar width of disc and scar diameter of pin. Whereas, lauric acid content in coconut oil could reduce wear rate on disc.

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The non-renewability and and non-biodegradability of petroleum based lubricants as well as the environmental impacts their waste contributes to the environment has caused the search for a substitute for precursor of lubricant formulation. The food security issue has caused major concerns on how vegetable oil could replace petroleum based product lubricants. This paper reports the feasibility studies of kinematic viscosity, friction and wear properties of treated used cooking palm oil as precursor for development of new bio-lubricant. The treated used cooking palm oil displayed a comparable value of kinematic viscosity of 43.6cSt, coefficient of friction of 0.126 and 122m which is almost similar to the value of fresh cooking palm oil. Treated used cooking palm oil is seen to be a suitable candidate for precursor of bio-lubricant formulation, However, some additives may need to be added as to increase the tribological properties for treated used cooking oil to be used as a bio-lubricant.

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A method for producing bio-plasticizer and biolubricant from palm-based fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) through epoxidation. The epoxidized FAME exhibits improved low-temperature properties and higher flash point compared to conventional plasticizers and lubricants, eliminating the need for additives. The bio-plasticizer and biolubricant are produced through a multi-step process involving epoxidation, reaction with 2-ethyl hexanol and sulphamic acid, separation, purification, and distillation.

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Lubricants are used to reduce friction and wear in machines, saving billions of dollars worldwide in energy and breakdown costs and lowering CO2 emissions. Today, most lubricants are made using hydrocarbons derived from crude oil, which is a finite resource, although alternative bio-based lubricants are also being investigated, as is the re-refining of used lubricants to make new base oil. The machines. It is also shown that an effective way to make lubricants more sustainable is to extend lubricant oil drain intervals and collect used oil and re-refine it to make base oil for re-use. The role of bio-based lubricants, and their benefits and disadvantages are discussed. Other aspects in which lubricants can be made more sustainable are also briefly covered, such as lubricant packaging, the removal of toxic additives via improved regulatory chemistry, and the use of renewable electricity in blending plants.

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Lubrication in mechanical operations involving relative motions of machine elements have been known to facilitate longer techno-economic life span of machine and its components. Lubrication reduces wear and tear of contacting surfaces in relative motion by creating a lubricous layered gap of fluid, powder or semi-solid like grease. Lubricant has also been proven to move heat away from rubbing surfaces to enhance thermal stability of their operations. Various methods, substances and technologies have been adopted to achieve the desired smooth running, minimize frictional losses and improve the thermal stability in the machine members. Mineral oils of long chain hydrocarbon as base oil have really gained ground as an extremely popular choice either in liquid or semi-solid state as lubricant. Recent research has however revealed that mineral oils are non-biodegradable, prone to pollution and hence constitute enormous risks to the environment. This observation and the need for a friendly environment have aroused the curiosity of researchers in the field of tribology and material engineer... Read More

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Lubricating oil composition with improved processability and reduced environmental impact, comprising a base oil derived from biomass and an oily agent selected from esters and alcohols, with a measured bio-based content of 20% or more. The composition may further include a phosphoric ester and a polyalkylene glycol, and exhibits enhanced lubricating properties and compatibility with mechanical components.

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