Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Test for Engine Oil

A big data analysis system for engine quality detection and prediction that integrates multiple data representations to realize intelligent prediction of engine quality. The system collects oil samples from an engine, analyzes them using spectral, ferrographic, and physicochemical methods, fuses the data using fuzzy logic and D-S evidence theory, and trains a predictive model to forecast engine wear and quality.

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The determination of the renewable content present in diesel is of great importance for the monitoring of the fuel quality and inspection by the fuel regulation agencies, being necessary to know the techniques used for this purpose. In this article, a systematic review was developed to study the techniques used to determine the presence of renewable content in diesel. The results of the study showed that there are some techniques that are used in this determination, such as: mid-infrared spectroscopy, measurement of the amount of radiocarbon C14, FTIR spectroscopy along with the use of chemometric techniques and others that will be addressed in this study.

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The content of this article presents research on used and fresh engine oils. The aim of the experiment is to preliminarily develop a method for assessing the condition of engine oil subjected to service. A four-ball tester was used to compare the lubricating properties of the engine oil as one component of the tribosystem under laboratory conditions. The method used to determine the mashing load consisted of subjecting the kinematic node to a linearly increasing load with a build-up rate of 409 Ns-1 under operating conditions of approximately 20C and a spindle speed of 500 rpm. The presented article is a continuation of the consideration of the lubricating properties of engine oils subjected to operation. The tests carried out made it possible to observe that fresh oils are characterised by their ability to carry higher loads in relation to oils subjected to service. This is evidenced by the obtained values of scuffing loads, which have a higher value for fresh oils (The average percentage increase in scuffing load for fresh oils was 62.23%). Comparing the friction torque character... Read More

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A device and method for measuring trace and ultra-trace oil content in gases, particularly in cryogenic applications. The device employs a liquid nitrogen cold trap to enrich oil components from the gas, followed by extraction and analysis using infrared spectroscopy. The method enables accurate measurement of oil content in the ultra-trace range (ppb) and trace range (ppm) in gases such as helium and hydrogen, overcoming limitations of existing measurement techniques.

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Gasoline and diesel are the main petroleum product used for road transportation in India. Due to this reason, adulteration can be done by fraudsters using different miscible substances such as kerosene, turpentine, thinner, ethanol etc. In this work, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square regression (PLSR) were used to investigate adulteration in petroleum products and to design an adulterant profiling. ATR-FTIR has an advantage over other traditional methods as it is less time-consuming and needs no extraction procedure. The samples used for the study were prepared by adding different volume of adulterant (020%) to standard diesel and gasoline samples. According to the results obtained from this study, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy proved to be the most comprehensible method for the detection of adulteration in diesel and gasoline fuels. Furthermore, the use of FTIR spectroscopy combined with PCA got best segregation of adulterated samples. The predictive model achieved a root mean square error of prediction o... Read More

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The lubricating properties of motor oils are of great importance for the normal operation of the crank and gas distribution mechanisms of the engine. In the cylinder-piston group, where the greatest friction forces and loads occur, as a result, the quality of engine oil directly affects the resource of the internal combustion engine (ICE). Of no less importance is the constant presence of a reliable oil film in the contact zone of the support and connecting rod necks of the crankshaft with sliding bearings. In addition to the operating time, the parameters are influenced by external environmental factors, operating conditions and the residual life of the engine at the time of oil filling. Factors affecting the operation are important for the study of oils in order to provide information about the quality of oil and the condition of the car in conjunction with these indicators. To derive oil indicators, it is required to conduct laboratory tests using special equipment in order to give more accurate information about the quality of the engine oil under study.
 Purpose. Determinat... Read More

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Infrared (IR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) analytical tests have been used to study the change in diesel engine oil properties during performance, in addition to the changes in physical and chemical properties. Two types of diesel engine oils (petroleum base) that are used in bus vehicles were examined in bus diesel engines travelling distances up to 5000 km. The results show the characterization of the oil as the changes in chemical composition and physical properties with the travelling distances increase. Also, the results show the changes that take place in the diesel engine oils during use up to 5000 km depend on choosing the type of oil that bears such heavy duty engines as the bus vehicle, and the period required to change the oil to avoid damage to the different parts of the engine.

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The article presents the results of tests, replaced according to the vehicle manufacturer's recommendations, of engine oils. The sample of engine oils in service came from spark-ignition and compression-ignition vehicles used in urban or mixed mode. During their collection, the type of drive unit, the mileage of the car and the number of kilometres the oil was used for were recorded for each sample (this was the main criterion for differentiating samples). In addition, a control group of samples consisting of fresh oils of the same viscosity grade and distributed by the same producer was set up to observe changes in the parameters of individual lubricants after the operating period. The first part of the empirical study consisted of determining the physico-chemical properties of the lubricants, i.e.: kinematic viscosity, density and water content. The second part involved anti-wear tests using a T-02U tribotester. The use of the tribotester made it possible to record the anti-wear parameter, i.e. moment of friction, and also the load imposed on the friction node, as a result of which... Read More

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The rheological, ignition, and tribological properties of lubricating oils diluted with biodiesel were analyzed. The flash point tFP, calculated cetane index CCI, density , coefficient of the temperature density change , kinematic viscosity , dynamic viscosity , viscosity index VI, and lubricity during a High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFFR) test (x, y, WSD, and WS1.4) and lubricating conditions during an HFFR test (oil film resistance FILM and friction coefficient ) were determined. The test was performed for the oil mixtures of the lubricating oil of the SAE 30 and SAE 40 viscosity grades, which were diluted with the biodiesel blend (D93B7diesel oil with 7% v/v fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) at concentrations of diesel oil in the mixture equal to 0% (pure lubricating oil), 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, and 75% m/m, respectively. The experiment confirmed the existence of clear relationships between the increase in the dilution of lubricating oil with tested biodiesel blend and tFP, , , , , and VI, and the deterioration of lubrication conditions. It is recommended to t... Read More

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A device, system, and method for measuring lubricating oil deterioration, comprising a fluorescent compound that emits light in response to electromagnetic radiation, and a sensor that detects the emitted light to determine oil degradation. The fluorescent compound deteriorates in tandem with the oil, allowing its fluorescence intensity to serve as a reliable indicator of oil condition.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of the effectiveness of express tests for monitoring the current state of engine oil during the period of its operation in an internal combustion engine and determining the limit state of used engine oil. The results of diagnostics by physicochemical, rheological and optical methods of changing the state of fresh motor oil from the lubrication system of a diesel internal combustion engine at regular mileage intervals are presented. A software product project is proposed in the form of a mobile application for diagnosing the state of engine oil in the lubrication system of an internal combustion engine based on paper chromatography using a drop test, which will allow individual motorists to determine the need to replace used engine oil and, as a result, increase the period services of tribocouplings of a motor vehicle and will increase their overhaul period.

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The article discusses an alternative method is considered to determine the presence of motor gasoline in running engine oils. The test objects are working engine oils, samples of fresh oils produced by different manufacturers, and rapeseed oil. It is shown that the difference in the density and viscosity values of working oils from fresh oils is a reflection of changes in the properties of oils as a result of exposure to various factors. It was found that when gasoline and rapeseed oil were added to the samples of working and fresh oils, the rates of change in their viscosity were different. It is suggested that there is a relationship between the kinematic viscosity of the liquid and the content of motor oil, rapeseed oil and gasoline in it, which reflects the indicator ability of rapeseed oil to gasoline present in the oil that worked. This is confirmed by the difference in the values of relative changes in the kinematic viscosity of fresh and working oil after the introduction of rapeseed oil into them, which can be used as an indicator for gasoline present in the working oil. The... Read More

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A method for quantitative and qualitative assessment of used motor oils is presented, based on absorption of frequencies in the IR spectrum using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method and assessment of the influence of diesel fuel and additives on changes in the characteristics of motor oils during operation.

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Edible fats and oils are export commodities that require a series of quality control measures to assure their specification and authenticity. Chemically, fats and oils are triglycerides characterized by certain constants such as saponification values, iodine values, fatty acid composition, etc. In addition, fats and oils are prone to oxidation during storage or heating; thus, some parameters describing hydrolytic and oxidative degradations including acid value, peroxide value, carbonyl value, and thiobarbituric acid value are evaluated. Determination of these values is typically carried out using titrimetric titrations, which involve large number of solvents and reagents that are harmful to human health. Thus, rapid and green analytical method based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is proposed and developed to determine parameters of fats and oils parameters. FTIR spectra provide large datasets (big data) even from a single scan, and therefore, the use of sophisticated statistical software with chemometrics is a must.

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Oxidation stability assurance of fuels for internal combustion engines is important not only for the end users but much more in terms of strategic fuel stockpiling. Our new short storage test is a very interesting and fast analytical tool for stability characterization of hydrocarbons originated from different sources. In addition to petro-diesel hydrocarbons, the test can be very useful for describing the properties of alternative fuels, such as hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO), synthetic power-to-X products or products from pyrolysis of waste plastic/tires. Because of hydrocarbon nature of these fuels the test is useful for all types of liquid hydrocarbon fuels for diesel engine. Our analytical evaluation is able to identify the onset of hydrocarbon oxidation during storage. Three hydrocarbon diesel fuels of winter quality were aged during the screening tests at temperatures of 80110 C for 20 days. Following parameters were monitored: appearance, viscosity, density, water content, acid number, peroxide value, Conradson carbon residue, PetroOxy oxidation stability, and oxidation i... Read More

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The results of the research of motor oils with different base bases contaminated with established concentrations of diesel fuel are presented. The result of the research was to obtain indicators indicating the loss of engine oil performance under operating conditions. The presented results can be used to determine the frequency of replacement of lubricants in internal combustion en-gines, depending on the technical condition of the engine oil.

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Abstract The oil that comes out of the transformer leads to environmental hazards when it is disposed into land after the completion of its durability. This research work intends to capitalize on the feasibility of converting this transformer oil into an alternative fuel. The varying quantity of thermally cracked waste transformer oil (20%, 40%, and 60% v/v) is mixed with 10% v/v of Di Ethyl Ether (DEE) and blended with commercial diesel (CD) to make 100% volume. The purpose of this work is to observe the performance of blended fuel when compared to commercial diesel. To meet this objective, the physicochemical properties of blended oil were tested by ASTM standards and evidence for the presence of essential hydrocarbon was proved using FTIR analysis. The notable improvement as observed in WPDE60 blend for BSFC, BTE and in-cylinder pressure by 8.82%, 8.29% and 4.3%, respectively, when compared to CD at full load condition. Whereas, emission performances were reduced by 18.82%, 4.9% and 39.6% for unburned hydrocarbon, CO and smoke density, respectively. Based on the results obtained, ... Read More

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A fluid condition sensing system for monitoring engine oil and other lubricants in real-time during vehicle operation. The system includes a control circuit, temperature sensor, and fluid property sensor that measures properties such as dielectric constant, viscosity, and resistivity. The system automatically detects fluid changes, records new baseline data, and evaluates fluid condition based on comparisons with baseline data. The system can also detect oil drain plug removal and send alerts when fluid properties exceed predetermined thresholds.

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The paper describes the results of research on changes in the performance of fresh and used semi- synthetic motor oil ELF Evolution 700 STI for gasoline engines of cars. The change of physicochemical properties of fresh and used semi-synthetic motor oil before and after its use in a gasoline engine has been studied. The results of derivatographic and IR spectroscopic studies of these oils are presented. The composition of the inorganic part of the studied semi-synthetic oils was determined by the method of X-ray fluorescence research.

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A system for detecting wear metal particles in engine lubricant, comprising a controller that determines particle concentration, confidence, and baseline levels, and sets dynamic diagnostic thresholds based on these factors. The controller provides a notification when the threshold is exceeded, enabling proactive maintenance to prevent engine damage.

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Method and system for diagnosing engine condition based on lubricant coking level, comprising filtering lubricant particles, exciting particles with a beam, detecting emitted energy, comparing to expected energy, and determining coking level to diagnose engine condition.

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A method for identifying abnormal sites in on-board components, such as transmissions, by analyzing oil condition data. The method uses a mapping between oil condition variables, including foreign substance concentration and color, and component abnormal site variables. The mapping is stored in a device and executed when an abnormality is detected, enabling identification of the root cause of the problem.

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The article presents the results of operational tests of engine oil, including the observation of changes in the values of selected physicochemical parameters of oil in subsequent operation cycles, in accordance with the service life specified by the vehicle manufacturer. Preliminary analysis of defined indicators characterizing the condition of engine oil were performed in terms of their suitability for the ongoing monitoring of the technical condition of the engine. On the basis of the values of selected indicators of fresh oil recorded in the course of operational tests and during replacement, one indicator was selected, the kinematic viscosity at 100C, for which an unambiguous trend of changes was observed during the tests. The last stage was to verify the hypothesis about the correlation between the observed changes in the value of the indicator and the mileage of the engine vehicle.

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Abstract Engine oil deterioration level affects working and performance of internal combustion engine. Hence, it is necessary to compare the deterioration level of engine oils, with focus on kinematic viscosity, oxidation, nitration etc. which are important oil testing parameters. If without quantifying the remaining useful life of the engine oil, it is changed too early, results in insufficient use of already depleting resources and also unwanted impact on environment while disposing. Changing the engine oil too late with deteriorated quality, will hamper the performance of engine. To determine optimum point for changing engine oil, in present study oil testing is carried out for vehicle which is due for servicing. The oil samples collected randomly from vehicles which came to an authorized service station for servicing covering a large range from the first servicing to the fifth servicing were tested. Oil samples were first tested by a viscometer and FTIR spectroscopy in a laboratory as per standard. The samples were then tested on a setup of sensors designed and developed by the a... Read More

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Base oils make up the majority of the content of engine oils and substantially impact the overall performance of the finished lubricant product. The oxidative and thermal stability of the base oil are critical factors in defining the quality of automobile lubricating oil. Thus, it is critical to understand the degrading behavior of base oils and engine oils. The oxidative and thermal stability of several base oils and engine oil were thoroughly investigated in this study. Three distinct types of base oil (base 1, 2 and 3) and motor oil were produced and physically characterized. The samples were dried in a drying oven at atmospheric pressure and 150 for 24 h. The impact of heat treatment on the samples oxidative stability was investigated using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). The thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the samples thermal stability (TGA). The study was done in an inert atmosphere using nitrogen gas and a 10 min1 heating rate from 30 to 900 . The experimental results indicate that base oils and engine oil resisted oxidation since no ... Read More

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Engine oil degradation impacts the operation and performance of an internal combustion engine. As a result, it is crucial to compare the degradation level of engine oils, with a particular emphasis on kinematic viscosity, oxidation, nitration, and critical oil testing characteristics. Suppose engine oil changes too soon without first calculating its remaining usable life. In that case, it wastes already scarce resources and has an unfavourable environmental influence. Engine performance may suffer if oil is changed too late and is of poor quality. In the current research, oil testing is performed on vehicles due to maintenance to find the best moment for changing engine oil. Oil samples were taken randomly from cars that came to an authorized service facility for maintenance, comprising a wide range from the first to the fifth servicing. Oil samples were initially evaluated in a laboratory using a viscometer and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy in conformity with industry standards. The samples were then evaluated using an integrated sensor system developed and built by the au... Read More

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The results of operational tests of engine oil at extended replacement intervals in the conditions of ordinary operation of equipment by monitoring the dynamics of changes in the physical and chemical properties of engine oil are presented. The purpose of the research is to establish the relationship between changes in the physicochemical parameters of motor oils and the content of wear products of engine parts.

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Analytical information is presented on the development and implementation of new technical requirements for the performance properties of motor oils and new methods of testing them in the specifications for promising automotive engines, taking into account global trends in environmental protection. Taking into account the latest diesel designs, the European Association of Automakers (Association des Constructeures Europe'enes d Automobiles - ACEA) has updated the specifications for engine oils for high-power diesels this year, including low-viscosity oils with an extended shift interval. The changes do not directly concern the assessment of the energy-saving properties of motor oils - saving fuel consumption when using them. ACEA is updating its specifications for heavy-duty heavy-duty diesel engines three years later than their originally planned adoption by the end of 2018. Two new oil categories E8 and E11 have been added to the 2022 ACEA specification with simultaneous replacement of categories E6 and E9, respectively, declared obsolete. The possibility of using potentially new ... Read More

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Abstract A new stoichiometric FTIR Base Number (BN) method of significant utility and analytical benefit to the tribology sector has been developed, providing ASTM D4739comparable BN results in lieu of titration in a fraction of the time. Thirtysix new/inservice oils analysed by both methods were linearly related with a betweenmethod accuracy of ~1.0 BN and a withinFTIR method reproducibility of ~0.50 BN. Acid pK a differences and the comparative similarity of the FTIR results to HCl titration are discussed, including analytical benefits. It provides a rapid means of producing quality ASTMcomparable results, taking ~1 min/sample for spectral analysis versus 3040 min for potentiometric titration. Method protocols are best suited to an open architecture FTIR accessory but can be readily adapted to flow cell equipped FTIRs. As structured, ASTMlike results are obtained rapidly with a major analytical environmental/maintenance footprint reduction, being ideally suited for inservice lubricant or research labs analysing 2050 samples/day.

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A system for determining when to change lubricating fluids in machines, comprising a radiation source, a radiation detector, and a processing device. The system monitors the lubricating fluid for the presence of particles, such as metal flakes, by passing radiation through the fluid and analyzing the transmitted radiation. When particles are detected, the system determines their concentration and generates an alert to change the lubricating fluid when the concentration exceeds a predetermined threshold.

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Abstract: This study aimed to predict the functional group changes in the natural form to hydrogenated form of vegetable oils using FTIR spectroscopic method. The edible oil, which are palm oil, groundnut oil, sesame oil, and vanaspathi(hydrogenated vegetable oil) were observed with relative intensities of the peak and characteristic area percentage of peaks. It is found that trans fatty acids at the peak of 966.34cm-1 in the region of 980-960cm-1 strong C=C bending vibration due to the presence of alkene disubstituted (trans) observed in the hydrogenated form of vegetable oil. Because the nutritional composition of the vegetable oil is intensely reduced and long-term consumption will bringadversative health problems for humans. Keywords: FTIR, Palm oil, Groundnut oil, Sesame oil, Vanaspathi, Transfats

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Engine oil condition and tribological performance are strongly interrelated. Accordingly, oil condition monitoring is common in various applications. This is especially important, as oil condition depends on the fueling and utilization profile of an internal combustion engine. Common practice involves the measurement of various parameters, such as the total acid number and total base number, oxidation, nitration, viscosity, and elemental composition; thus, it can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. This study provides a methodology for rapid analysis for large vehicle fleets or sample sizes, using only Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and the subsequent multivariate data analysis offers a rapid alternative to commonly available methods. The described method provides a rapid, cost-efficient, and intuitive approach to uncovering differences in the oil condition. Furthermore, understanding the underlying reasons in engine construction and the resulting chemical degradation is also possible.

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Abstract Because of the high temperatures involved, undesirable ignition events can happen during gas turbine operation, often necessitating expensive down time and repairs. The ignition events are frequently linked to the lubricant, a flammable mixture of large hydrocarbons with a very low vapor pressure. To understand better the role of the lubricant in such ignition events, increased understanding of the fundamental thermal and oxidation characteristics of such oils is needed. To this end, a suite of different tests has been set up and demonstrated at the TEES Turbomachinery Laboratory at Texas A&M University (TAMU) to study various aspects of lubrication oil breakdown and oxidation at elevated temperatures, mostly those related to their coking and ignition behaviors. Five types of tests have been implemented: ignition delay time measurements using a shock tube; hot surface ignition (HSI); autoignition temperature (AIT) determination; thermal cook-off under controlled heating; and a high-temperature coking experiment. Such tests can be used both for fundamental understanding o... Read More

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Climate change is an unavoidable global problem we must face sooner rather than later.Regulatory bodies are raising standards.One of these is for automotive manufacturers to decrease engine carbon-dioxide emissions, closely linked with fuel consumption, heavily influenced by the type of engine oil used.Engine bench tests are an accurate way to test the effectiveness of engine oils on fuel economy.This study aimed to develop a new method for engine oil testing in a moderate size, state-of-theart engine.Based on the literature overview, a test procedure was developed that was tested with three very different engine oils.Results confirm that with this new method, the differences between oil grades can be adequately measured and it is an efficient tool for further engine oil developments.It has the advantage that it needs a much lower amount of fuel than other test procedures and as a result, it is much easier to convert to current engines.

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Viscosity is considered to be a key factor in the quality of lubrication by oil and engine manufacturers and is therefore one of the most monitored parameters of lubricants. FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectrometry in combination with Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Principal Component Regression (PCR) was therefore proposed and tested as an alternative to the standardized method for determining the kinematic viscosity at 100 C with an Ubbelohde capillary viscometer (CSN EN ISO 3104) of worn-out motor oil grade SAE 15W-40. The FTIR-PLS model in the spectral region of 1750650 cm1 with modification of the spectra by the second derivative proved to be the most suitable. A significant dependence of R = 0.95 was achieved between the viscosity values of 190 samples of worn-out motor oils, which were determined by a standardized laboratory method, and the values predicted by the FTIR-PLS model. The Root Mean Square Error of Calibration (RMSEC) parameter reached 0.148 mm2s1 and the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) parameter reached 0.190 mm2s1. The proposed method for ... Read More

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The aim of this paper is to compare the results of kinematic viscosity of lubricating oils measurements at 40 C, obtained with three different rapid evaluation devices, and the standardized method using an Ubbelohde Capillary viscometer. The following instruments were selected to measure: a mid-FTIR spectrophotometer, a microchannel viscometer, and a Stabinger viscometer. The study material comprised 42 fresh engine oils, all of which are commercially available. The main data analysis tools used in the study were multiple regression, Mahala Nobis distance, post-hoc analysis, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with the Bonferroni correction. Consistent outcomes were obtained for the Stabinger viscometer only, whereas the microchannel viscometer and the mid-FTIR spectrophotometer were not as precise as the reference method. It was also found that the results obtained with the use of the mid-FTIR spectrophotometer were burdened with a very large measurement error. Therefore, a very careful approach is suggested when choosing these instruments. The study fills an important gap in empiric... Read More

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System and method for diagnosing engine conditions using oil analysis. The system analyzes particles extracted from engine oil to determine exposure temperatures and operating conditions of engine components. The analysis compares particle composition to reference data to identify specific components and their corresponding exposure temperatures. The system generates a diagnosis based on the exposure temperatures and provides maintenance recommendations to prevent engine failure.

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For maintenance of engine, analysis of used oil plays an important part. It not only provides us with the information about the condition of the oil and its suitability for further use, but it can tell us about the condition of the machinery lubricated by the oil. In this review paper, comparison is made of the previous findings and work done on used engine oil by FTIR spectroscopy, and also various spectral locations of the impurities and parameters are determined.

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The aim of the present study is to test the feasibility of a compact/low cost MWIR spectrometer in the detection of adulterants in fuels by means of the differentiation between oils and alcohols, and by the other hand, in identifying different kind of edible oils in order to be used for the quality control of oils inside the Food industry.In this work a set of edible oils together with alcohols were used to assess the ability of a compact and low cost MWIR spectrometer to distinguish between different long-chained alcohols and the fatty acids which compose the vegetable oils.The results obtained confirm that the compact and low cost MWIR device is able to differentiate between oils and alcoholic compounds and also between long and short chain alcohols by means of chemometrical tools such as a Principal Component and MANOVA analysis.

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This research aims to present asphaltene fraction of oil by FTIR spectrum technique. For this purpose, three different oil samples with various SARA contents and almost identical API degrees were utilized in this research. Two asphaltenic oil samples were referred to as 'A' and 'B', and the aliphatic oil sample was named as 'C'. First of all, the asphaltene fraction was extracted through the IP-143 test. The possible chemical bonds and functional groups were identified through NMR tests. Then, the FTIR spectrums of the oil samples and the extracted corresponding asphaltene fractions were taken. The interpretations were used to find the functional groups in the FTIR of the oil samples that belong to the asphaltene fractions. Among the investigated oil samples, no asphaltene related peak with a unique assignment was observed for the FTIR for sample 'A'. The FTIR of oil sample 'C' showed amine related peaks, which belonged to the asphaltene fraction. Also, the alcohol and amine related peaks, which correspond to the asphaltene fraction, were detected in the FTIR of the oil sample 'B'. A... Read More

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Spectroscopic techniques provide complementary information about oil authenticity. Adulteration of commercial oils has been observed. ATR-FTIR and 1 H NMR pointed out alterations in SFA and omega-3 content. Alterations in TAG regiospecific positions have been observed. Regiospecific analysis highlighted further authenticity problems. Problems related to oil authenticity make it difficult to obtain the benefits associated with each type of vegetable oil. Fraudulent practices have been revealed by several targeted and nontargeted methods. In this paper, spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1 H NMR, and 13 C NMR) were applied to determine the chemical profiles of 23 Brazilian commercial vegetable oils obtained from five different high-value aggregated matrices (andiroba, babassu, baru, castor, and sweet almond oils) and investigate their adulteration, by comparison with the corresponding reference samples. Each technique is useful for the particular information it provides: differences in free fatty acids by FT-IR; adulteration with omega-3-enriched oils by 1 H NMR, and adulterati... Read More

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Present research work deals with refining of car engine used lubricating oil into base oil by solvent extraction using hexane and ethyl acetate. The extracted oil was further diluted by making various solvents to extract oil ratios, to determine the physiochemical parameters such as acid values, viscosity, specific gravity and refractive index. Percent sludge removal (PSR) and percent oil loss (POL) was calculated for determining the performance of the extraction process and quality of re-refined oil. Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) analysis has also been done to study the changes in used and unused car engine lubricating oil.

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Method and system for diagnosing engine condition through analysis of lubricating fluid. The method involves obtaining a lubricating fluid sample, filtering out particles, determining their surface chemical compositions, comparing them to reference compositions associated with corrosion, and determining the level of corrosion based on the comparison. The system comprises a processor and memory executing program code to perform these steps.

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Several oils have been reported as nutritional source and providing potential benefits for human life. Oil adulteration becomes major issue due to economical attempt to reduce the price of high cost oils. The employment of FTIR spectroscopy combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique can be applied in oils authentication study. Two of R software packages namely factoextra and FactoMineR were exploited to perform PCA for analysis sixteen various oils from market in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The results showed that PCA model have been successfully generated using these two statistical packages. Individual plot, variable plot, and biplot were presented to visualize the PCA model. It was also proved that extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has similar chemical characteristics to palm oil (PO) as reported in the previous study.

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Method for evaluating lubricating oils for internal combustion engines that reduces testing time and cost. The method involves a laboratory test to determine a three-dimensional temperature/viscosity/shear rate characteristic diagram of the oil, followed by a check against predefined criteria to assess the oil's suitability as a lubricant.

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The primary objective of the research was to compare the viscosity parameters of the same viscosity grade engine oils, as declared by the manufacturers, to the actual laboratory measurements. The secondary objective was to briefly investigate (1) what kind of information oil manufacturers provide in the product data sheets of the studied oils, and (2) the potential savings resulting from the use of the energy efficient oils. The study material consisted of 42 selected synthetic engine oils that belong to the 5W-30 viscosity grade. Stabinger SVM 3001 viscometer was used to determine kinematic viscosity at 20 C, 40 C, 100 C and 130 C. The HTHS (high temperature high shear), CCS (cold cranking simulator), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and GC (Gas Chromatography) measurements were also performed for the samples that had the lowest and the highest kinematic viscosity. Large differences (525%) between oil producers declarations and the results of laboratory tests were found. Although all of the engine oils tested met the 5W-30 grade standards, the high variability o... Read More

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This paper presents the results of practical mechanical tests of motor oils, their specifications and characteristics and the effect of their physical and chemical properties on the performance of the engine. The performance of the engine has a strong relation with the engine oil type and efficiency. The degree of stability of oils properties is very important because if oil or lubricants lose their properties, mechanical and chemical excessive corrosion of the motor metals may occur. Consequently, damage occurs to one or more parts of the engine, thereby the system is breaking down where the cost of downtime is too expensive. It has been found that a higher viscosity value is not the optimum as it increases temperature and energy consumption due to frictional losses. The values required for viscosity is the ideals that gives the stable results regardless temperature variations under any conditions of operation, at which the power losses are minimal and the fuel economy is optimal.

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A sensing system for monitoring properties of industrial fluids, comprising a sensor with a sensing region in contact with the fluid, electrodes, and a sensing region circuit generating an electrical stimulus with multiple frequencies. The system includes one or more processors analyzing the impedance response of the sensing region to determine contaminant concentration, acid concentration, or base concentration in the fluid. The sensing region circuit includes an inductor-capacitor-resistor (LCR) resonant circuit, and the system can determine properties such as water, acid, base, and fuel concentration in engine oil.

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A method for determining remaining engine oil life in an engine, comprising: determining reference engine oil lubrication data based on mechanical testing of an oil sample from the reference engine; generating a reference model by associating the reference engine profile data with the reference engine oil lubrication data; measuring engine parameters of an engine of the engine apparatus; and determining remaining life of engine oil in the engine of the engine apparatus using the reference model and the engine parameters.

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Abstract The processes of degradation of engine oils operated in passenger cars of a uniform fleet of 25 vehicles were analyzed for oxidation content using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. As part of the experiment, the changes in engine oils occurring during actual operation (under conditions which can be described as harsh, i.e., short distance driving, frequent starting of the engine, and extended engine idling) have been observed. An evaluation of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of an engine oil sample was presented. The infrared spectra of both fresh and used oils were recorded with the Thermo Nicolett IS5. The tests were conducted according to the Appendix A2 of ASTM 2412. For the used engine oil differentiation process, FTIR spectra were analyzed in the regions of 1,7002,000 cm 1 and 3,600-3,700 cm 1 . The FTIR spectrometry is demonstrated to be effective for the analysis and monitoring of processes of oxidation and shown to provide rapid and accurate information relating to the aging process of engine oils. The results may facilitate decision-makin... Read More

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