Improved Lubricant Pour Point

Abstract Previous research has revealed that introducing a secondary lubricating medium can temporarily enhance water-lubricated bearing performance, thereby reducing the risk of lubrication failure under challenging conditions. This study aims to identify the optimal injection point for the secondary lubricating medium and evaluates oil supply rate effects. Experiments are conducted using a block-on-ring test rig, complemented by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Three oil supply settings, upstream, inlet and outlet of the contact region, are compared. Results show that upstream oil supply led to a lower critical speed at which the added oil loses any effect compared to the inlet oil supply and outlet oil supply. The effect of oil supply rates on friction reduction varies among the oil supply settings and ring rotational speeds. In conclusion, the most effective oil supply setting positions the injector at the outlet of the contact region, outperforming placement at the entrance of the contact region.

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A lubricity modifier for oil products, comprising a compound having the structure of formula (I): R1-R2-C(=O)-N(R3)-C(=O)-R4, wherein R1-R4 are independently selected from alkyl, aryl, and alkylaryl groups, and R3 is a nitrogen-containing group. The compound exhibits good lubricity improving performance in various oil products and has good stability.

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Use of re-refined base oils in industrial lubricant formulations to improve oxidation stability and low-temperature performance. The re-refined base oils, derived from recycled used lubricants, are used in combination with conventional additives to create lubricants for industrial applications such as hydraulic, gear, and compressor oils. The re-refined base oils exhibit improved properties compared to virgin base oils, including higher viscosity index, lower viscosity at low temperatures, and enhanced oxidation stability.

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The paper describes an investigation of lubricants synthesized by thickening a dispersion medium consisting of silicone oil (PES-5) and poly--olefin oil (PAOM-12) with diureas of different compositions. The study revealed the effects of the compositions both of the dispersion medium and urea thickener, as well as their ratio in the lubricating formulation, on the major physicochemical properties of resultant greases. Increasing the content of the hydrocarbon component of the grease was shown to improve the physicochemical properties. Finally, the optimum grease composition was identified: introducing a polyurea thickener that contained diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate resulted in the synthesis of greases that had adequate operating characteristics and an improved wear performance.

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Abstract The use of lubricants is commonplace when drilling with water-based drilling fluids. They are less frequently applied when drilling with non-aqueous fluids, as the oil-based drilling fluid is thought to impart a high lubricity. With increased reach of the wells, lubricants are also applied in non-aqueous fluids (NAF) to reduce torque and drag at high angle, for extended reach and horizontal wells to improve drilling efficiency. However, the performance of these lubricants in NAF at extended periods of elevated temperature at downhole conditions is often inconsistent, thought to be hampered by ineffective metal binding and hydrolytic instability of the lubricant molecule. This requires frequent re-dosing and therefore higher cost to maintain performance. In order to identify a better-performing lubricant, it was necessary to better understand the fundamentals of lubrication in a drilling fluid. For example, what portion of the well contributes most to torque and drag? What is the frictional regime that dominates the lubricity between a drill pipe and its contact points? Looki... Read More

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An additive composition for lubricating oils that combines a pour point depressant (PPD) and a viscosity index improver (VII) in a single component, enabling improved low-temperature performance and storage stability while eliminating the need for separate PPD and VII additives. The composition comprises a PPD polymer with a weight-average molecular weight of 100,000 to 1,000,000 g/mol, prepared from a monomer composition containing a polybutadiene-based macromonomer, and a VII polymer with a weight-average molecular weight of 100,000 to 1,000,000 g/mol, prepared from a monomer composition containing a mixture of monomers including styrene, butadiene, and alkyl(meth)acrylates. The combined PPD and VII polymer is prepared by mixing the two polymers in a specific ratio, resulting in a single additive component that can be easily incorporated into lubricating oil formulations.

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Lubrication has remained an important aspect of machines maintenance and designs since time immemorial, yet the quest for improved lubricant for sustainable life of both equipment and environment continues to intensify. Many lubricants that is, research for a lubricant that is capable of providing maintenance of sustainable equipment without compromise to the environment is on the rise have been formulated and a lot of discoveries have been found in approaches toward enhanced and sustainable lubricants performance. Addition of foreign materials in nano quantity to fortify base oil properties for special purposes has also received greater attention in recent years. While this approach has yielded amazing results, concerns bordering on non-biodegradability of the mineral oils and safety of their additives to the environment equally continue to grow. This has escalated research interest in vegetable oils and their derivatives such as palm oil and other seed oils as a substitute toward limiting the consequences of improper disposal and eventual natural habitat degradation. A new approach... Read More

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Engine lubricants require specific physical and chemical properties to function effectively and extend the lifespan of engines. Coconut oil (CCO) is an abundant, renewable, and environmentally friendly bio-based stock that has the potential to be a viable alternative to conventional mineral oil-based lubricants. In this study, we investigated the potential of CCO as a lubricant and formulated different blends with additives to enhance its physicochemical characteristics. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), styrenated phenol (SP) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were used as additives in varying concentrations. We evaluated the formulations for low pour point (PP), high viscosity index (VI) and total base number (TBN) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), viscometry, and titration methods (following ASTM D2270 and ASTM D289621 respectively). The formulated CCO was also tested for thermal, oxidative, and shear stability using thermogravimetric analysis and rheometry. The optimal formulation exhibited a PP reduction from 21 C to 6 C, improved VI from 169 to 206, and a TBN adjustment... Read More

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Conventional petroleum-based lubricants have numerous environmental and toxic issues related to their disposal. As a result, there is a growing interest in developing innovative environmentally friendly oils as lubricants. A novel apricot oil-based bio-lubricant was developed in the present research work. Its tribological performance was analysed using a four-ball tester compared with SAE 40 oil and blends of SAE 40 and developed bio-lubricant. A four-ball testing method (ASTM D4172) is a test for determining the wear-preventative features of a lubricant. It was observed that the optimum blend of SAE 40 and bio-lubricant had shown better extreme pressure performance than apricot oil-based bio-lubricant and SAE 40 alone.

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Adding pour point depressant (PPD) is one of the simple and high-efficiency methods to solve poor low-temperature flow performance of biodiesel-diesel blends, but the enhancing effect of polymeric PPDs is always influenced by the molecular structure. To explore the molecular structure-activity relationships, in this study, tetradecyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride (C14MC-MA), tetradecyl methacrylate-Itaconic anhydride (C14MC-IA) and tetradecyl methacrylate-citraconic anhydride (C14MC-CA) were synthesized and added into B20 (20 vol.% biodiesel +80 vol.% diesel). The enhancing effects of these different-structured copolymers on the low-temperature fluidity of B20 were compared. Results indicated that the enhancing effects of these copolymers were obviously affected by their molecular structure and polymerization ratios. The polar group imparted by acid anhydrides and the long side-chain alkyl group in methacrylic acid significantly enhanced the depressive effects, resulting in better fluidity at low temperatures for the synthesized polymers. Apart from the aldehyde group identical to th... Read More

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Abstract The impact of polycrotonaldehyde, extracted from the waste Yellow oil produced during the alkaline treatment of pyrogas at Shortan gas chemical complex, on its properties lubricants as a dispersed medium and a dispersed phase after it is added to them have been studied in this paper. It has been established that polycrotonaldehyde can be used as a dispersed phase in the production of lubricants. Based on the research results, it has been proven that the addition of 2.5% to 7.5% of polycrotonaldehyde in the production of lubricants gives a positive result. The lubricant prepared by adding 5% of polycrotonaldehyde as a dispersed phase had a penetration number of 271 and a dropping temperature of 119 C.

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Vegetable oil-based lubricants are environment-friendly options as against conventional lubricants. This paper discusses the synthesis as well as characterisation of esters from ricinoleic acid and sebacic acid whose main source is castor oil. Physicochemical properties, tribological study as well as oxidation study have been carried out for the esters. With the increase in ester chain length, extreme pressure properties, viscosity index and pour point has improved, whereas oxidation stability had a detrimental effect. The coefficient of friction for commercial base stocks was better than any of the studied esters.

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Derivatives of dimer fatty acids with low pour points, prepared by dimerizing fatty acids with >80% oleic acid content using a clay catalyst, followed by separation and derivatization of the dimer fatty acids. The derivatives, including esters, amides, alcohols, and alkanes, exhibit improved low-temperature performance and can be used as base oils or additives in lubricant compositions.

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Abstract The molecular structure of lubricating oil affects its lubrication properties, catalytic and hydrolytic stability, and anti-wear properties. Based on the idea of material genomics, researchers are trying to find the correlation between structural characteristics and functional performances of lubricating oil, but the correlation can only explore the influence weight of structural parameters on performance, it is also very important to research the influence mechanism. In this study, through quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations, (i) the spatial configurations of four typical ester lubricants with different chain length structures were studied, (ii) effects of active functional groups and charge distribution on the properties of the ester lubricants were discussed, and (iii) electronic transition and molecular orbital contributions were compared. The calculated results are expected to provide considerable support for theoretical research on the anti-wear and anti-oxidation mechanisms of ester lubricants and assist the rapid design, development and application of ... Read More

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Production and characterization of bio lubricating base oil from non-edible castor seed oil has been studied. Castor oil was extracted from castor seed by solvent extraction method. KOH catalyzed transesterification process was used to produce bio-lubricating oil. Ethanol was used as alcohol in the transesterification process. Optimum condition for bio-lubricating base oil production was 40% ethanol, 0.45% KOH at 75oC for reaction time of 90 min. and the yield was 98%. Important properties of produced bio-lubricating oil like acid value (0.58 mg KOH/g), flash point (235oC), density (0.890 g/cc), pour point (-15oC) and viscosity (131.90 and 16.5 cSt at 40 and 100 oC respectively) etc. were analyzed. The properties were found to be analogues to conventional commercial lubricating oil. This renewable base oil from castor seed could be an attractive and environment friendly alternative to base oil from petroleum sources. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 57(1), 7-14, 2022

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Synthetic lubricating oils have attracted more and more interests due to their unique advantages. There are main two synthetic lubricating oils, poly--olefins (PAOs) and synthetic esters, while they each have strengths and weaknesses due to their specific molecular structures. Here, linear polymer-based liquid lubricants were designed via a strategy of complementary advantages, by esterifying the hydrogenated hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HO-HPB-OH), with different saturated fatty acids (acetic acid, butanoic acid, octanoic acid and lauric acid). As lubricant base oil via overcoming one's weaknesses by acquiring others' strong points, ultralow friction and excellent wear-reduction performance were obtained with the proposed linear polymer-based liquid lubricants in comparison with the commercial PAO base oils, especially the dilaurate with the longer hydrocarbon chain length.

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A range of new pour point additives based on copolymers of maleic anhydride and alpha-olefins has been designed, that can be used to improve the low-temperature behavior of oil and almost all its derivatives. The data on the depression of the pour point temperature of oil and petrochemical products after doping them with the designed pour point depressants are submitted.

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Under limited lubricant supply condition, the lubrication of a slider bearing can be enhanced by discontinuous oil droplets on the lubrication track induced by poor surface wettability. This experimental finding is contrary to the general perception that strong surface wettability favors lubricating film build up. Theoretical lubrication models with the lubricant supply in the forms of oil droplets (Model ) and uniform oil layer (Model ) are established to clarify the odd experimental observation. Results show that oil supply in the form of droplets can achieve better lubrication performance than the uniform oil layer, which are correlated to the experimental finding. The mechanism is probably due to the early film pressure initiation when oil droplets enter the bearing contact.

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At present, with the development of modern technology, the requirements for lubricating oils, especially their viscosity-temperature, thermo-oxidative and lubricating characteristics, are becoming more stringent. In this aspect, the synthesis and study of esters of oxypropylated 2,2,5,5-tetramethylolcyclopentanol (TMCP) with cyclic fragments, active centers, multipolar ester groups is promising, have a certain scientific and practical significance.The esters were synthesized by the esterification reaction of oxypropylated TMCP with aliphatic monocarboxylic acids C4-C8, and their physicochemical, viscosity-temperature, thermal-oxidative and lubricating properties were studied. After determining the viscosity-temperature properties, it was established that they have a low pour point (minus 38-minus 430C), an average viscosity at 1000C (100 = 23.50-40.22 mm2/s), a high viscosity index (133-150 units) and flash point (305-3800C). When determining the thermo-oxidative stability of esters, it was found that they have low acid numbers after oxidation (2.51-3.28 mg KOH/g), corrosion of elec... Read More

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A mineral lubricating base oil with improved low-temperature performance, derived from treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) resulting from hydrocracking. The t-LGO is subjected to catalytic dewaxing and hydrofinishing to produce a base oil with kinematic viscosity of 9.0 cSt or less at 40°C, kinematic viscosity of 2.5 cSt or less at 100°C, and a pour point of −50°C or less. The base oil has a unique composition with a specific balance of naphthenic, aromatic, and paraffinic hydrocarbons, and is suitable for use in lubricant products requiring low-temperature performance.

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Nitrogen-containing diesel fuel pour point depressant composition comprising N-tetradecyl methacrylamide-tetradecyl methacrylate, monoisopropanol, amine, cyclohexane, and polyethylene glycol, wherein the composition exhibits improved solubility in diesel oil, reduced dosage requirements, and enhanced pour point depression compared to conventional pour point depressants.

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According to the ASTM D97, the pour point is the temperature below which petroleum products cease to flow. To evaluate the relevance of pour point measurements for synthetic lubricating oils, we investigated the crystallization, melting temperature and low-temperature flow behavior of one mineral and five synthetic lubricating oils. The classification of three groups emerged from this process. The formation of paraffin crystals in mineral oils (I) below the crystallization temperature causes shear-thinning behavior and a yield point. The crystallization temperature determined in the thermal analysis and rheology correlates well with the pour point. Synthetic lubricating oils, which solidify glass-like (II), exhibit a steady viscosity increase with falling temperature. The temperature at which viscosity reaches 1000 Pas corresponds well to the pour point. Synthetic oils, especially esters, with complex crystallization behavior (III), exhibit supercooling depending on the shear rate and cooling conditions. For these lubricating oils, the pour point provides no information for low-tempe... Read More

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A pour point depressant composition for improving the cold-flow properties of hydrocarbon oils, comprising an alkoxylated alkyl amine polyester formed by the reaction of a polycarboxylic acid and an alkoxylated alkyl amine. The composition can be used in low concentrations to effectively depress the pour point of hydrocarbon oils, including crude oils, distillate oils, fuel oils, and lubricating oils, and can also reduce the average wax particle size in these oils.

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Pour point, or the temperature below which a fluid ceases to flow, is an important lubricant property. A molecular-dynamics-based approach is developed to explore and identify the pour points of a number of fluids. Diffusion behaviors of several fluids are investigated by time-averaged mean squared displacement (MSD), and a clear trend change of the MSD data is observed as a function of temperature. The temperature at this trend change corresponds well with the experimental pour point. Further, a correlation formula is obtained to link pour point and the ratio of the solvent accessible surface area (SASA), which is defined as the locus surface of the center of a solvent probe when it rolls over the surface of the fluid molecule, to the total number of carbon, in terms of SASA/Nc, and several molecular structural features. The pour points obtained from the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and formula prediction are compared with existing experimental results, and the good agreement supports the proposed pour-point determination methods.

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Polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymers for modifying viscosity and dispersancy in lubricating oil compositions, comprising specific repeat unit chemistries and contents. The copolymers are made by polymerizing hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomers, C3-C8 alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers, C12-C24 alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers, and C1-C18 alkyl-endcapped or aryl-endcapped C2-C6 oxyalkyl-based (alk)acrylate ester monomers. The copolymers exhibit improved shear stability, dispersancy, and viscosity index, particularly in lubricating oil compositions for passenger car, heavy-duty diesel, and marine diesel engines.

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Abstract The increase in demand for alternative base oil for lubricant has led to the study of non-depleting source like vegetable oils. Some studies have reported the development of grease from sunflower oil and castor oil, which establish the probability of use of vegetable oil as potential base oil. In the present study, an eco-friendly NLGI grade 3 grease was developed using coconut oil as base oil and lithium stearate as thickener. The inherent tribological properties of the coconut oil and grease were evaluated. Tests results of newly formulated grease procured from cone penetration, rolling stability, water wash out, grease leakage, friction and wear are compared to a commercial sample of same grade. Even though the newly formulated grease is found to be competent to the commercial sample, the crystal formation at low temperature has restricted its applications at lower temperatures. Crystal formation at low temperature is due to the agglomeration of saturated fatty acids commonly known as wax occurred due to the low cold flow characteristics of the oil (pour point of coconut ... Read More

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The influence of changes in the physical properties of lubricants on thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication solutions is examined numerically at the nominal line contact for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Specific heat, thermal conductivity, density, and viscosity were considered as functions of temperature and pressure for polyalphaolefin, polyglycol, and mineral oils. It was found that, when considering the physical and rheological properties of lubricants individually, the solutions were over- or under-estimated. The thermal conductivity formula mostly corresponds to solutions for both fluids. The effects of changes in the physical properties of non-Newtonian lubricants were shown to be less than those of Newtonian lubricants. Near-identical qualitative behaviors occurred regardless of oil type under these lubricant models.

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Water-based lubricants are greener and more environmentally friendly than comparable oil-based lubricants. However, water-based lubricants typically have a poorer performance and, thus, need to be formulated with various additives. Here, alkyl glyceryl ethers, a class of nonionic surfactants, were investigated as lubricant additives. To this purpose, aqueous solutions of newly synthesized ethers (with different alkyl chain lengths, C8, C10, C12, and C14) were formulated with xanthan gum. The lubrication performance of these formulations was then tested experimentally. Clearly, alkyl glyceryl ethers showed a significantly improved performance (higher friction reduction) with increasing the alkyl chain length. However, the ethers had to be formulated with xanthan gum, with which they formed a complex, which promoted ether dispersion and probably adsorption on the metal surface in the aqueous phase, thereby drastically reducing friction. Thus, the alkyl glyceryl ethers synthesized in this work are attractive green and highly efficient lubricant additives, which can improve the sustainab... Read More

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Lubricant composition for hydraulic systems operating at very low temperatures, comprising a base oil with a pour point below -55°C and a viscosity index above 300, and a thickener system comprising a polyalkylene glycol (PAG) with butylene oxide repeat units and an alkoxylated polyethylene glycol, in a concentration of 5-50% by weight. The composition exhibits improved stability under shear and storage conditions, and maintains compatibility with seals, enabling operation of machinery in polar climates at temperatures below -40°C.

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A mineral base oil with improved volatility and high viscosity index, suitable for lubricant applications, is produced by a process that includes vacuum distillation of an unconverted oil to separate a distillate with a narrow boiling point range, followed by catalytic dewaxing of the distillate to produce a base oil with a high paraffinic content and low naphthenic content. The base oil has a Noack volatility of 10-12 wt% and a viscosity index of 132-142.

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An alphaolefin oligomer for lubricant base oil with improved thermal and oxidative stability, low volatility, and high viscosity index. The oligomer is prepared through metallocene-catalyzed oligomerization of alphaolefins, followed by hydrogenation to saturate remaining double bonds. The resulting product exhibits a uniform molecular structure with low branch ratio, and can be used in a variety of lubricant applications.

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A method for producing polyalphaolefins (PAOs) with uniform comb-like structures and high viscosity indices, suitable for lubricant applications. The method employs a homogeneous single-active-site metallocene catalyst, an organometallic compound cocatalyst, and an organoboron compound promoter to minimize the formation of short chain branches during polymerization. The resulting PAOs exhibit improved shear stability, low-temperature fluidity, and high viscosity indices, making them suitable for use in a wide range of lubricant applications.

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Lubricants are an important part of any tribological system [...]

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Effective lubricant replenishment to the lubrication track is highly expected for the purpose of lubricating film formation. In this paper, a novel lubricant replenishment mechanism is investigated. It is found that when velocities of the two bounding surfaces are angled, the lubricant adjacent to the track is efficiently moved back, and the inlet oil reservoir is enhanced considerably. The patterns of the inlet reservoir vary with disc revolutions, entrainment velocities, included angles of the surface velocities as well as lubricant feeding amount. The inlet lubricant supply and film formations by the grease are compared to those by its base oil, and the differences are analyzed from a perspective of lubricant transportations.

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To produce high-quality bio-lubricant, we reported a novel approach using lipids as a raw material, the process involved selective hydrogenation to fatty alcohols, dehydration of fatty alcohols to -olefins, coupled polymerizationhydrogenation reactions.

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Vegetable oils are desirable alternative lubricant basestocks because petroleum products are non-regenerative and eco-unfriendly. The strong metal-surface adherence and thin-film formation abilities of vegetable oils can satisfy the tribological demand of todays improved engine tolerances. However, their poor low-temperature activities and oxidation stability are issues of concern. This paper reports the depression of the pour point of coconut oil through binary mixture with castor oil, for lubricant in IC engines. The pour point of the lead oil is reduced from 18C to 12C by blending with 50% weight (wt) of castor oil, and further reduced to 3C by treating the mixture with 8%wt of a Malaysian synthesized pour point depressant making the treated blend serviceable in the tropics as lubricant for IC engines, in terms of pour point, as studied by ASTM D97-12 method. The viscosity, and viscosity index (VI), of the blended basestock are comparable to SAE 10W-30 oil. The oxidation stability (using DSC) may meet operational conditions of IC engines when additive treated. These two oils c... Read More

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Lubricant additives are chemicals, nearly always-organic or organometallic, that are added to oils in quantities of a few weight percent to improve the lubricating capacity and durability of the oil. Specific purposes of lubricant additives are improving the wear and friction characteristics by provision for adsorption and extreme pressure lubrication, improving the oxidation resistance, control of corrosion, control of contamination by reaction products, wear a and other debris, reducing excessive decrease of lubricant viscosity at high temperatures, enhancing lubricant characteristics by reducing the pour point and inhibiting the generation of foam. These properties depend upon the molecular interactions between the chemical additives. So that, this study target on investigating the molecular interactions through the dielectric parameters such as Kirkwood correlation factor, Excess permittivity, Bruggemann factor and Dipolar excess free energy in the lubricative binary mixtures,1) caprylic acid + 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and 2) valeric acid + 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. The above dielectric parame... Read More

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This study focused on the chemical modification and the formulation of bio-based lubricants from castor, palm kernel, and coconut oils via transesterification and special additives addition. The bio-based lubricants physical-chemical properties were investigated and compared to SAE 40. At 40 C and 100 C, the kinematic viscosities of the modified castor, palm kernel, coconut oils bio-based lubricants, and the SAE 40 were 208.39 cSt, 16.47 cSt; 58.49 cSt, 11.00 cSt; 42.43 cSt, 10.11 cSt; and 170.45 cSt, 15.60 cSt respectively. The bio-based lubricants properties suggest that the base oils are comparatively good candidate for motor engines bio-based lubricants if properly modified.

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The environmental issues caused by synthetic lubricant oils necessitate the need for an environment-friendly lubricant. In this study, a novel approach is proposed for developing an environment-friendly bio-lubricant by blending mustard oil, coconut oil and its methyl esters. Properties of the bio-lubricant are studied and compared with commercial ISO VG 32 oil. The best among various blends prepared are selected based on a decision matrix. The results revealed that this method helps in pour point depression and also in achieving excellent oxidative stability as compared to the base vegetable oil. The newly formulated oil has a pour point lower than that of commercial oil and is found to be highly biodegradable. The anti-wear characteristics of the oil are improved using boric acid, and the viscosity of the oil is improved using ethyl vinyl acetate for meeting the industrial standards. The newly formulated oil complies with industrial standards and can be used as biodegradable lubricant oil.

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