Friction Modifier Lubricant Additives for Combustion Engines

A lubricity modifier for oil products, comprising a compound having the structure of formula (I): R1-R2-C(=O)-N(R3)-C(=O)-R4, wherein R1-R4 are independently selected from alkyl, aryl, and alkylaryl groups, and R3 is a nitrogen-containing group. The compound exhibits good lubricity improving performance in various oil products and has good stability.

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Engine oils undergoes various chemical and physical changes during its lifetime, which can result in reduced lubricant performance and affect fuel economy. The efficiency of engine oils is determined by additives in the lubricant. Molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) is a friction modifier that has been used in automotive engines. However, decomposition mechanism of MoDTC in commercial engine lubricant is not fully understood.

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A lubricant composition for internal combustion engines that achieves improved fuel economy without compromising lubricant life or engine cleanliness. The composition combines low-viscosity, low-volatility base oils with ashless succinimide dispersants, and can include additional additives such as antiwear agents, detergents, and friction modifiers. The base oils have a kinematic viscosity of less than 3.7 cSt at 100°C and a NOACK volatility of less than 25 wt%. The composition is suitable for use in 0W-XX multi-grade engine oils.

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Abstract In-cylinder internal combustion engine parasitic frictional losses continue to be an area of interest to improve efficiency and reduce emissions. This study investigates the frictional behavior at the oil control ringcylinder liner conjunction of lubricants with anti-wear additives, varying dispersant concentration, and a range of friction modifiers. Experiments are conducted at a range of temperatures on a cylinder liner with a nickel silicon carbide coating. A novel motored reciprocating tribometer, with a complete three-piece oil control ring and cylinder liner, was used to isolate the friction at the segmentliner interfaces. Four lubricants were tested, three with the same 3% dispersant concentration and 1% zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) anti-wear additive: the first with no friction modifier, the second with inorganic friction modifier (molybdenum dithiocarbamates), and the third with organic friction modifier (amide). A fourth lubricant with an organic friction modifier with a 9% dispersant concentration was tested to compare the effect of the level of dispersan... Read More

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In today's world, energy efficiency is one of the key factors in the development of technologies. Particular attention is paid to internal combustion engines (ICE), which are actively used in various industries and transport. Since overcoming friction consumes up to a quarter of the energy resources consumed, one of the promising tools for improving the energy efficiency of these engines is the use of friction modifiers in lubricants. The article considers the main types of antifriction additives with a brief description of the mechanisms of their action, the main advantages and disadvantages, tested the most common friction modifiers of different nature in the composition of 10w-40 API CI-4 oil on the friction machine 2070 SMT-1 and quantitatively shows the difference in the effectiveness of the selected additives, made conclusions about the most effective additives and dosages of input, as well as the factors limiting the introduction of lyophilic molybdenum modifiers.

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Friction and wear play crucial roles in automotive engine performances and their efficiency. Overall, 40% of fuel power loss occurs in friction of various components of the engine. Frictional loss between piston rings and cylinder liner assembly contributes major loss of fuel power in the automotive engine and it is about 15% of total fuel power loss occurs due to friction. In the present scenario, thin film coating techniques are in trend to enhance the mechanical and tribological properties of machine components. In this paper, different types of wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, and antifriction coating materials and their characteristics are discussed. Also, carbon-based coatings, nitride coating, carbide coating, oxide coating, and the intermixing of counterparts of coating material to form a composite coating, multilayer coating, and varying their percentage elemental composition composite are reviewed and compared. The synergistic effect of coating with texturing over the piston ring is discussed. Finally, recent developments and new possibilities of coatings that can be em... Read More

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<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This document covers the mechanisms from the power cylinder, which contribute to the mechanical friction of an internal combustion engine. It will not discuss in detail the influence of other engine components or engine driven accessories on friction.</div> </div>

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Friction and wear between sliding surfaces can lead to various issues in industrial applications, such as increased costs, reduced machine lifespan, loss of functionality, energy loss, and decreased system efficiency. To mitigate these problems, lubricants and coatings are commonly employed. This study aims to investigate the impact of coatings and lubrication on friction coefficient, wear volume loss, and lubricant temperature using the block-on-ring wear test. The effectiveness of different coatings (uncoated, DLC, CrN, and TiALN) and lubricants (anti-friction graphene oxide additive oil and strong nano engine oil additive) in reducing friction and wear is evaluated. The block-on-ring tests are conducted under varying loads (6-60 N), speeds (1450 rpm), lubricant volumes (40 ml), and durations (2-20 min). The coefficient of friction is measured using an inline load cell, wear volume loss is determined by weighing the blocks before and after the experiment, and lubricant temperature is monitored using thermocouples. The results indicate that the coefficient of friction decreases with... Read More

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Experimental studies of the effect of adding the antifriction additive Multi-Tech-Conditioner to lubricating oil on the power of mechanical losses of a rotary piston engine were carried out, the purpose of which was to reduce the cost of potential energy of a compressed working fluid to overcome friction forces. The experimental data obtained make it possible to estimate the value of irretrievable losses of the available power of a rotary piston engine at the stage of its design and operation. Experimentally, a positive effect of the addition of the Multi-Tech-Conditioner antifriction additive to lubricating oil on the change in the power of mechanical losses of the engine was established, which was reflected in a decrease in total losses over the entire operational range of change in the rotor speed by 11.8 %. As a result of the research, it was determined that the losses for pumping strokes (gas exchange) in a rotary piston engine amount to 31.6 % of the total power of mechanical losses. An assessment was made of change in the mechanical efficiency of a rotary piston engine with a ... Read More

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Purpose This paper aims to determine a suitable anti-wear and friction-reducing compounding additive for lithium greases (LG) by investigating the effects of three single additives potassium borate (PB), zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate and molybdenum dialkyl dithiophosphate (MoDDP) and two compound additives on the friction, wear and extreme pressure properties of LG. Design/methodology/approach The effects of the above five additives on the friction, wear and extreme pressure properties of LG were investigated using an SRV-5 friction tester. An X-ray photoelectron spectrometer was used to analyze the various elements presented on the wear surface as well as the types of compounds. Findings The compound additive suitable for grease consists of PB and MoDDP, which have excellent friction reduction, anti-wear and extreme pressure properties. And a boundary protection film consisting of oxide and MoS 2 is formed on the friction surface, thus improving the friction reduction and anti-wear performance of the grease. Originality/value This study can improve the anti-wear and friction-reductio... Read More

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Abstract This paper mainly studies the tribological performance of friction pairs and poor lubrication during piston movement. Based on the average Reynolds equation and comprehensively considering the variable viscosity and variable density characteristics of lubricating oil, a transient hydrodynamic lubrication model of the piston ring-cylinder liner friction pair is established. By solving the established lubrication model, the lubricating oil film thickness value, friction value and other parameters that can characterize the lubrication performance of the friction pair throughout the cycle are obtained, whilst revealing the surface roughness, lubricating oil viscosity and piston ring barrel surface height. And the influence mechanism of the friction performance of the friction pair is presented on the basis of the previous analysis. The research shows that improving the surface roughness of the piston ring will help to improve the lubrication, increasing the viscosity of lubricating oil will help to improve the lubricating performance of friction pairs and reduce the peak frictio... Read More

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To expand the applications of polymer friction modifiers in low viscosity oils suitable for hybrid power systems, the tribological properties of five kinds of oil samples at different temperatures were studied, which were compounded with polymer friction modifiers Perfad XG 2500, molybdenum dialkyl dithiocarbamate (MoDTC), zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP). When Perfad XG 2500 is used alone, it forms a brush-like surface film at low temperatures, which can provide lower initial friction. With the rise in temperature, its antifriction effect decreases significantly, which is related to the desorption behavior of physical film. When Perfad XG 2500 is combined with MoDTC, it has the best synergistic antifriction effect, and the average friction coefficient is reduced by a maximum of 20.83% (90 C). Its friction coefficients decrease significantly with the increase in temperature due to the dissociation process of MoDTC catalyzed by high temperature. However, there are many furrows on the worn surfaces, and the sharp features of the profiles are obvious. When Perfad XG 2500 is combined... Read More

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In the developing fields of automobile, a vital role has been played by Internal Combustion Engines. The performance of Internal combustion engines depends on the combustion process that occur in the engine's core. The heat energy delivered in combustion should be converted into practical work in considerable amounts to achieve better engine efficiency. Some of the losses that occur in the engine reduce the conversion percentage of heat into work. The frictional loss contributes a key role in reduction of IC engine's efficiency. As the IC engine consists of several moving components, the friction generated against the total power delivered is assumed to be high. A proper lubricating system with a suitable lubricant and desired properties reduces friction and increases engine performance. In this work, the experimental evaluation on a four-stroke CI engine with a twin-cylinder was carried out using commercial lubricants SAE 40 & SAE 60 and the blend of those conventional lubricants along with viscosity index improver PMA. The current work concentrates on experimental analysis of desir... Read More

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Abstract Downsizing in spark-ignited engines becomes one of the most effective concepts to achieve fuel economy and emissions requirements and drives operating conditions of major moving engine components into more mixed and boundary lubrication regimes. Piston ring design faces considerable challenge to reduce friction losses, oil consumption, blow-by, and wear. Surface coatings have received great attention in applications of automotive engine components due to their unique friction properties. In this study, an elasticplastic contact model of rough surfaces with hard coatings is used to provide proper design of the ring coating thickness concerning the plasticity-yielding resistance of stiff coating. A diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating with surface hardness higher than current production ring coatings has been evaluated in additive-free base oil and fully formulated engine oil under boundary and mixed lubrication conditions. The friction behavior of the coated material relative to uncoated materials is compared in boundary and mixed lubrication regimes. A traction-merging rolling... Read More

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Microencapsulated friction modifiers for lubricants that survive harsh engine conditions and release additives as needed. The microcapsules are designed with controlled porosity and surface charge to enable diffusion-release of additives and pass through oil filters. They can contain multiple additives, including friction modifiers, antioxidants, and antiwear agents, and are triggered to release by thermal, shear, or temperature set points. The microcapsules are produced using novel processing methods that enable consistent wall thickness, shape, and mechanical strength, overcoming limitations of conventional microencapsulation techniques.

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A method for producing a stable, oil-soluble organometallic salt composition comprising copper, comprising reacting copper carbonate particles with a carboxylic acid at a lower temperature and pressure than conventional methods, resulting in a faster reaction rate and higher conversion of the metal carbonate to the organometallic salt. The resulting composition is useful as a lubricant additive that reduces friction and provides wear protection, and is soluble in a wide variety of hydrocarbon oils.

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As one of the important friction pairs of a diesel engine, the cylinder-liner piston ring (CL-PR) faces a harsh high-temperature working environment. To explore the mapping relationship between the friction performance of the CL-PR and the change in temperature, the reciprocating-friction and wear-testing machine was used to analyze the friction performance and lubrication performance of four kinds of lubricating oil at different temperatures (room temperature, 60 C, 90 C, and 120 C) from the friction coefficient, contact resistance and surface topography. The results show that the tribological properties of the four lubricating oils show different trends with the increase in temperature. The friction coefficient of the base oil first decreases and then increases with the increase in temperature; this shows that the friction property of the base oil is improved by a certain temperature rise, and the increase in temperature promotes the formation of an oxide film and reduces the friction coefficient. While the friction coefficient of other three lubricating oils with specific appli... Read More

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The paper highlights the results of anti-friction and anti-wear tests of samples of lubricating media containing a layered friction modifier - molybdenum diselenide. The main variable test conditions are the load on the test samples, volume concentration of the layered friction modifier in the lubricating oil, preliminary storage time of the lubricating composition before testing. The main evaluation criteria are the mass wear of samples, wear intensity, friction coefficient. Each of the eight test cycles was implemented on a tribotechnical installation of an original design using a cylindrical contact type. The resource indicators transferred from the model conditions of the tests to the real tribological unit ring-cylinder of a marine diesel engine 6ChSP 18/22 were evaluated. According to the results of tribological studies, the effect of increasing the load on the model friction unit of the installation, containing a cylindrical wear pair of alloyed gray cast iron, was revealed, as a result of which the mass wear of the annular movable sample increases, and the resource transfer... Read More

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Anti-wear (AW) additives and friction modifiers (FMs) and their interactions in lubricants are critical to tribological performance.

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As the power core of automobile-internal combustion engine, the friction power consumption of piston-liner system friction pair is as high as about 50% of the friction loss of the whole internal combustion engine. After thousands of years of evolution, species in the biological world have formed excellent body surface structures to resist friction and wear. This paper intends to apply the self-lubricating earthworm surface shape to the piston skirt, which is the main friction pair in internal combustion engine, and study the macroscopic fluid lubrication state of the whole piston skirt with bionic shape. CLX-2V engine was used as experimental carrier. Through the change of oil film thickness caused by thermal-mechanical coupling deformation of piston skirt, combined with the average Reynolds equation, the hydrodynamic pressure of lubricating oil, shear stress and skirt friction force are obtained to verify the contribution of bionic shape to piston drag reduction, wear reduction, wetting increase and friction power consumption. The results of simulation and test show that the lubrica... Read More

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