Hydrotreatment for Re-Refining Lubricants

Integrated plant for regeneration and recovery of waste industrial and engine oils, comprising a module for removing moisture and fuel fractions, a diagnostics and monitoring module, a quality control module, and an additive application module, all connected through high-pressure hydraulic circuits and reservoirs for oil, additives, and vapors. The plant features automated recirculation circuits with sensors and centrifuges for continuous oil purification and quality monitoring.

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This study investigates the hydrotreating characteristics of the vacuum gas oil (VGO) fraction of partially upgraded bitumen (PUB), an alternative refinery feedstock from Canadian oil sand bitumen with processability requirements that are yet to be understood. Hydrotreating experiments were conducted in a continuous hydroprocessing pilot plant using VGOs from PUB prepared in-house via thermal cracking and solvent deasphalting, as well as VGOs from unprocessed bitumen and light crude oil as points of comparison. Blends of VGOs from PUB and light crude oil were also tested. The VGOs from PUB were higher in sulfur, nitrogen, aromatics and resins combined, and contained olefins. The hydrotreating experiments were designed to determine the working temperature to desulfurize and denitrogenate a given VGO feed to levels that would be acceptable for further processing in a refining scheme with fluid catalytic cracking and/or hydrocracking units. Hydrotreating the VGOs from PUB proved more difficult than the VGOs from unprocessed bitumen and light crude oil, requiring a 515 C rise in reacti... Read More

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This paper reports the co-hydrotreatment of the heavy bio-oil fraction with waste cooking oil (WCO) using the NiMo/-Al2O3 catalyst, followed by the distillation of the resulting deoxygenated oil and the characterization of the resulting fuel cuts. The heavy Biomass Technology Group (BTG) bio-oil fraction was obtained by removing the very reactive light-oxygenated compounds via rotary evaporation and subsequently mixed with 1-butanol. The resulting oil was blended with WCO and subjected to a two-step co-hydrotreatment process. The first step, called "stabilization," was aimed at saturating highly reactive hydrogen-deficient compounds. The second step, called "deoxygenation," aimed to remove bio-oil oxygen, primarily as H2O. This study examined the impact of varying bio-oil concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 wt % of WCO) on the upgraded oil's yield, composition, and fuel properties. The resulting hydrotreated oil was distilled into gasoline-range, kerosene-range, and diesel-range hydrocarbons at <150, 150250, and 250350 C, respectively. The yield of the hydrotreated oil indicated th... Read More

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The main objective of the manuscript is to investigate mild hydrotreatment upgrading of hydrothermal liquefaction biocrude to improve its stability and energy content. To that end, biocrude hydrotreatment was performed, exploring three different operating windows in order to examine the effect of reaction temperature and hydrogen supply on deoxygenation reactions. A typical NiMo/Al2O3 hydrotreating catalyst was utilized while the experiments were performed in a continuous-flow TRL 3 hydrotreatment plant. The results show that the resulting product has a higher carbon content as compared to the raw feed. The oxygenated compounds were removed, leading to a product with almost zero oxygen and water content, with high energy density. The reaction pathways during the hydrotreatment upgrading of biocrude were investigated via GC-MS analysis and presented in detail in the manuscript. In general, the hydrotreating process was able to improve the quality of the initial biocrude, allowing easier handling and storing for further upgrading, or to be used as an intermediate refinery stream.

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Various technological processes are applied in the field of modern oil refining. Each of the processes in turn is implemented by many technological schemes and methods. These technological processes form the basis of many simple processes in oil refining and chemical production. In this way, learning processes are facilitated. They process oil and its products using various processes. This article describes the process of refining of the diesel fraction in a circulating medium comprising hydrogen gas at high pressure and temperature, to remove organosulfur compounds. Keywords: diesel fuel, hydraulic treating, filter, energy efficiency, energy saving

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This book focuses on the various refinery products, product improvement processes, and solvent processes that are used in the refining industry and the processes used in product improvement to ensure products meet sales specifications. This accessible book is written for engineers, scientists, students, and academics wanting an update on crude oil processing and insight into the direction of the industry. Key features: Describes the development of technologies for a variety of feedstocks, including heavy feedstocks utilizing advanced pre-treatment processing and hydrotreating. Presents the initial refining processes and prepares for the new changes and evolution of the industry, including the role of biomass in the future refinery. Analyses catalyst deactivation mechanism for developing optimum technologies for processing feedstocks with low reactivity. Includes an extensive glossary which will be beneficial for non-technical readers.

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This article explores the processing of high-sulfur petroleum products into low-sulfur fuels without harming the environment. Specifically, it discusses the implementation of EURO-3 standards at the Bukhara Oil Refinery in Uzbekistan since 2022. The study examines the hydrodesulfurization process used to treat high-sulfur heavy fractions of oil. The primary aim of the research is to improve the method of oxidative regeneration of hydrotreating catalysts. Modern techniques are proposed for restoring the activity of used catalysts, one of which involves regeneration with a steam-air mixture. This new method offers numerous advantages over traditional approaches, including significant savings in energy and materials, reduced process duration, and decreased emissions of harmful gases into the environment. Consequently, this method not only enhances production efficiency but also plays a crucial role in protecting both the environment and human health.

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In the recycling of waste lubricating oil, the rapid deactivation of catalysts during the hydrotreating process limits its industrial application. In this paper, a three-reactor process is proposed for the...

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The accumulation of oily waste increases annually with the growth in crude oil demand. Its toxicity and high heating value present both opportunities and challenges for treatment technologies. In recent years, the emergence of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) has promoted advancements in low-toxicity extraction processes. Leveraging the advantages of HDES and addressing the challenges posed by real oily sawdust (with a 67.9 % oil content), this study presents a novel green HDES solvent composed of ethyl maltol and fatty acids, accompanied by a corresponding extraction process. At a low temperature of 60 C, the process achieved impressive results: an oil extraction efficiency close to 86.3 %, a dehydration rate exceeding 92.2 %, and a heavy metal removal rate ranging from 15 % to 75 %. In the exploration of solvents recycling, pH-switching facilitated the deprotonation and protonation of phenol-fatty acid HDES, promoting effective recovery of the oil phase. Even after 5 cycles, the oil extraction rate could still be maintained above 75 %. It is worth noting that the regenera... Read More

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The increased consumption and production of petroleum products have led to a rise in the volumes of used motor oils, which has become an urgent issue in terms of ecology and economic feasibility. The production and use of motor oils involve complex processes associated with significant energy and financial expenses. Therefore, there is a growing interest in finding effective solutions for the rejuvenation and processing of used motor oils for further utilization. This would reduce the negative environmental impact and preserve natural resources. The purpose of this scientific article is to conduct an analysis of the feasibility of motor oil recovery and evaluate the economic viability of their subsequent use in petroleum refining processes. Through a systematic study of this issue, we aim to identify optimal approaches to the recovery and rational use of used motor oils, contributing to the creation of a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy system. To achieve this goal, we will examine existing motor oil recovery technologies, their effectiveness, advantages, and disa... Read More

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The present work, on an experimental basis, consists of an analysis and treatment of used motor oil (used oil collected by NAFTAL stored at the port of Algiers). For this, we carried out tests in the laboratory in order to develop an adequate re-refining process. First we made a comparative analysis between the sample taken from a storage tank and a new engine oil produced in the Arzew refinery. The results of these analysis allowed us to identify the different stages of the process of regeneration (Pre-treatment, metal removal by a chemical agent, a finishing treatment by passage through the bentonite and filtration). This process has enabled us to eliminate most of the impurities and the optimization of different parameters, the engine oil obtained at the end of the process is a basic oil ready to be used again.

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A method for upgrading hydrocarbon feed streams to produce higher value products, comprising: hydrotreating an aromatic feed stream to produce a hydrogen-rich effluent; combining the hydrogen-rich effluent with a heavy fraction of the feed stream; and hydrotreating the combined stream to produce a second product effluent. The method enables improved hydrogenation and hydroprocessing of the feedstock by utilizing the hydrogen-rich effluent as a donor solvent during the second hydrotreating step.

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The production of renewable fuels by co-hydrotreating is considered a very promising solution to make use of the existing petroleum refining infrastructure. Differently to stand-alone hydrotreating, co-hydrotreating requires lower investment costs. To design a co-hydrotreating of vegetable oil and gas oil, various issues need to be properly examined. This work reports an extensive review and discussion of such issues to provide a clear understanding of the effects on feedstocks, operating conditions, catalysts, corrosion, and product quality. The discussion also includes the challenges for modeling and simulation of co-hydrotreating processes.

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Written by an industry expert with over 50 years of experience, this book details the various solvent processes that are used in crude oil refineries. Providing an in-depth exploration of the different types of processes, as well as the types of feedstocks that can be used with them, this book prepares readers for changes as the industry evolves. Key Features: Describes feedstock evaluation and the effects of elemental, chemical, and fractional composition Contains an extensive glossary of all related concepts in hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes Considers next-generation processes and developments This book is an essential guide for engineers, scientists, and students in the field of petroleum processing and refining technology, including professionals, technicians, management personnel, and academics.

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This study proposed and experimentally investigated a novel approach to hydrogenation of light cycle oil (LCO) into components of winter and arctic diesel fuels (DF) environmentally classified as K5 as per the Technical Regulation of the Customs Union (TR CU) 013/2011 On the requirements for automotive and aviation gasoline, diesel and marine fuels, jet fuels, and heating oils. The process design involves atmospheric distillation of LCO with EBP 300C followed by hydrotreating. Hydrogenates with low concentrations of total sulfur (10 mg/kg) and arenes (28.638.0 wt %) and adequate low-temperature properties (CFPP43C) were produced. An assessment of the physicochemical properties of the hydrogenates against applicable regulations for DF properties suggested that these hydrogenates can be effectively used as components of winter and arctic fuels by blending them into hydroisomerization diesel fractions (HIDF) and winter diesel fuels (WDF). An analysis of the main quality characteristics confirmed the feasibility of blending the LCO-derived hydrogenates into winter and arctic diese... Read More

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The need for virgin base oil is reduced and other resources are conserved during the refining of used, spent, or waste oils to make new lubricating oil. It is important to collect and recycle spent lubricating oil in order to protect the environment and natural resources. Although the lubricating oil itself remains unchanged after use, it becomes contaminated with combustion byproducts, deteriorated additives, water, and various dust particles during its time in the engine. The purpose of re-cycling is to eliminate degraded additives and impurities while restoring the oil's qualities to those specified by the Society of Automotive Engineers. Therefore, this study focuses on the extraction of engine oils utilizing a single solvent approach for re-cycling. The N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was used as the solvent. The used oil was gathered from vehicle repair stations. After being allowed for settling to removing large suspended particles, the oil was subjected to a sequence of physical treatment processes. The solvent recovery process was carried out by using rotary evaporator equipment with... Read More

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The purpose of this research was to evaluate the refining of used lubricating oils (ULOs), and their possible use as drilling fluids. 17 treatments were evaluated and sulfuric acid and nonylphenol were used as reagents at concentrations of 0.12, 0.24 and 0.36 g/mL and temperatures of 40, 60, 80 and 100 C. AT80 and AT100 ULOs treated at 80 and 100 C without reagents, presented an average density of 0.84 g/cm-3, a viscosity of 76.3 and 75.3 cP, an electrical stability of 1,731.3 and 1,394.6 V and a flash point of 183 and 190 C as higher. The ST40C1 and ST40C2 treatments, added with reagents, showed similar results to AT80 and AT100 in the evaluated variables, but they are more expensive treatments. According to the results, it is concluded that the refined ULO can be a substitute for the oil used in the formulation of oil-based drilling fluids.

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This specification establishes the material, manufacturing, and physical requirements for re-refined engine oil bottoms, also known as vacuum tower asphalt extender, that may be used in formulating asphalt for pavement construction and roofing. "Re-refined engine oil bottoms" (REOB) is the commonly used term used by many state highway agencies and FHWA, while "vacuum tower asphalt extender" (VTAE) is preferred by manufacturers. REOB/VTAE may be obtained by processing used engine oil using atmospheric distillation followed by vacuum distillation to produce a vacuum residuum meeting the requirements outlined in this specification. The REOB/VTAE shall be homogenous, free from water, and not foam when heated to 232C (450F).

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The article discusses the process of formation of deposits in the pipelines of the engine oil system and the factors affecting the conditions for their formation. The technological process of oxidation and the criteria for indicator parameters characterizing the thermolysis of used oil are shown. An extractive method is proposed that ensures the removal of deposits from the pipeline using special flushing process fluids based on regenerated petroleum oil. To search for cheap and efficient hydrocarbon raw materials, regenerated petroleum oils were chosen from among the renewable resources of oil refining. The proposed process fluid was prepared on the basis of low-viscosity spent and then purified petroleum oil. The viscosity of the petroleum oil was adjusted with the addition of petroleum kerosene or diesel. Diluted surfactant solutions were used as additives. and detergent additive (alkali metal salts). It was revealed that in the oil system of an automobile engine at high temperatures (200-350 0C) oil thermolysis occurs, and the resulting deposits contain asphaltenes, carbons and c... Read More

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Despite having detrimental impacts on the environment and human health, used engine oil is not properly disposed of in Ghana. However, used engine oil can be a valuable resource when recycled. This study investigates the recovery of base oils from used engine oils collected in one Ghanaian municipality. The used engine oils are re-refined either through acid-clay treatment or solvent extraction. Pour point, density, viscosity index, and total acid number of used engine oil and re-refined oils were measured in order to evaluate the two re-refining processes used and assess whether it is appropriate to reuse the re-refined oils as base oils. The pour point, total acid number, and viscosity index of the re-refined oils were significantly different from those of the used engine oils. The density of the re-refined oils varied little from that of the used engine oils (by 0.83% to 6.65%). These changes indicate the separation of some components, primarily impurities, from used engine oil as a result of re-refining. Compared to solvent extraction, acid-clay treatment was found to be less sel... Read More

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A process for upgrading heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks, such as crude oil, using low-pressure ebullated-bed hydroprocessing integrated with inline catalyst rejuvenation/regeneration. The process enables upgrading of heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks under relatively low pressure conditions in an ebullated-bed hydroprocessing zone to remove heteroatom-containing hydrocarbons. Catalyst particles are regenerated/rejuvenated and recycled back to the ebullated-bed hydroprocessing reaction zone, restoring catalytic activity while minimizing leaching of active components.

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A process for improving the yield of high-quality base oils from waxy hydrocarbon feedstocks, comprising: (1) separating the feedstock into light, medium, and heavy wax cuts through a distillation column; (2) hydrocracking the heavy wax cut to lower-boiling compounds; (3) isomerizing the hydrocracked product to produce a base oil with an acceptable cloud point; and (4) combining the isomerized product with the medium wax cut from the distillation column and further processing through hydrodewaxing and hydrofinishing reactors to produce a high-yield base oil product.

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Alternative methods and technologies for desulfurization of petroleum products in order to achieve compliance with marketable products are considered. The possibility of widespread use of unconventional desulfurization methodsallowing deep desulfurization of oil fractions is shown. A promising way to reduce the total sulfur contentin commercial petroleum products may be the combination of unconventional post-treatment methods with traditional hydrocatalytic processes. Unconventional methods, in particular wave desulfurization methods, should also be used to prepare oil for further processing at atmospheric and vacuum distillation plants.

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Hydrotreating whole crude oil before distillation to produce low-sulfur petroleum products, particularly suitable for tight oil with low heteroatom content. The process involves flash separation of the crude oil into lighter and heavier fractions, followed by hydrotreating of the heavier fraction in a single reactor, and then distillation to produce various petroleum products. This approach eliminates the need for multiple hydrotreating reactors and reduces hydrogen consumption compared to conventional refining processes.

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A process for preparing a hydrotreating and hydroconversion catalyst comprising an active phase of molybdenum and nickel/cobalt and an alumina matrix, characterized by a single-stage preparation process that combines the formation of the alumina support and the impregnation of the active phase. The process involves preparing an aqueous solution of aluminum precursors, bringing the precursors into contact, heating the mixture, and then adding a molybdenum precursor to form a clear solution. The solution is then mixed with the alumina precursor and shaped into a catalyst form, which is then dried and calcined to produce the final catalyst.

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This study describes the co-hydrotreating of mixtures of rapeseed oil (020 wt%) with a petroleum feedstock consisting of 90 wt% of straight run gas oil and 10 wt% of light cycle oil. The hydrotreating was carried out in a laboratory flow reactor using a sulfided NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst at a temperature of 345 C, the pressure of 4.0 and 8.0 MPa, a weight hourly space velocity of 1.0 h1 and hydrogen to feedstock ratio of 230 m3m3. All the liquid products met the EU diesel fuel specifications for the sulfur content (&lt;10 mgkg1). The content of aromatics in the products was very low due to the high hydrogenation activity of the catalyst and the total conversion of the rapeseed oil into saturated hydrocarbons. The addition of a depressant did not affect the cold filter plugging point of the products. The larger content of n-C17 than n-C18 alkanes suggested that the hydrodecarboxylation and hydrodecarbonylation reactions were preferred over the hydrodeoxygenation of the rapeseed oil. The hydrogen consumption increased with increasing pressure and the hydrogen consumption for the rapes... Read More

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The future of fuel supply will undoubtedly involve the utilization of heavy crude oils, including those from nonconventional sources, such as bitumen and oil shale. Because of their dense nature and poor compositional characteristics, heavy oils cannot be admitted straightly as refinery feeds, since the direct processing of such oils hardly produces engine fuels of commercial standard. The currently available refinery setups also require substantial retrofitting in order to process such heavy feeds. Thus, heavy oils must undergo an initial upgrading called hydrotreatment (HDT) by which the feeds are converted to qualified fuel oils or synthetic crude (syncrude) for easy handling. Removing the considerable amount of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds present in the heavy crude oils selectively by hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), respectively, is among the most critical and challenging aspects of the upgrading. However, the mechanism of these two reactions, in relation to different catalytic sites, temperature, pressure, and other operation variables, is no... Read More

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As petroleum products continue to be an inseparable part of our lives, so does the waste that is generated from these products, the prominent among them being the used lubricating oil. However, research shows that more than half of the used lube oil can be converted back to usable lubricant through the process of rerefining. This can certainly reduce the amount of waste oil in the environment and the need of crude oil extraction to a certain extent. As there are various different methods of rerefining, this work focused specifically on the method used widely in India, i.e., Vacuum distillation with Clay treatment. In this paper, the sustainability of the rerefining process was checked using the green chemistry principles and overall material balance of the process. Based on the assumptions made for the material balance, nearly 69.92% of lube oil base stock was obtained along with 11.13% fuel by - product and 12.14% residue, both of which have varied uses in the industry, thus producing additional profit.

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Abstract To regeneration of oils which are used in cars engines to lubricate its moving parts, and to get rid of highly contaminants which must be separated to reuse the engine oils. In the column chromatography, the waste oil was treaded as mobile phase (eluent) with petroleum ether (40-60C), while the red mud (alhuor) is a stationary phase for adsorbed the impurities. The effect of the new method using deepeutectic solvent (DESs Reline) as a kind of ionic liquids to help extract impurities by adsorption (choline chloride and urea). Moreover, some thermal and physicochemical properties like density, thermal and electrical conductivity, ash percentages, viscosity, specific gravity and pH values were determined. Values were determ.using TGA for blank oil for comparison and differential scanning calorimetric analyses (DSC).

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This study compares the hydrotreating of the mixture of petroleum middle distillates and the same mixture containing 20 wt % of rapeseed oil. We also study the effect of the temperature and the weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on the co-hydrotreating of gas oil and rapeseed oil mixture. The hydrotreating is performed over a commercial hydrotreating Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst at temperatures of ca. 320, 330, 340, and 350 C with a WHSV of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 h1 under a pressure of 4 MPa and at a constant hydrogen flow of 28 dm3h1. The total conversion of the rapeseed oil is achieved under all the tested reaction conditions. The content of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the products reached a minimum at the lowest reaction temperature and WHSV. The content of sulphur in the products did not exceed 10 mgkg1 at the reaction temperature of 350 C and a WHSV of 1.0 h1 and WHSV of 0.5 h1 regardless of the reaction temperature. Our results show that in the hydrotreating of the feedstock containing rapeseed oil, a large amount of hydrogen is consumed for the dearomatisation of the fossil... Read More

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A method of producing a lubricating base oil from a feedstock including a diesel fraction, comprising subjecting the feedstock to catalytic dewaxing, and recovering a lubricating base oil from the product of the catalytic dewaxing. The lubricating base oil has improved low-temperature performance, characterized by a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of 9.0 cSt or less, a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 2.5 cSt or less, and a pour point of -50°C or less.

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Catalytic hydrotreatment (HT) is one of the most important refining steps in the actual petroleum-based refineries for the production of fuels and chemicals, and it will play also a crucial role for the development of biomass-based refineries. In fact, the utilization of HT processes for the upgrading of biomass and/or lignocellulosic residues aimed to the production of synthetic fuels and chemical intermediates represents a reliable strategy to reduce both carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuels dependence. At this regard, the catalytic hydrotreatment of oils obtained from either thermochemical (e.g., pyrolysis) or physical (e.g., vegetable seeds pressing) processes allows to convert biomass-derived oils into a biofuel with properties very similar to conventional ones (so-called drop-in biofuels). Similarly, catalytic hydro-processing also may have a key role in the valorization of other biorefinery streams, such as lignocellulose, for the production of high-added value chemicals. This review is focused on recent hydrotreatment developments aimed to stabilizing the pyrolytic oil f... Read More

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The article relates to the field of chemical technology and can be used in oil refining. The article reveals a method for producing base oils with a low sulfur content, environmentally friendly aromatic fillers and plasticizers of rubber and rubber, including selective purification of oil fractions of oil with a selective solvent, separation of the extract and raffinate solutions of the first stage, while the extract solution of the first stage is cooled, followed by separation in the settling tank of the pseudo-raffinate solution of the first stage, a raffinate solution of the first stage after solvent regeneration is dewaxed and oxidized, followed by extraction of the oxidized dewaxed oil to obtain raffinate and extract solutions of the second stage, from the raffinate solution of the second stage after solvent regeneration and subsequent adsorption or hydrotreatment, a base oil of group II with a low sulfur content is obtained, while the extract solution of the second stage is mixed with a pseudo-paraffinate solution of the first stage to obtain after solvent regeneration, an envi... Read More

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Abstract It is undisputed that there is a paradigm shift in the global trend of crude oil towards being more sour and heavier than usual light sources. Consequently, the hydrotreating activity becomes a bottleneck with high content of S, N, metals and other impurities than expected. On the other hand, the price of petroleum products lately witnessed instability and fell to the lowest average price (&lt;USD 20) in recent times. In the same vein, the regulation to control the emission of toxic compounds in the atmosphere become stricter as promulgated by various policymakers. In this sense, robust hydrotreating catalysts with characteristics efficient catalytic activity, selectivity and stability are highly desirable. Recently, different approaches have been used to improve and cushion the unprecedented effect emanated from economic, social and environmental challenges posed by heavy and sour crude sources, price instability of the refined products and regulation to lower the sulfur to minimum level or zero parts per millions (ppm). Importantly, the role of support in catalysis cannot ... Read More

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The present study focuses on the regeneration of spent engine oil using the cheapest and most effective solvent extraction flocculation processes. Re-refining of waste lubricating oil was thoroughly examined utilizing recoverable solvents, including different classes of solvents like 2-propanol (alcohol) and ketone like methyl ethyl ketone. A comparative study was carried out to investigate the various effects of numerous variables, including refining time, refining temperature, solvent-to-waste oil ratio on percentage yield of recovered lube oil. The percentage yield was studied at a varying solvent-to-waste oil ratio. The present investigation shows that extraction with methyl ethyl ketone gave the highest yield of 97% of recovered oil, followed by 2-propanol (94%) as an extraction solvent. It was also showed that optimum parameters for revivification were (i) refining time 60 min, (ii) refining temperature48, (iii) solvent-to-waste oil ratio3:1. Physicochemical properties of recovered oil have been estimated out, and results show that, with methyl ethyl ketone, there is close p... Read More

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Engine oil or lubricating oil is the lifeblood of any engine or machinery. Engine oil is basically a selected petroleum oil fraction that has been suitably refined and compounded with various types of additive agents. The primary assignment of lubricating oil is to lubricate the metal parts of the engine or machinery. Present paper stresses upon impacts of used oil on the environment, and improving life of used lubricating oils to minimize its adverse effects on surroundings. Worn lubricating oil is extremely hazardous contaminating outcome as well as these oils are costly enough and intention of preserving precious overseas trade has emphasized the awareness for re-refining used/worn oil. Used lubricating oils (ULOs) represent a serious problem for environment and human health due to the presence of highly harmful contaminants. Negligence in managing the waste/worn lubricating oil is a severe ecological concern. Nearly every sorts of used oil comprise of the prospective to be re-refined unharmed, preserving an expensive conventional or non-renewable source and simultaneously reducin... Read More

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The physical properties of crude bio-oils preclude their direct use as fuel. Specifically, their high oxygen content results in undesirable acidity and poor thermal stability. Therefore, the removal of oxygen is essential for the use of bio-oils as fuel. Currently, the most straightforward method for application of bio-oil as fuel is through blending with petroleum feeds. Emulsions have been explored extensively for the introduction of polar bio-oils into nonpolar petroleum feeds. Coprocessing of deoxygenated oils and petroleum feeds by fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is another method for blending bio-oil with petroleum. Because the deoxygenated oil is less polar, it can be directly added to a petroleum feed, after which the blend is processed by FCC to further reduce the oxygen content and crack larger hydrocarbons. Here, a hydrodeoxygenated bio-oil (HDO bio-oil) is blended with a light gas oil (LGO) and then hydrotreated. The oil is characterized at each step throughout the blending process by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry (MS) and two-dimensi... Read More

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A process for converting heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks into lighter products, comprising a sequence of hydroconversion steps and deasphalting steps. The process includes an initial hydroconversion step, one or more additional hydroconversion steps, and a deasphalting step, with recycling of deasphalted oil (DAO) from the deasphalting step to the hydroconversion steps. The process achieves high conversion rates of heavy feedstocks while maintaining stability of the liquid effluents, enabling the production of high-quality fuels and petrochemical feedstocks.

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The review presents an analysis of the scientific-technical level and trends in the development of advanced foreign and national catalysts for main oil refining hydroprocesses hydrocracking of vacuum gas-oil and hydrotreatment of various distillates (cat-cracked gasoline, diesel fuel, and vacuum gas-oil). Prospects of industrial production and wide application of the hydroprocessing catalysts produced in Russia are estimated.

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The article deals with the determination of hydrodynamic parameters necessary to conduct the desulfurization process of straight-run kerosene (SRKF) and straight-run diesel fractions (SRDF) via oxidation of sulfuric organic compounds, followed by the removal of oxidation products.The established parameters which are characterized by the linear rate of the oxidant (air) movement and the dummy contact time between the oxidant and the feedstock allow the process to be carried out without stirring.The proposed technology can be used for the purification of petroleum fuels produced by a small scale, when hydrotreating is economically unprofitable or technologically impossible.This process can also be used for the aftertreatment of hydrogenates and partial desulfurization of straight-run fractions to produce fuel components with improved lubricating properties.

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Currently, there is an effort to achieve a more widespread use of biofuels, which are an alternative to conventional, petroleum-based fuels in mobile and stationary applications. The conversion of vegetable oils via catalytic hydrotreating to hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) is one of the most promising alternatives to produce high-quality biofuels. In this work, the composition and properties of rapeseed oil hydrotreating products gained over sulfided CoMo/-Al2O3 and NiMo/-Al2O3 catalysts were studied. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory trickle bed reactor in a temperature range of 320380 C and pressures of 4 and 8 MPa. The mixture of a rapeseed oil and isooctane was hydrotreated to simulate the coprocessing of rapeseed oil and petroleum fractions. Small amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons and, at higher reaction temperatures, considerably high contents of cycloalkanes and isoalkanes were found in the obtained liquid products. These were specifically alkylated cyclopentanes, cyclohexanes, decalines, benzenes, indanes, tetralines, and naphthalenes. The content of isoal... Read More

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Hydrotreating, the catalytic conversion and removal of organic sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metals from petroleum crudes at high hydrogen pressures and accompanied by hydrogenation of unsaturates and cracking of petroleum feedstocks to lower molecular hydrocarbons plays an ever increasing key role in the refinery. Hydrotreating of petroleum residua feedstocks involves three important reactions: hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation, and hydrodemetallization for removal of organically-bound sulfur, nitrogen, and metals respectively. Catalyst size and shape also play important roles in the design of active, stable hydrotreating catalysts. Shaped extrudates, e.g. stars, trilobes and quadralobes, are commonly used in hydrotreating applications, since they provide the advantages of high geometrical surface area, low pressure drop, high crush strength and high contaminant metals tolerance. A key aspect of catalyst design in hydrotreating is the optimization of pore structure. Fe and Na salts enter hydrotreating reactors mainly as particulate matter which can plug catalyst pores and ev... Read More

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Hydrogenation of residual oil, obtained from a petroleum distillation unit, provides a product with an increased hydrogen content. Catalyst deactivation is a major problem in the catalytic residual oil hydrogenation process. A study of hydrogenation of residual oil using a dispersed water soluble ammonium molybdate catalyst was conducted by A. R. Mohamed and V. K. Mathur. An alternative for hydrogenation of residual oil is to conduct the process without the use of a catalyst. A shuttering mechanism is designed and incorporated between the window and the reflective solid mirror to expose the resid oil sample for a few minutes at a time. Hydrogen and helium atmospheres are used for the resid oil hydropyrolysis and pyrolysis, respectively. The inlet and outlet to and from the reactor are then closed so that the resid oil rapid hydropyrolysis reaction can be carried out in a batch system.

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The hydrotreating of vegetable oils and animal fats is a possible way to produce a high-quality renewable diesel fuel component. It can be produced by processing the bio-raw material in new units or by the co-pro-cessing of the renewable raw material together with the petroleum middle distillates in existing hydrotreating units. This work was focused on investigating the effect of the hydrogen to the feedstock ratio on the hydrotreating of a mixture of petroleum middle distillates and rapeseed oil in a weight ratio of 8:2 in a tubular fixed-bed reactor. The hydrotreating was performed using a sulfided Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst, a temperature of 345 C, a WHSV of 1.0 h-1, a pressure of 4.0 MPa and a hydrogen to the feedstock ratio in the range of 120-600 m3m-3. The hydrogen to feedstock ratio of 120 m3m-3 was not sufficient to desulfurise the feedstock to the level of 10 mgkg-1. On the contrary, increasing the hydrogen to feedstock ratio to above 240 m3m-3 had no significant effect on the yield and quality of the obtained products. Therefore, the ratio of 240 m3m-3 was considered as s... Read More

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The article summarized the possible transformations of pyrolysis bio-oil from lignocellulose into 2nd generation biofuels. Although a lot has been published about this topic, so far, none of the published catalytic pro-cesses has found commercial application due to the rapid deactivation of the catalyst. Most researches deal with bio-oil hydrotreatment at severe conditions or its pro-cessing by catalytic cracking to prepare 2nd generation biofuels directly. However, this approach is not commercially applicable due to high consumptions of hydrogen and fast catalyst deactivation. Another way, crude bio-oil co-processing with petroleum fractions in hydrotreatment or FCC units seems to be more promising. The last approach, bio-oil mild hydrotreatment followed by final co-processing with petroleum feedstock using common refining processes (FCC and hydrotreatment) seems to be the most promising way to produce 2nd generation biofuels from pyrolysis bio-oil. Co-processing of bio-oil with petroleum fraction in FCC increases conversion to gasoline and, thus, it could be a preferable process in... Read More

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A process for hydrotreating and dewaxing a hydrocarbon feedstock boiling in the range of 170-450°C, comprising the steps of: (a) hydrotreating the feedstock in a first reaction zone using a hydrotreating catalyst to remove heteroatoms and saturate aromatics; (b) introducing the entire first stage effluent of the first reaction zone into a second reaction zone; and (c) dewaxing the effluent in the second reaction zone using a dewaxing catalyst that is capable of dewaxing the feedstock without the need for a subsequent hydrotreating step.

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An integrated process for treating hydrocarbon feeds, such as residual oil, to remove metals and sulfur compounds. The process involves hydrodemetallization (HDM) followed by gas phase oxidative desulfurization (ODS), with optional hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization (HDS) steps. The HDM step removes metals, producing a gas stream and a demetalized liquid, which is then subjected to ODS to remove sulfur compounds. The ODS step utilizes a gas phase reaction with a copper-zinc-aluminum oxide catalyst, operating at mild conditions. The integrated process enables efficient removal of both metals and sulfur compounds from hydrocarbon feeds, particularly heavy crude oil fractions, to achieve ultra-low sulfur levels.

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Re-refining involves essentially a second attempt at refining a feedstock that has excellent potential for use as base stock for formulating either automotive or industrial lubricants. The re-refining process will therefore vary to some degree with the feedstock or used oil that one is attempting to reclaim. The pretreatment step includes a number of simple options to remove unwanted contaminants from the used oil. In the more traditional re-refining process to produce high quality base stocks, all of the water and light boiling materials must be initially removed from the used oil feed. Developments in catalyst and hydrofinishing technology have identified advanced alternatives for the re-refining industry where some degree of base oil conversion can occur. The classification of re-refined base stocks is defined according to the guidelines that have been set out by the American Petroleum Industry and its API 1509 document.

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The original demands from the early refineries in the 1860s and 1870s were to maximize the production of kerosene as a cheap and more efficient source of light than that provided by whale oil. The primary method to produce chemically modified base oils is through the use of hydroprocessing. Chemically modified mineral oils have a higher concentration of saturated molecules as the hydroprocessing steps effectively maximize isoparaffins or cycloparaffins. The emergence of chemically modified mineral oils has had a positive impact on environmental properties and related applications. One of the new developments with chemically modified mineral oils is its application in the metalworking industry. Conventional base oil processing tries to separate the most desirable molecules from crude oil. The biodegradability performance of chemically modified mineral oils has been compared with polyalphaolefins and observed to provide equivalent performance for the same kinematic viscosity.

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Catalytic hydrotreating (hydroprocessing) commonly appears in multiple locations in a refinery. Furthermore, hydrotreating, a term often used synonymously with hydrodesulfurization, is a catalytic refining process widely used to remove sulfur from crude oil products such as naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, and fuel oil. The objective of the hydrotreating process is to remove sulfur as well as other unwanted compounds, for example, unsaturated hydrocarbon derivatives, nitrogen from refinery process streams. During the hydrotreating processes several chemical conversions occur: (1) olefins are converted to alkanes; (2) aromatics are converted to cycloalkanes and alkanes; and (3) sulfur, nitrogen, and metals are also removed: It is the purpose of this chapter to present the use of these processes as applied to the influx of higher boiling viscous feedstocks into refineries; hydroprocessing will assume a greater role in the refinery of the future. In addition to being recognized as a chemical hydrogenation process, the process uses the principle that the presence of hydrogen dur... Read More

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