Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Test for Engine Oil

A big data analysis system for engine quality detection and prediction that integrates multiple data representations to realize intelligent prediction of engine quality. The system collects oil samples from an engine, analyzes them using spectral, ferrographic, and physicochemical methods, fuses the data using fuzzy logic and D-S evidence theory, and trains a predictive model to forecast engine wear and quality.

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The determination of the renewable content present in diesel is of great importance for the monitoring of the fuel quality and inspection by the fuel regulation agencies, being necessary to know the techniques used for this purpose. In this article, a systematic review was developed to study the techniques used to determine the presence of renewable content in diesel. The results of the study showed that there are some techniques that are used in this determination, such as: mid-infrared spectroscopy, measurement of the amount of radiocarbon C14, FTIR spectroscopy along with the use of chemometric techniques and others that will be addressed in this study.

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The content of this article presents research on used and fresh engine oils. The aim of the experiment is to preliminarily develop a method for assessing the condition of engine oil subjected to service. A four-ball tester was used to compare the lubricating properties of the engine oil as one component of the tribosystem under laboratory conditions. The method used to determine the mashing load consisted of subjecting the kinematic node to a linearly increasing load with a build-up rate of 409 Ns-1 under operating conditions of approximately 20C and a spindle speed of 500 rpm. The presented article is a continuation of the consideration of the lubricating properties of engine oils subjected to operation. The tests carried out made it possible to observe that fresh oils are characterised by their ability to carry higher loads in relation to oils subjected to service. This is evidenced by the obtained values of scuffing loads, which have a higher value for fresh oils (The average percentage increase in scuffing load for fresh oils was 62.23%). Comparing the friction torque character... Read More

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A device and method for measuring trace and ultra-trace oil content in gases, particularly in cryogenic applications. The device employs a liquid nitrogen cold trap to enrich oil components from the gas, followed by extraction and analysis using infrared spectroscopy. The method enables accurate measurement of oil content in the ultra-trace range (ppb) and trace range (ppm) in gases such as helium and hydrogen, overcoming limitations of existing measurement techniques.

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Gasoline and diesel are the main petroleum product used for road transportation in India. Due to this reason, adulteration can be done by fraudsters using different miscible substances such as kerosene, turpentine, thinner, ethanol etc. In this work, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square regression (PLSR) were used to investigate adulteration in petroleum products and to design an adulterant profiling. ATR-FTIR has an advantage over other traditional methods as it is less time-consuming and needs no extraction procedure. The samples used for the study were prepared by adding different volume of adulterant (020%) to standard diesel and gasoline samples. According to the results obtained from this study, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy proved to be the most comprehensible method for the detection of adulteration in diesel and gasoline fuels. Furthermore, the use of FTIR spectroscopy combined with PCA got best segregation of adulterated samples. The predictive model achieved a root mean square error of prediction o... Read More

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The lubricating properties of motor oils are of great importance for the normal operation of the crank and gas distribution mechanisms of the engine. In the cylinder-piston group, where the greatest friction forces and loads occur, as a result, the quality of engine oil directly affects the resource of the internal combustion engine (ICE). Of no less importance is the constant presence of a reliable oil film in the contact zone of the support and connecting rod necks of the crankshaft with sliding bearings. In addition to the operating time, the parameters are influenced by external environmental factors, operating conditions and the residual life of the engine at the time of oil filling. Factors affecting the operation are important for the study of oils in order to provide information about the quality of oil and the condition of the car in conjunction with these indicators. To derive oil indicators, it is required to conduct laboratory tests using special equipment in order to give more accurate information about the quality of the engine oil under study.
 Purpose. Determinat... Read More

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Infrared (IR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) analytical tests have been used to study the change in diesel engine oil properties during performance, in addition to the changes in physical and chemical properties. Two types of diesel engine oils (petroleum base) that are used in bus vehicles were examined in bus diesel engines travelling distances up to 5000 km. The results show the characterization of the oil as the changes in chemical composition and physical properties with the travelling distances increase. Also, the results show the changes that take place in the diesel engine oils during use up to 5000 km depend on choosing the type of oil that bears such heavy duty engines as the bus vehicle, and the period required to change the oil to avoid damage to the different parts of the engine.

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The article presents the results of tests, replaced according to the vehicle manufacturer's recommendations, of engine oils. The sample of engine oils in service came from spark-ignition and compression-ignition vehicles used in urban or mixed mode. During their collection, the type of drive unit, the mileage of the car and the number of kilometres the oil was used for were recorded for each sample (this was the main criterion for differentiating samples). In addition, a control group of samples consisting of fresh oils of the same viscosity grade and distributed by the same producer was set up to observe changes in the parameters of individual lubricants after the operating period. The first part of the empirical study consisted of determining the physico-chemical properties of the lubricants, i.e.: kinematic viscosity, density and water content. The second part involved anti-wear tests using a T-02U tribotester. The use of the tribotester made it possible to record the anti-wear parameter, i.e. moment of friction, and also the load imposed on the friction node, as a result of which... Read More

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The rheological, ignition, and tribological properties of lubricating oils diluted with biodiesel were analyzed. The flash point tFP, calculated cetane index CCI, density , coefficient of the temperature density change , kinematic viscosity , dynamic viscosity , viscosity index VI, and lubricity during a High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFFR) test (x, y, WSD, and WS1.4) and lubricating conditions during an HFFR test (oil film resistance FILM and friction coefficient ) were determined. The test was performed for the oil mixtures of the lubricating oil of the SAE 30 and SAE 40 viscosity grades, which were diluted with the biodiesel blend (D93B7diesel oil with 7% v/v fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) at concentrations of diesel oil in the mixture equal to 0% (pure lubricating oil), 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, and 75% m/m, respectively. The experiment confirmed the existence of clear relationships between the increase in the dilution of lubricating oil with tested biodiesel blend and tFP, , , , , and VI, and the deterioration of lubrication conditions. It is recommended to t... Read More

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A device, system, and method for measuring lubricating oil deterioration, comprising a fluorescent compound that emits light in response to electromagnetic radiation, and a sensor that detects the emitted light to determine oil degradation. The fluorescent compound deteriorates in tandem with the oil, allowing its fluorescence intensity to serve as a reliable indicator of oil condition.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of the effectiveness of express tests for monitoring the current state of engine oil during the period of its operation in an internal combustion engine and determining the limit state of used engine oil. The results of diagnostics by physicochemical, rheological and optical methods of changing the state of fresh motor oil from the lubrication system of a diesel internal combustion engine at regular mileage intervals are presented. A software product project is proposed in the form of a mobile application for diagnosing the state of engine oil in the lubrication system of an internal combustion engine based on paper chromatography using a drop test, which will allow individual motorists to determine the need to replace used engine oil and, as a result, increase the period services of tribocouplings of a motor vehicle and will increase their overhaul period.

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The article discusses an alternative method is considered to determine the presence of motor gasoline in running engine oils. The test objects are working engine oils, samples of fresh oils produced by different manufacturers, and rapeseed oil. It is shown that the difference in the density and viscosity values of working oils from fresh oils is a reflection of changes in the properties of oils as a result of exposure to various factors. It was found that when gasoline and rapeseed oil were added to the samples of working and fresh oils, the rates of change in their viscosity were different. It is suggested that there is a relationship between the kinematic viscosity of the liquid and the content of motor oil, rapeseed oil and gasoline in it, which reflects the indicator ability of rapeseed oil to gasoline present in the oil that worked. This is confirmed by the difference in the values of relative changes in the kinematic viscosity of fresh and working oil after the introduction of rapeseed oil into them, which can be used as an indicator for gasoline present in the working oil. The... Read More

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A method for quantitative and qualitative assessment of used motor oils is presented, based on absorption of frequencies in the IR spectrum using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method and assessment of the influence of diesel fuel and additives on changes in the characteristics of motor oils during operation.

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Edible fats and oils are export commodities that require a series of quality control measures to assure their specification and authenticity. Chemically, fats and oils are triglycerides characterized by certain constants such as saponification values, iodine values, fatty acid composition, etc. In addition, fats and oils are prone to oxidation during storage or heating; thus, some parameters describing hydrolytic and oxidative degradations including acid value, peroxide value, carbonyl value, and thiobarbituric acid value are evaluated. Determination of these values is typically carried out using titrimetric titrations, which involve large number of solvents and reagents that are harmful to human health. Thus, rapid and green analytical method based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is proposed and developed to determine parameters of fats and oils parameters. FTIR spectra provide large datasets (big data) even from a single scan, and therefore, the use of sophisticated statistical software with chemometrics is a must.

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Oxidation stability assurance of fuels for internal combustion engines is important not only for the end users but much more in terms of strategic fuel stockpiling. Our new short storage test is a very interesting and fast analytical tool for stability characterization of hydrocarbons originated from different sources. In addition to petro-diesel hydrocarbons, the test can be very useful for describing the properties of alternative fuels, such as hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO), synthetic power-to-X products or products from pyrolysis of waste plastic/tires. Because of hydrocarbon nature of these fuels the test is useful for all types of liquid hydrocarbon fuels for diesel engine. Our analytical evaluation is able to identify the onset of hydrocarbon oxidation during storage. Three hydrocarbon diesel fuels of winter quality were aged during the screening tests at temperatures of 80110 C for 20 days. Following parameters were monitored: appearance, viscosity, density, water content, acid number, peroxide value, Conradson carbon residue, PetroOxy oxidation stability, and oxidation i... Read More

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The results of the research of motor oils with different base bases contaminated with established concentrations of diesel fuel are presented. The result of the research was to obtain indicators indicating the loss of engine oil performance under operating conditions. The presented results can be used to determine the frequency of replacement of lubricants in internal combustion en-gines, depending on the technical condition of the engine oil.

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Abstract The oil that comes out of the transformer leads to environmental hazards when it is disposed into land after the completion of its durability. This research work intends to capitalize on the feasibility of converting this transformer oil into an alternative fuel. The varying quantity of thermally cracked waste transformer oil (20%, 40%, and 60% v/v) is mixed with 10% v/v of Di Ethyl Ether (DEE) and blended with commercial diesel (CD) to make 100% volume. The purpose of this work is to observe the performance of blended fuel when compared to commercial diesel. To meet this objective, the physicochemical properties of blended oil were tested by ASTM standards and evidence for the presence of essential hydrocarbon was proved using FTIR analysis. The notable improvement as observed in WPDE60 blend for BSFC, BTE and in-cylinder pressure by 8.82%, 8.29% and 4.3%, respectively, when compared to CD at full load condition. Whereas, emission performances were reduced by 18.82%, 4.9% and 39.6% for unburned hydrocarbon, CO and smoke density, respectively. Based on the results obtained, ... Read More

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A fluid condition sensing system for monitoring engine oil and other lubricants in real-time during vehicle operation. The system includes a control circuit, temperature sensor, and fluid property sensor that measures properties such as dielectric constant, viscosity, and resistivity. The system automatically detects fluid changes, records new baseline data, and evaluates fluid condition based on comparisons with baseline data. The system can also detect oil drain plug removal and send alerts when fluid properties exceed predetermined thresholds.

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The paper describes the results of research on changes in the performance of fresh and used semi- synthetic motor oil ELF Evolution 700 STI for gasoline engines of cars. The change of physicochemical properties of fresh and used semi-synthetic motor oil before and after its use in a gasoline engine has been studied. The results of derivatographic and IR spectroscopic studies of these oils are presented. The composition of the inorganic part of the studied semi-synthetic oils was determined by the method of X-ray fluorescence research.

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A system for detecting wear metal particles in engine lubricant, comprising a controller that determines particle concentration, confidence, and baseline levels, and sets dynamic diagnostic thresholds based on these factors. The controller provides a notification when the threshold is exceeded, enabling proactive maintenance to prevent engine damage.

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