Techniques to Reduce Pour Points in Bio-Based Lubricant

Biodegradable chain bar lubricant for chainsaws that can be used in cold weather without solidifying and in hot weather without breaking down. The lubricant composition contains a blend of naturally occurring and partially hydrogenated triglycerides optimized for pour point. The winter version has >60% oleic acid, <5% stearic acid, and <35°C pour point. The summer version has <50% oleic acid. Other additives like viscosity modifiers, tackifiers, pour point depressants, and anti-wear agents complete the formulation.

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A lubricant composition comprising a saturated hydrocarbon base oil derived from renewable biomass sources, such as plant oils, and a blend of additives that provide performance characteristics comparable to or exceeding those of conventional petroleum-based lubricants. The base oil is formulated from monomers and/or oligomers of C10-C18 olefin monomers, while the additive package includes a combination of synthetic esters, lubricant additives, friction modifiers, pour point depressants, antimicrobial preservatives, inhibitors, defoamers, and viscosity index improvers. The composition meets or exceeds 19 applicable American Petroleum Institute (API) certifications and demonstrates direct drop-in compatibility with current systems.

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It is well known that lubricating oils reduce the friction coefficient between two surfaces in contact. Since petroleum lubricants are toxic and have a low biodegradability, they are typically not appropriate for the environment. As a result, as public worries about a pollution-free environment grow, so does the demand for lubricants that are acceptable to the environment. The primary rationale for utilizing vegetable oils in forthcoming bio-lubricant formulations is their high lubricating performance, low toxicity, sustainable, and biodegradability. Plant oils hold great potential as a foundational fluid for bio-lubricants, since their synthetic and vegetable oil-based esters provide the most environmentally friendly option for creating lubricants. In this study, Jatropha and Jojoba raw oil were chemically modified via epoxidation followed by transesterification to produce bio-lubricants. Thus, the aim of this work is to develop a bio-lubricant from jatropha and jojoba methyl ester, further adding nanoparticles multiwalled nanotubes and titanium dioxide for improvement of tribologic... Read More

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Modern industry has increased gasoline use, emphasizing the need for engine oil to reduce friction, wear, and heat. Anti-corrosion-based lubricants, especially esters derived from bio-based oils, are of interest because they reduce toxicity and increase biodegradability. This study on bio-lubricants inspects the effects of a bio-lubricant, specifically Pentaerythritol ester, blending with commercial motor oil. The research entailed the combination of commercially available motor oil with Pentaerythritol (PE) ester obtained from Calophyllum inophyllum. The focus is on analyzing the changes in physicochemical properties and optimizing the best blending ratio. The synthesis of Pentaerythritol ester (PE ester) was optimized to attain a complete conversion to long-chain tetra-esters. The blending was conducted using proportions of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. Furthermore, significant emphasis was placed on the meticulous formulation of the bio-lubricant to mitigate the risk of any potential deterioration in its physicochemical properties upon its incorporation with conventional oil. The bi... Read More

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It is well known that lubricating oils can reduce the coefficient of friction between two contacting surfaces. Owing to their poor biodegradability and toxicity, petroleum lubricants are typically deemed unacceptably harmful to the environment. These oils have a significant negative impact on both human and plant life and contaminate air, soil, and drinking water. Consequently, the public's concerns about a pollution-free environment are growing along with the demand for ecologically friendly lubricants. Because of their superior lubricity, biodegradability, viscosity-temperature properties, and low volatility, plant oils hold promise as basis fluids for lubricants. In the current work, jatropha and jojoba oil were converted into bio-lubricants by chemical modification processes such as transesterification and epoxidation using H2SO4 and HCl catalysts. The kinematic viscosity of jatropha ester increases by 12.93 and 123.22%, and that of jojoba ester increases by 15.91 and 104.24% at 32 and 90 C, respectively, when the concentration of the catalyst is increased from 0.3 to 0.9 ml for... Read More

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Abstract The growing concern and limitations for existing lubricants have driven the need for biolubricants, extensively proposed as the most suitable and sustainable lubricating oils. Biolubricant refers to lubricants that quickly biodegrade and are non-toxic to humans and aquatic habitats. Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the production of biolubricants due to the rising demand for replacing petroleum-based lubricants with those derived from renewable sources like vegetable oils and lipase that are used in various applications. In this study biodiesel (FAME) produced from blending animal fats and waste cooking was used as a raw material with ethylene glycol for biolubricant production using a transesterification reaction in the presence of calcium oxide which considers the newest and novel part as there is no production of biolubricant from animal fats and waste cooking oil in previous researches. The reaction parameters of biolubricant production were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with the aid of Box Behnken Design (BBD) to study ... Read More

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A biodegradable lubricant oil composition for marine applications, comprising a specific ester compound (A) derived from pentaerythritol, a straight-chain fatty acid, and adipic acid, blended with a specific acidic phosphoric acid ester amine salt (B) in a specific ratio. The composition exhibits excellent biodegradability, lubricating properties, oxidation stability, demulsibility, and shear stability, while minimizing toxicity and bioaccumulation in aquatic life.

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Traditional lubricants, often containing harmful chemicals and synthetic or fossil-derived oils, pose environmental risks by damaging ecosystems and threatening human health and wildlife. There is a growing demand for environmentally sustainable and cost-effective bio-based lubricants derived from renewable raw materials. These bio-based oils often possess natural lubricating properties, making them an attractive alternative to traditional synthetic lubricants. In addition to providing effective lubrication, they offer good biodegradability and minimal toxicity, which are essential for reducing environmental impact. However, the primary challenge lies in optimizing their performance to match or surpass that of conventional lubricants while ensuring they remain cost-effective and widely available. This paper reviews the general requirements for lubricants and explores how plant-based oils can be utilized to meet the diverse lubrication needs across various industries. Further, it highlights different approaches that can be used for further improvements in the area of plant-based lubri... Read More

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Lubricants aid in decreasing friction between surfaces in proximity, which in turn lowers the heat produced as the surfaces move. They are composed of 80% to 90% of base oils and 10% to 20% of additives that impart properties like antiwear, corrosion inhibition, pour point depression, etc. Petroleum-based lubricants are attributed to low biodegradability and toxicity. Demand for lubricants based on edible and nonedible plant oils or other renewable resources that are good for the environment is rising because of their enhanced lubricity, nontoxicity, and biodegradability. Biolubricants are synthesized by modifying plant oils chemically, by transesterification, estolide formation, epoxidation, etc. This chapter is intended to inform readers about renewable feedstocks for biolubricant production, comparison of physicochemical properties with petroleum-based lubricants, current scope, advantages, and challenges of biolubricant production in the future.

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Lubricating oil composition comprising a viscosity modifier concentrate that includes a bio-based liquid decarboxylated rosin acid as a solubilizer and a viscosity index improver. The decarboxylated rosin acid is a rosin-derived composition obtained by decarboxylating a rosin acid, and it has a unique molecular structure that enables it to effectively solubilize the viscosity index improver. The composition exhibits improved viscometric performance, reduced treat rates, and enhanced solvency and oxidative stability compared to conventional lubricating oils.

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Bio-lubricants are becoming important alternative to mineral oil based lubricants due to growing international concerns about environmental pollution associated with the use and disposal of mineral oil based lubricants. Vegetable oils are nowadays considered as viable bio-resource and promising candidates for the development of bio-based lubricants. As a result, more than 95% of world bio-lubricant is produced from edible oils such as groundnut oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, canola oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil. This has affected price, production, uses and availability of these oils for human consumption and brought serious competition between food and lubricants. It is also believed that large-scale production of bio-lubricant from edible oil may bring global imbalance to food supply and demand market. In order to overcome this devastating phenomenon, researches have shifted focus to non-edible oils which are very economical comparable to edible oils and potentially offer greatest opportunities in the longer term for effective lubricant production. Intensive review of recent r... Read More

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Friction and lubrication are ubiquitous in all kinds of movements and play a vital role in the smooth operation of production machinery. Water is indispensable both in the lubrication systems of natural organisms and in hydration lubrication systems. There exists a high degree of similarity between these systems, which has driven the development of hydration lubrication from biomimetic to artificial manufacturing. In particular, significant advancements have been made in the understanding of the mechanisms of hydration lubrication over the past 30 years. This enhanced understanding has further stimulated the exploration of biomimetic inspiration from natural hydration lubrication systems, to develop novel artificial hydration lubrication systems that are cost-effective, easily transportable, and possess excellent capability. This review summarizes the recent experimental and theoretical advances in the understanding of hydration-lubrication processes. The entire paper is divided into three parts. Firstly, surface interactions relevant to hydration lubrication are discussed, encompass... Read More

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Bio lubricants derived from biomass can lessen the carbon footprint of production, lubrication, and energy production.When nanoparticles (NPs) additives are used, the performance improvement from the usage of bio-lubricant is more pronounced.This brief review highlights the key characteristics of current bio lubricants and the argument for utilizing sustainable bio lubricants that may be produced from agricultural feed stock with the potential to replace conventional mineral oil products.There is a need to shift to waste-derived oils and conduct research on alternative sources of bio-products to address the challenges of the lubricant/food competition, even though existing studies on bio lubricants have primarily focused on the use of vegetable oils and some non-edible oils.Most NPs additives combined with bio-lubricant, according to the literature, have the potential to reduce wear and friction.Furthermore, it was discovered that the NPs mechanisms during operations were responsible for the friction and wear reduction from nanofluids application.As a result, sliding contact was conv... Read More

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Abstract Vegetable oils are promoted as a base oil for automobile lubricants due to increased concerns about the environmental damage caused by synthetic and mineral oilsderived lubricants. Coconut oil exhibits excellent tribological properties but poor cold flow properties. This work investigates the effect of the addition of palm oil methyl ester (POME), obtained from the transesterification of palm oil, on coconut oil by blending it in three proportions with varying volumes and evaluating for lubricant properties namely tribological properties, rheological properties, thermal properties, chemical properties and corrosion and oxidative stabilities. Fatty acid composition are evaluated for the base oil and the blends. The findings show that the addition of POME improves the base oil's pour point and reduces friction and wear. The corrosion test shows only slight tarnishing of copper strips, while the HOOT and chemical tests indicate appreciable resistance to oxidation. Therefore, this blended mixture has the potential to be a viable biolubricant alternative to traditional mineral... Read More

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The search for bio-based material as industrial and automotive lubricants from vegetable oil has accelerated in recent years due to environmental concern. This trend is primarily due to the nontoxic and biodegradable characteristics of vegetable oils that can substitute mineral oil as base fluid in lubricant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of various fatty acid content in vegetable oils on wear and coeffecient of friction performances as biolubricant on mixed lubrication regime. Several vegetable oils with different fatty accid compositions (saturated and unsaturated fatty acid) and varied viscocities were investigated using pin on disc apparatus. The results obtained show that on mixed lubrication regime fatty acid content in vegetable oils has strong correlation with wear and friction. Oleic acid content in olive oil could reduce CoF and scar width of disc and scar diameter of pin. Whereas, lauric acid content in coconut oil could reduce wear rate on disc.

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The non-renewability and and non-biodegradability of petroleum based lubricants as well as the environmental impacts their waste contributes to the environment has caused the search for a substitute for precursor of lubricant formulation. The food security issue has caused major concerns on how vegetable oil could replace petroleum based product lubricants. This paper reports the feasibility studies of kinematic viscosity, friction and wear properties of treated used cooking palm oil as precursor for development of new bio-lubricant. The treated used cooking palm oil displayed a comparable value of kinematic viscosity of 43.6cSt, coefficient of friction of 0.126 and 122m which is almost similar to the value of fresh cooking palm oil. Treated used cooking palm oil is seen to be a suitable candidate for precursor of bio-lubricant formulation, However, some additives may need to be added as to increase the tribological properties for treated used cooking oil to be used as a bio-lubricant.

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A method for producing bio-plasticizer and biolubricant from palm-based fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) through epoxidation. The epoxidized FAME exhibits improved low-temperature properties and higher flash point compared to conventional plasticizers and lubricants, eliminating the need for additives. The bio-plasticizer and biolubricant are produced through a multi-step process involving epoxidation, reaction with 2-ethyl hexanol and sulphamic acid, separation, purification, and distillation.

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Lubricants are used to reduce friction and wear in machines, saving billions of dollars worldwide in energy and breakdown costs and lowering CO2 emissions. Today, most lubricants are made using hydrocarbons derived from crude oil, which is a finite resource, although alternative bio-based lubricants are also being investigated, as is the re-refining of used lubricants to make new base oil. The machines. It is also shown that an effective way to make lubricants more sustainable is to extend lubricant oil drain intervals and collect used oil and re-refine it to make base oil for re-use. The role of bio-based lubricants, and their benefits and disadvantages are discussed. Other aspects in which lubricants can be made more sustainable are also briefly covered, such as lubricant packaging, the removal of toxic additives via improved regulatory chemistry, and the use of renewable electricity in blending plants.

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Lubrication in mechanical operations involving relative motions of machine elements have been known to facilitate longer techno-economic life span of machine and its components. Lubrication reduces wear and tear of contacting surfaces in relative motion by creating a lubricous layered gap of fluid, powder or semi-solid like grease. Lubricant has also been proven to move heat away from rubbing surfaces to enhance thermal stability of their operations. Various methods, substances and technologies have been adopted to achieve the desired smooth running, minimize frictional losses and improve the thermal stability in the machine members. Mineral oils of long chain hydrocarbon as base oil have really gained ground as an extremely popular choice either in liquid or semi-solid state as lubricant. Recent research has however revealed that mineral oils are non-biodegradable, prone to pollution and hence constitute enormous risks to the environment. This observation and the need for a friendly environment have aroused the curiosity of researchers in the field of tribology and material engineer... Read More

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Lubricating oil composition with improved processability and reduced environmental impact, comprising a base oil derived from biomass and an oily agent selected from esters and alcohols, with a measured bio-based content of 20% or more. The composition may further include a phosphoric ester and a polyalkylene glycol, and exhibits enhanced lubricating properties and compatibility with mechanical components.

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Bio-lubricant composition made from waste cooking oil using an animal-based biochar as a catalyst and adsorbent. The biochar is used to purify the waste oil, followed by esterification to convert free fatty acids into methyl esters, epoxidation to stabilize the triglycerides, and hydroxylation to increase viscosity. The resulting bio-lubricant has a viscosity between 40-200 centipoise and is substantially free of free fatty acids.

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In connection with environmental pollution and the depletion of oil reserves, biologically based lubricants have received great interest as a replacement for mineral oil-based lubricants. Biolubricants have a number of advantages over mineral lubricants, including high biodegradability, low toxicity, lubricating properties and minimal environmental impact. The presented review describes the main characteristics and properties of biological lubricants, various vegetable oils, which are used as raw materials for the production of biolubricant materials. The physicochemical properties of biological lubricants were analyzed from the point of view of improvement. The technological processes used for the chemical modification of vegetable oils, ensuring the lubricity and anti-wear properties of the obtained biolubricants are determined. Various additives used to improve the properties of biolubricants are also recommended. This review material will provide researchers and practitioners with additional information on the practice of using biolubricants.

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Nowadays petroleum oil lubricants are most commonly use lubricant in motor vehicles and industrial machines. But those petroleum base lubricants create major problems to the marine and terrestrial environment. Researchers are trying to find new substances which are chemically modified for the substitution for petroleum base lubricant. Therefore, in this research four different types of bio lubricants were prepared by chemical modification of plant base oils such as Coconut oil, Palm oil, Neem oil and Waste palm oil. The bio lubricant was characterized using GC-MS analysis. And also Flash point, density at 15⁰C, 40⁰C and 100⁰C, viscosity at 40⁰C and 100⁰C, viscosity index, acid value, yield percentage and cost of product of samples were analyzed.

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Eco-friendly lubricants have drawn a lot of interest in the lubrication industry as a way of promoting global sustainability in response to the growing environmental pollution danger posed by the use of petroleum-based lubricants. As a result of these, developing lubricants with organic additives stands as a promising technique in solving the environmental challenges caused by non-degradable materials. This research investigates the effect of bio-based water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) (EC) carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer in different base lubricants as well as under different volumetric blend to determine their compatibility effect on lowering friction and wear using base rapeseed oil (BRO) and mineral oil (MO) as a base lubricant sample. High frequency reciprocating rig tribo-tester machine was used in the experiment, followed by substrate surface analysis via energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The additives were evaluated for their potential to improve tribology in terms of friction, surface roughness and wear reduction, load-carrying capacity, and mechanism of repai... Read More

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Industries, especially those related to transportation, have relied extensively on petroleum products for lubrication, raising serious questions about the security of the world energy supply in the future. Observed that the end-products might be released back into the environment, posing major environmental risks. As a result, bio-based products have attracted increasing interest as prospective replacement to mineral-based type due to their important role in resolving the issues of pollution. With renewability and biodegradability as their greatest points, bio-based lubricants have been discovered to offer superior lubricating qualities to those of traditional mineral lubricants but currently have some undesirable qualities that need to be improved based on the literatures. Therefore, this research objective is to showcase the potential of bio-lubricants, both in terms of their environmental benefits and for technical applications, based on studies that have been published over the years. Review of the natural oil's molecular structures, physio-chemical characteristics, and lubricati... Read More

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The traditional drilling fluid lubricants are seriously polluted and have biologically lethal toxicity to the ecological environment. They cannot be used for a long time in the drilling site and lack thermal stability. So, the replacement of traditional lubricants with new environmentally friendly lubricants has become one of the important research directions of drilling fluid lubricants in recent years. In this Review, we highlight the state of the research for an environmentally friendly drilling fluid lubricant. Using bio-oil, synthetic esters, amides, and polyols as raw materials, the configuration mechanism, lubrication performance, and field construction status of environmentally friendly lubricants for drilling fluids in China and abroad were reviewed. After analyzing the potential of lubricants in various countries' research, the development direction of environmentally friendly lubricants in the future is proposed, such as the modification of recycled vegetable oil, polysaccharides, alkyl glycosides, and nanometer material, for reference by relevant scholars.

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Abstract: We have an increasing global need for bio lubricants that are safe for human and environmental use, easily biodegradable, and non-polluting. The friction and wear qualities of cotton seed blended lubricant as well as castor blended lubricant are compared and contrasted in this research using a Pin on disc wear testing Tribometer. In this research, we will look at the study's results and analyse their significance. Blended lubricants were created by combining cotton seed &amp; castor based biodiesel with the basic lubricant SAE20W40 at volumetric ratios of 5, 10, 15, &amp; 20%. Cotton seed and castor blended bio lubricants were tested for friction and wear at sliding velocities of 2.5 metres per second while subjected to weights of 50 N, 100 N, and 150 N. Wear might be slowed by as much as 15 percent by mixing in cotton seed biodiesel with the base oil, as has been shown. When this threshold is passed, wear increases at an ever-increasing pace. Castor oil blended lubricant performed best in wear tests when coupled with a base lubricant at a 5 and 10 percent castor oil blende... Read More

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Resource and energy saving is an important global problem. Vegetable oil based lubricants are becoming increasingly important in the industrial lubricants market due to their biodegradability, renewability, minimal environmental impact, excellent tribological performance and stringent environmental regulations. This review article discusses various aspects of biolubricants, such as the chemical composition of various vegetable oils, chemical modification methods used to synthesize biolubricants, the physicochemical and rheological properties of biolubricants, the tribological characteristics of biolubricants under various conditions, and various nanoparticles used to improve performance. biolubricants. In addition, the prospects for the use of bio-lubricants in road transport are considered.

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There is a critical need for engineers to move away from using conventional petroleum-based oils and lubricants in mechanical systems due to their environmental impact. As the first book dedicated to multifunctional bio-based lubricants, this reference text provides detailed coverage on all aspects of the field, including the need for these lubricants and their performance, the synthesis and design routes, and their valuable multifunctional properties. The environmental benefits and superior properties of these lubricants are covered. With sustainability as a key focus, the book raises awareness of the need to develop bio-based lubricants with a lower environmental footprint than traditional lubricants, covers methods for synthesising lubricants from waste plastics (an emerging technique) and discusses suitable techniques for their eventual disposal. Key features First research book dedicated to multifunctional bio-based lubricants. Provides detailed coverage on the performance, synthesis and design of these lubricants. Covers the environmental benefits and superior properties.... Read More

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In the last few years, there is a general shift observable toward greener lubrication, fueled amongst others by policy initiatives such as the European Green Deal in consistency with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. At least 70 vol% of a lubricant is composed of a specific base oil, the rest is a variation of additives altering the lubricant properties (enhancing or suppressing existent base oil properties or adding new properties) to be operational for a particular field of application. So, in terms of sustainability, biodegradability, bioaccumulation, and toxicity the type of base oil plays a major role, which makes environmentally harmful petroleum-based lubricant formulations highly problematic for future applications. Hence, this leads to an ever-growing demand of environmentally friendly lubricant alternatives. Within the scope of this review lies the investigation of bio-based, bio-derived, and other sustainable lubricant components that could serve as promising replacements for conventional petroleum-based formulations, in accordance with the principles of green chemistr... Read More

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Engine lubricants require specific physical and chemical properties to function effectively and extend the lifespan of engines. Coconut oil (CCO) is an abundant, renewable, and environmentally friendly bio-based stock that has the potential to be a viable alternative to conventional mineral oil-based lubricants. In this study, we investigated the potential of CCO as a lubricant and formulated different blends with additives to enhance its physicochemical characteristics. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), styrenated phenol (SP) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were used as additives in varying concentrations. We evaluated the formulations for low pour point (PP), high viscosity index (VI) and total base number (TBN) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), viscometry, and titration methods (following ASTM D2270 and ASTM D289621 respectively). The formulated CCO was also tested for thermal, oxidative, and shear stability using thermogravimetric analysis and rheometry. The optimal formulation exhibited a PP reduction from 21 C to 6 C, improved VI from 169 to 206, and a TBN adjustment... Read More

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Conventional petroleum-based lubricants have numerous environmental and toxic issues related to their disposal. As a result, there is a growing interest in developing innovative environmentally friendly oils as lubricants. A novel apricot oil-based bio-lubricant was developed in the present research work. Its tribological performance was analysed using a four-ball tester compared with SAE 40 oil and blends of SAE 40 and developed bio-lubricant. A four-ball testing method (ASTM D4172) is a test for determining the wear-preventative features of a lubricant. It was observed that the optimum blend of SAE 40 and bio-lubricant had shown better extreme pressure performance than apricot oil-based bio-lubricant and SAE 40 alone.

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A new generation of bio-based lubricants is presented, which fulfil the criteria of (1) a biorenewable raw material basis, (2) biodegradability, (3) suitability for fine-tuning of performance properties, and (4) an efficient catalytic preparation.

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Conventional petroleum-based lubricant resources are depleting rapidly, and their utilization severely threatens the environment. Environmental sustainability emphasizes the need for an alternative to petroleum resources. The lubricants play a significant role in machinery's adequate energy-saving performance. Therefore, the tribological aspects of machinery's maximum efficiency should be considered. The current study reviews the part of bio-lubricants towards environmental sustainability. This review has been conducted according to the PRISMA approach, where the sources of bio-lubricants, tribological performance, the role of additives and nanoparticles, benefits and disadvantages, production techniques, economic aspects, and future scope were explored and discussed. Bio-lubricants possess a better viscosity index, lubricity, biodegradability, and non-toxic and renewable nature than petroleum lubricants. However, lower thermo-oxidative stability and higher pour points due to moisture content require further improvements. Food security is another significant concern for bio-lubricant... Read More

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Bio-lubricants are receiving increased interest due to their environmental advantages over petroleum-based analogues. This research demonstrates the evaluation and comparison of thermal and kinetic properties of bio-lubricants synthesized from naturally derived fatty acids. The oxidative stability of the vegetable oil-based bio-lubricants affects their storage stability and reusability. Five different types of bio-lubricants were previously synthesized from oleic acid, iso-oleic acid, and iso-stearic acid. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted in the presence of air and nitrogen. Comparative studies of the kinetic parameters under thermal decomposition of each synthesized product show that these bio-lubricants are thermally stable. The calculated activation energy showed that trimethylolpropane iso-oleic acid triester (TMP-IOA) was thermally stable with an average activation energy Ea = 188.4 kJ/mol in an inert environment (Under N2). In the oxidative environment (under air), trimethylolpropane iso-stearic acid triester (TMP-ISA) was found as the most stable bio-lubricant with an ... Read More

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Lubricants play a very important role in multiple industries in minimizing wear and friction between two moving parts. Most lubricants are produced from petroleum oil which is poorly biodegradable and toxic in nature. Hence these lubricants are highly undesirable due to environmental hazards and the health and safety of the operator. Bio-Lubricants like Castor Oil have found a potential scope in research and are being used in various applications as a substitute for these chemical lubricants. This paper examines the Tribological Properties of developed Bio-Lubricants, prepared using Castor Oil and Neem Oil in a mixing ratio of 20%. Wear and Friction analysis has been carried out using Pin on Disc apparatus at varying loads, which has shown that the blend of Castor Oil as a base with 20% Neem Oil has promising properties, with around 70% reduction in wear rate at specific loads, hence showcasing a tremendous capacity for being used in maintenance applications. An overall reduction in wear and coefficient of friction was observed in the developed mixture, making it a potential environm... Read More

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The bio-lubricant from the agro-waste resource is a promising substitute to the petroleum-based lubricants, which conforms to waste utilization and sustainable development. In this work, a high performance biolubricant was obtained by dihydroxylation modifying the extract from the abandon aerial parts of Codonopsis pilosula. This biolubricant exhibits high resistance to thermal decomposition till 298.8 C and excellent lubricity within the temperature range of 50250 C, characterized by the low friction coefficients of 0.1080.129 and wear rates of 108-107 mm3/Nm. These excellent properties are superior and comparable to other biolubricant and mineral oils, resulting from the high adsorption ability of diol onto the solid frictional interfaces that forms a thick lubricity carbon film demonstrated by the transmission electron microscope. Due to the excellent thermal-stability and wide temperature lubricity, this biolubricant can be applied in the open mechanical systems like chainsaw and metal machining in agricultural and manufacturer industries.

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Lubricating machines with mineral-based lubricants have become a major cause of pollution now. To use natural oils for making lubricants instead of petroleum is something mainstream researchers have been looking at for a few decades. Though vegetable oils show excellent biodegradability, their cold flow properties are poor compared to functional lubricants. Biodegradable lubricant oils must have excellent cold flow properties as well as competitive costs in order to be accepted widely as usable base stock to industrially usable lubricants. Cold flow characteristics of natural oils are generally subpar to industrial lubricants. This is one major drawback that limits the usage of otherwise abundant vegetable oil. Though vegetable oils show excellent biodegradability, their cold flow properties are poor compared to functional lubricants. In this present study, three vegetable oils have been synthesized to obtain their estolides, they are coconut, sunflower and karanja oils, to analyze the variations. SPARTAN molecular dynamics software is utilized in parallel to understand the molecular... Read More

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Lubrication has remained an important aspect of machines maintenance and designs since time immemorial, yet the quest for improved lubricant for sustainable life of both equipment and environment continues to intensify. Many lubricants that is, research for a lubricant that is capable of providing maintenance of sustainable equipment without compromise to the environment is on the rise have been formulated and a lot of discoveries have been found in approaches toward enhanced and sustainable lubricants performance. Addition of foreign materials in nano quantity to fortify base oil properties for special purposes has also received greater attention in recent years. While this approach has yielded amazing results, concerns bordering on non-biodegradability of the mineral oils and safety of their additives to the environment equally continue to grow. This has escalated research interest in vegetable oils and their derivatives such as palm oil and other seed oils as a substitute toward limiting the consequences of improper disposal and eventual natural habitat degradation. A new approach... Read More

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Due to the current devastating environmental concerns caused by petroleum-derived lubricants in internal combustion (IC) engines (because of their toxicity, non-biodegradability and not environmental adaptability), and the increase in oil prices, as well as the degradation of the global crude oil reserves, researchers all over the world are working to develop innovative ideas for sustainable development in biomass-derived biodegradable lubricant oil which the perform equivalent or more than the commercial petroleum-based oils in engine lubrication. This review papers major purpose is to provide those researchers and particularly engineers interested in IC engine biolubricant oil derived from renewable biomass with appropriate information and perspective.

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Here, we assess several potential plant-based lubricants to reveal their functional characteristics in comparison to the traditionally used synthetic lubricant polyalphaolefin 4 and 10 oils. Our results indicate that jojoba and castor oils demonstrate the best oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. The low erucic acid (LE) oils demonstrated a decrease in the lubrication efficiency already at 150 C. This performance was inferior to that of canola oil which also has low erucic acid content, possibly due to the LE pennycress oil having relatively higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content. These results provide a comprehensive overview of plant-based oil candidates, including some with very long chain fatty acids and/or hydroxylated fatty acids, and suggest new concepts for lubrication efficiency improvement.

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The lubricating ability of vegetable oil-based lubricant additives with commercially used engine lubricant is investigated in this article. The methyl esters of Neem, Pongamia and Tamanu oils were formulated by transesterification process and blended with SAE20W40 oil in 10%, 20% and 30% of its volume. These biolubricant blends were tested for physiochemical properties and tribological behavior using LM13 Aluminium alloy as the pin material in accordance with ASTM standards. Experimental outcomes established that the biolubricant blends like N10, P10, P20, N20 are capable of reducing wear about 77%, 52%, 92%, 81% respectively and the frictional coefficients of N10, P20 and T30 were found to be appreciable. In the long run, they can be used as primary alternatives to conventional lubricants.

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Abstract The rheological and tribological properties of environmentally compatible lubricants of different bases (native oil, synthetic ester, polyalkylene glycolcontaining oil) compared to a conventional, mineral oilbased lubricant are investigated in order to develop toxicologically harmless and technically suitable lubricants for electromechanical drives. The aging of the oil is also considered. The results of this study reveal that the properties of polyalkylene glycolcontaining and synthetic esterbased lubricants have the potential to act as substitutes for lubricants containing mineral oil. By examining and improving the properties of sustainable lubricants, gear oils that are partially or totally nonmineral oil based will be highly attractive in the future.

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In this study, the lubrication performance and underlying mechanism of catechol-based biomimetic lubricants in water-based drilling fluids were investigated. A catechol-based biomimetic lubricant, L3,4, was synthesized by acid and oleyl alcohol utilizing the strong underwater adhesion of DOPA. Besides, the significant influence of phenolic hydroxyl group positioning on the adhesion performance, and consequently, the lubrication and wear resistance properties of the lubricants were revealed. Lubrication performance and wear resistance were evaluated through extreme pressure lubrication testers, four-ball friction machines, and scanning electron microscopy. In bentonite, L3,4 exhibited the best lubrication performance, with a low coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.06 at a 1% addition, a wear scar diameter of 0.365 mm, and a temperature resistance of 210 . In contrast, L3,5 showed moderate lubricity with a COF of 0.16, while L2,5 showed no lubrication capabilities. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyze the composition and thickness of the surface lubrication film, reveal... Read More

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Non-edible vegetable oil derived lubricants feedstock have come up strongly in recent time but diverting the used cooking oil (UCO) for bio-lubricant production is a viable and attractive approach in countries like India where availability of non-edible oils are limited. In this regard, this work explores for the very first time, the consideration of environmental-friendly ethylhexyl esters (EHEs) as base oil produced from used cooking oil through transesterification of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and 2-ethylhexanol in the presence of p-Toluenesulfonic acid to develop eco-friendly grease. The produced biolubricant (UCO-BL) was identified using FTIR and NMR techniques. The fatty acid composition of UCO-BL was determined using the quantitative GC-FID technique and it was found that linoleic and oleic were the major unsaturated fatty acids present in UCO-BL. The experimental results show that the different fatty acid profiles in UCO-BL have a significant impact on the tribological and rheological performance of the prepared grease. The friction coefficient of UCO-BL based grease wa... Read More

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Lubricants predominantly used to reduce friction and gain smooth functioning of a vehicle. Biodegradable lubricants are perceived to be alternative to mineral oil lubricants because of their properties and biodegradability. This review paper discusses the effect of biodegradable lubrication in term of emission performance, wear, friction and viscosity effect to the internal combustion engine using multiple types of biodegradable lubrications. Bench wear test was conducted using Yamaha, ET 950 to carry out the effect of the biolubricant in spark ignition (SI) engine. The bench test was conducted under several conditions: pressure, 3.0 MPa; sliding speed, 0.20 m/s; sliding stroke, 80 mm; room temperature, &gt;25C. The second experiment were conducted with 100 percentage SAE 40, palm oil and palm oil (14%) + castor oil (86%) blend as its crankcase lubricant using four stroke compression ignition (CI) engine.A thermocouple was used to measure the parameters temperature every 5 minutesinterval with the engine operating for an hour under no load, 2.5 kg, 5 kg, and 7 kg load condition. Th... Read More

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Palm-based used cooking oil (UCO) is an inexpensive material that could be used as a bio-lubricant.However, its use as a bio-lubricant is limited by its inferior cold flow and oxidation stability properties.This study shows an approach to make bio-lubricant base oil from UCO that displayed good cold flow and oxidation stability.UCO was saponified and hydrolysed to yield a mixture of fatty acids, which was subsequently reacted with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid to generate an estolide mixture with hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups.The hydroxyl groups of the estolide mixture were end-capped with lauric acid, while its carboxylic acid groups were converted to either ester or amide functionality with 2-ethylhexanol and dibutylamine, respectively.Physicochemical properties evaluation revealed that the saturated branched structure of estolide ester and amide contributed to improved pour point (-12 o C) and better oxidation stability up to 200 o C as compared to UCO.Additionally, the estolide ester and amide exhibited a better viscosity index and pour point than a commercial mineral o... Read More

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Vegetable oil-based lubricants are environment-friendly options as against conventional lubricants. This paper discusses the synthesis as well as characterisation of esters from ricinoleic acid and sebacic acid whose main source is castor oil. Physicochemical properties, tribological study as well as oxidation study have been carried out for the esters. With the increase in ester chain length, extreme pressure properties, viscosity index and pour point has improved, whereas oxidation stability had a detrimental effect. The coefficient of friction for commercial base stocks was better than any of the studied esters.

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Tribology research has also contributed to the development of environmentally benign and long-lasting lubricants. According to the research, the usage of alternative biolubricants in many industrial applications can help to safeguard the environment. When imagining the future of tribology, the economic impact, environmental attributes, and sustainability of lubricants are among the essential factors to be considered. With the current focus on the environment, a particularly difficult challenge is faced in designing a universal biodegradable base stock and additives that might replace conventional oils in the next generation of lubricants. Considering environmental concerns, industrial users around the world discovered that synthetic polyol esters as well as vegetable oils are beneficial in terms of the cost under all operating circumstances. In continuation of our ongoing research on biolubricants and additives, the current chapter attempts to spotlight a few recent advancements in the field of biodegradable new generation industrial lubricants and their tribo-performance behavior, a... Read More

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Derivatives of dimer fatty acids with low pour points, prepared by dimerizing fatty acids with >80% oleic acid content using a clay catalyst, followed by separation and derivatization of the dimer fatty acids. The derivatives, including esters, amides, alcohols, and alkanes, exhibit improved low-temperature performance and can be used as base oils or additives in lubricant compositions.

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