Membrane Fouling Reduction During Lubricant Re-Refining

Integrated plant for regeneration and recovery of waste industrial and engine oils, comprising a module for removing moisture and fuel fractions, a diagnostics and monitoring module, a quality control module, and an additive application module, all connected through high-pressure hydraulic circuits and reservoirs for oil, additives, and vapors. The plant features automated recirculation circuits with sensors and centrifuges for continuous oil purification and quality monitoring.

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Fouling of heat exchangers and refining equipment by crude oil deposits is a chronic operating problem. In general, many such deposits are narrowly defined as coke fouling, for which the prescribed cleaning has traditionally been high-pressure water blasting. The results for this type of cleaning are mixed at best. Heat exchangers are often returned to service at conditions less than 85% clean performance, driving the need for more efficient cleaning regimens. A detailed characterization of 62 field-based crude oil fouling deposits from hydrocarbon process units was presented by the authors in 2019. This paper demonstrated that such deposits are exceptionally complex, resulting in the introduction of the Coke Spectrum. Here, these deposits are revisited, and chemical cleaning methods are applied. Chemical cleaning encompasses a variety of applications. Circulation, ultrasonic immersion, and clean-in-place techniques were reviewed on laboratory-scale samples to determine what chemical cleaning agents are most effective toward the various categories of foulant making up the Coke Spectr... Read More

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AbstractHeat exchanger fouling is problematic in crude oil refining, impacting energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, plant capacity, and maintenance budget. As part of the digital transformation journey at TotalEnergies and with advances in research on hydrocarbon fouling, advanced fouling monitoring and prediction tool (HTRI SmartPMTM) was implemented throughout TotalEnergies to better manage fouling in heat exchangers. The SmartPM software performs advanced data reconciliation, including simulation of detailed exchanger operational data using proprietary HTRI shell-and-tube heat exchanger calculation methods. After deployment and adoption of the software for fouling monitoring and reporting, the predictive functionalities have been applied to several feasibility studies concerning energy efficiency and CO2 emissions reduction projects. The present work describes the predictive study of the cleaning schedule of a refinery. The result of this study is an industrial project proposal on the installation of new bypasses across selected exchangers, leading to an economically opti... Read More

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The results of studies to assess the influence of the operation of flushing the lubrication system of tractor engines on some technical characteristics of the machine and the service life of freshly filled oil are presented in the work. It has been established that during the operating process, contaminants accumulate in the oil, which gradually, despite the operation of oil purification devices, accumulate in the oil channels and on the bottom of the oil pan. The dependence of the change in the content of mechanical impurities, insoluble sediment and color over an operating period of more than 200 hours is presented. Contamination reduces the effectiveness of additives, increases the acid number of the oil, which intensifies wear of parts, increases operating and repair costs. It has been shown that over a period of 240 hours of oil running in a tractor engine, the alkaline number decreases from 8.5 mg KOH/g to 4.0 mg KOH/g, and the acid number increases from 2.0 mg KOH/g to 2.5 mg KOH /g for M10DM oil when the engine is running even without high loads. The chromatogram of the color... Read More

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Abstract Fouling of refinery reboilers is a major source of production loss, health, safety, and environment (HSE) issues, and increased carbon emissions. Reboilers can be especially difficult, as fouling is difficult to address without major cleaning operations, and anti-fouling solutions outside of design modifications are limited. Formulation development of a novel coating material for reboiler systems examined a wide variety of polymer and nanocomposite chemistries. An iterative development process was used to identify and synthesize a polymer nanocomposite surface treatment to protect against corrosion induced by the buildup of chloride and sulfide salts typically found within distillation reboilers. Application on carbon steel test panels was completed using industry standard spray application methods and subsequently characterized for adhesion strength, thermal stability, chemical compatibility, and corrosion mitigation. Data included in this study will demonstrate that the material has a durability comparable to existing state-of-the-art coating materials (following ASTM D335... Read More

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Engine oil (EO) is produced by mixing base oil derivatives from crude oil with chemical additives to the lubricity of moving parts and reduce the friction inside the engine. Used lubricating oil (ULO) is one of the hazardous materials that consists of pollution harmful to the environment, it needs to be managed properly. In this work, vacuum distillation technique is used to recycle used lubricating oil. Used lubricating oil samples from two different brands of diesel engine oil (20w-50) and gasoline engine oil (10W-30) are used in this study. Various properties of ULO and recycled oil were characterized such as kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, density, pour point, flash point, Sulphur content, and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy FTIR. The yield recycles for ULO of gasoline engines, diesel engines, and mix (gasoline and diesel) by vacuum process were 85%, 74%, and 75% respectively, it was discovered that the sulfur component decreased from 9792.3 ppm of ULO to 405 ppm of yield distillates. The pour point results show an increase from -30 C of used lubricating oil to -18... Read More

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Crude oil is probably the most complex natural chemical mixture processed in various ways to make fuel and fine chemicals among a wide range of products in industrial processing. The conditions of those industrial processes often include high temperatures, which often cause undesired chemical reactions. One of those reaction sequences is crude oil fouling, which finally results in the formation of undesired solid deposits of carbon material, a calamity that costs millions of dollars worldwide each year and produces toxic waste. However, the compounds involved in fouling, let alone the underlying reaction mechanisms, are not understood to date. Here, in order to investigate chemical fouling, the process was simulated under laboratory conditions, focusing on hydrocarbons as the main constituents of crude oil. The results demonstrate large differences within the hydrocarbon class of compounds before and after thermal treatment, even for a very light crude oil fraction, which initially does not contain any bigger or heavier compounds. Here, the fouling reaction is simulated and studied o... Read More

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Contaminants are formed in diesel internal combustion engines of tractors during operation under the influence of high temperatures and loads on the parts of the cylinder-piston group, which then enter the engine oil, which affects the service life of the oil and the characteristics of the machine-tractor unit. An important measure that affects the contamination of parts and the service life of the oil is flushing the lubrication system during routine replacement of used oil. However, for a number of well-known objective and subjective reasons, this technological method is practically not carried out under real operating conditions. Resource-saving technology for flushing the lubrication system with motor oil running in the tractor engine was developed at TSTU. A number of technological methods for cleaning oil from contaminants and resins under the influence of chemical reagents added to the oil, followed by idling the engine, have been developed. The dependences of changes in contamination, base number, viscosity and color of the oil on the cleaning method, the concentration of the... Read More

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The article deals with the possibilities of regenerating operating fluids, assessing the composition of new, used, and regenerated oils by evaluating their toxicity and proposing the environmentally friendly regeneration method.The focus lies on two methods of regeneration of waste operating fluids: distillation and electrostatic cleaning.Oil samples, regenerated through these methods, were analyzed using gas chromatography with mass detection.The variance in composition among new, used, and regenerated oils depends on the method of regeneration.Properties of hydrocarbons exhibiting ecotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, and other effects were identified using safety data sheets and databases like Pubchem, ChemicalBook.Analyzing HLP 46 oil (samples of new, unused, used and regenerated oil) revealed that the most toxic hydrocarbons (acetane, heptacosane, nonacosane) were absent after regeneration through electrostatic cleaning.Comparing the composition of operating fluids before and after regeneration, it was established that the most environmentally favorable regeneration me... Read More

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The results of studies assessing the properties of oils for removing contaminants from the lubrication system during routine replacement of motor oils in tractor engines are presented. It has been established that when used motor oil is drained, some of the contaminants remain in the lubrication system and negatively affect both engine operation and the service life of freshly filled motor oil. Dependences of changes in the content of mechanical impurities, tar deposits, alkaline and acid numbers on operating time were obtained. It has been established that the alkaline number of the oil during the engine operating period can decrease from 8.7 mg KOH/g to 2.0 mg KOH/g and reach the rejection value by 250 hours of oil operation in the engine. The influence of the operation of flushing the lubrication system with Lukoil mineral-based flushing oil in MTZ-1221 tractor engines is considered. The flushing operation made it possible to reduce the accumulation of impurities by 20...30% over the same operating period and to reduce the accumulation of tar deposits in the engine oil from 9.8% t... Read More

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Lubricants are used to reduce friction and wear in machines, saving billions of dollars worldwide in energy and breakdown costs and lowering CO2 emissions. Today, most lubricants are made using hydrocarbons derived from crude oil, which is a finite resource, although alternative bio-based lubricants are also being investigated, as is the re-refining of used lubricants to make new base oil. The machines. It is also shown that an effective way to make lubricants more sustainable is to extend lubricant oil drain intervals and collect used oil and re-refine it to make base oil for re-use. The role of bio-based lubricants, and their benefits and disadvantages are discussed. Other aspects in which lubricants can be made more sustainable are also briefly covered, such as lubricant packaging, the removal of toxic additives via improved regulatory chemistry, and the use of renewable electricity in blending plants.

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The present work, on an experimental basis, consists of an analysis and treatment of used motor oil (used oil collected by NAFTAL stored at the port of Algiers). For this, we carried out tests in the laboratory in order to develop an adequate re-refining process. First we made a comparative analysis between the sample taken from a storage tank and a new engine oil produced in the Arzew refinery. The results of these analysis allowed us to identify the different stages of the process of regeneration (Pre-treatment, metal removal by a chemical agent, a finishing treatment by passage through the bentonite and filtration). This process has enabled us to eliminate most of the impurities and the optimization of different parameters, the engine oil obtained at the end of the process is a basic oil ready to be used again.

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Abstract: Continuous use and disposal of lubricating oil causes land, water and air pollution and also increases dependence on crude oil. This is the reason for the spread of disease, which affects every living being. Reuse of waste oil is the easiest option to avoid such pollution and dependence on crude oil. Another benefit of reusing waste oil is converting waste into money. Recycling waste lubricating oil has become an increasingly important aspect of sustainable waste management and resource conservation. Lubricant oil is made with 90% of base oil and rest of additives. In the lubricant oil, Base oil is never spoiled but after continues use of lubricating oil, it loses their properties because of continues friction, heavy load, and dirt metals absorbed hence its become waste oil. Here, we review the methods available to recycle the waste oil with the help of various treatment including acid treatment, clay treatment, adsorption, and solvents. The viscosity modifiers and additives used to make the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) grade recycled oil have also reviewed.

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The need for virgin base oil is reduced and other resources are conserved during the refining of used, spent, or waste oils to make new lubricating oil. It is important to collect and recycle spent lubricating oil in order to protect the environment and natural resources. Although the lubricating oil itself remains unchanged after use, it becomes contaminated with combustion byproducts, deteriorated additives, water, and various dust particles during its time in the engine. The purpose of re-cycling is to eliminate degraded additives and impurities while restoring the oil's qualities to those specified by the Society of Automotive Engineers. Therefore, this study focuses on the extraction of engine oils utilizing a single solvent approach for re-cycling. The N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was used as the solvent. The used oil was gathered from vehicle repair stations. After being allowed for settling to removing large suspended particles, the oil was subjected to a sequence of physical treatment processes. The solvent recovery process was carried out by using rotary evaporator equipment with... Read More

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Investigating important challenges to eliminate crude oil fouling in pipelines needs to be studied thoroughly. According to environmental and economic issues, fouling in pipelines increases the price of crude oil. According to chemical and environmental experts, the loss in heat required additional energy to compensate which meant higher fuel consumption and more carbon emissions into the atmosphere. The increase in fluid flow rate combined with a constant drop in pressure is dangerous for pipelines. In addition, the Iraqi crude oils block refinery preheat trains because they contain very little asphaltene. The fouling of a variety of these crude oils and their blends is examined in this paper. Fouling may be caused by four major processes: solid particles, corrosion, sedimentation, and chemical reaction.

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Quality of process flows and commercial oil products deteriorates due to developing the deposits, which reduces the efficiency of heat and mass transfer and, accordingly, the clarity of rectification, resulting in changes in the component and fractional composition of the processed raw materials. There has been studied the influence of different chemical reagents introduced at the stages of production, treatment and processing of gas condensate and oil on the change in the physicochemical properties of the resulting dark oil products, which are responsible for deposit formation in the field and plant equipment during further processing or storage. The results of experimental studies are presented. Physicochemical properties of fuel oil are shown to be affected not only by the properties of the hydrocarbon feedstock, but also by the composition and concentration of chemical reagents introduced at different stages of production, field preparation and transportation. In the course of the experiment it has been stated that, depending on the concentration of the reagent and its main activ... Read More

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The article considers the balance of the engine oil aging components in the diesel engine lubrication system with the refinement of oil composition caused by the oil product loss. The motor oil aging process has been identified under continuous and periodic oil refill in order to replenish the lubrication system with fresh oil which would compensate the burnt off oil products. There were derived and solved the differential equations of the oil product balance for such aspects of aging as contamination by insoluble impurities and multifunctional additives impact, which helped understand the general regularities and kinetics of the studied process. Novelty of the approach to theoretical description of the process consisted in the fact of filtering the insoluble and colloidal components of mechanical impurities and additives by the purification and burnout means. Cyclic picture of aging allows to analyze the state of the oil aging before and after refill with its periodic refreshment. The dependence is transformed and presented in a form where it is possible to determine the state of th... Read More

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Western Canadian refineries process a wide range of conventional light, extra-heavy and synthetic crude oils. The chemical and physical properties of these oils determine their potential to initiate fouling in process units. A survey of the refineries identified common and unique foulants. Foulant control and removal was accomplished by standard industrial mitigation practices.

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This paper presents the causes and recommended solutions for three examples of fouling in heat exchangers in oil industry. The studied cases include fouling and underneath corrosion in heavy diesel oil (HOD) heat exchangers, fouling in glycol heat exchangers and fouling in vertical thermosyphon heat reboilers.

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Crude oil fouling is a complex process caused by multiple mechanisms. This study examined fouling's environmental impact on a distillation unit's heating tubes and heat exchangers, proposing optimal pollution levels to reduce emissions and achieve sustainability goals. The study evaluated five crude oil blends in terms of API, sulphur, salt content, and other physical properties. Contaminated water was analyzed through biological and chemical means, while CO2, NOx, and SOx emissions were calculated from actual fuel and power consumption. Solid and sludge sediments were observed throughout all plate heat exchangers, consisting primarily of iron hydroxides and manganese oxides. Rationalizing energy use reduced the burden on the environment and fuel consumption by 7 %, with a 2 % reduction in energy needed to refine crude oil feeding units when fouling is removed after maintenance. By optimizing pollution levels and reducing energy consumption, the environmental impact of fouling can be mitigated.

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Fouling is one of the leading causes of energy loss in oil industry, particularly in preheat exchangers of refineries and desalting units. For each day that an oil operation unit producing 80,000 BPD is shut down due to fouling, a significant economic loss of approximately 6,400,000 $ (assuming 80 $/bbl) will occur. Unfortunately, there is currently no global or specific solution for reducing crude oil fouling in these units. On the other hand, conventional fouling detection methods are beaded on an inaccurate pressure difference measurement. This study proposed an accurate and sensitive thermal method based on surface temperature variation for fouling detection in crude oil system which was rarely reported in the literature. Experiments were performed to investigate the impact of three key operating parameters including heat flux (51.372.7 kW/m2), bulk temperature (3340 C) and fluid velocity (0.090.14 m/s) on the fouling rate of crude oil. The results indicated that the applied heat flux primarily determines a direct or inverse relationship between fouling rate and fluid velocit... Read More

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A review was performed on the topic of oil sand production and processing, focusing on the sources, issues, and mitigation methods used industrially for the treatment of foulants. This involved a stepwise approach through the bitumen upgrading process, where each main process unit had types of foulants avoided, along with types of chemicals or processes used industrially for their treatment. From this approach, several chemicals were identified for reducing various types of foulants, including corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, dispersants, or pour point depressants. Additionally, various operating conditions that can influence fouling were discussed, along with changes that can be made to those conditions to reduce fouling. It is hoped that, by further clarifying the topic of oil sands foulants, improved facility design and/or operation can lead to improved efficiency, economics, and fewer environmental impacts.

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Lubricants life decreases as it is being used for a prolonged time so there is a need to replace after continuous use. Waste lube oil is currently utilized in oil furnaces and wood treatment plants. Burning old oil has detrimental effects on the environment since hazardous pollutants are emitted into the air after burning. Also, major environmental issues may arise if the used oil is disposed of on land or water. Recycling such tainted oil will save money on base lube oil imports while also lowering pollution. One recommended approach for resolving this issue is to recycle waste oil so that it can be used as a lubricant base stock. In the present study, chemical extraction using acetic acid and natural adsorption methods will be implemented to recycle waste oil and develop a base stock for engine oil. The lubricating properties of recycled engine oil were then evaluated through an experimental investigation.

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Recent times the transportation sector plays a significant role in the economy of countries, in this aspect the total recognition of transportation have not work without oil to run the engines. The used oil needs to change every 5000 to 10000 kilometers, because it's losing its properties, which leads to damage the engine. As per the research point of view it's a part of petroleum oil, therefore recycling process is the best solution to reduce the demand of the petroleum oil as well as minimize the pollution aspect to the environmental concern. The present investigation focusses on renovation and recycling of used lubricating oil using extraction, adsorption and distillation techniques to remove the major impurities by adding solvents. The study of recovery of oil was carried out in three stages and analyzed results, reported the physical properties such as kinetic viscosity, TAN, Sulphur content etc. The result shows that the recycled oil has good quality and capability to reuse as lubricant oil with low cost from the base about 25%. The characterization studies were conducted by ga... Read More

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Six basic mechanisms for heat exchanger fouling have been identified. In the accumulation of deposits in a particular heat exchanger, two or more of these mechanisms may be involved. It is a complex process. Fouling of heat exchangers leads to inefficient heat transfer with increased operating costs, and consequences for energy conservation and the environment. Mitigation of fouling begins with the appropriate design, with a recognition of the influence of design variables, velocity and temperature. Careful operation of the exchanger in line with the design criteria can assist fouling control, but the use of chemical additives or physical techniques will probably also be required for control. Off line cleaning will usually be needed.

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Fouling has limited the evolution of compact heat exchangers (represented by EGR cooler) to smaller and more efficient sizes, an important reason is the unclear mechanism of the effect of exhaust gas condensation on fouling and thermal performance. This paper reviews the effects of hydrocarbon vapor, water vapor and acid vapor condensation on EGR cooler fouling and thermal performance from 1998 to 2023. Three paths of vapors condensation can occurr: interaction with particles, homogeneous nucleation and interaction with fouling. Beneficial effect (3) and harmful effects (2) to EGR cooler thermal performance have identified: filling, removal and chemical are beneficial effects whereas adhesion and nucleation are harmful effects. Three pathways and five effects play a key role on the composition, the mass, the thickness, density, the morphology and thermal resistance of fouling layer. The involvement level of sub-paths and contribution degree of sub-effects of vapor condensation under different boundary conditions, standard database, holistic model and the effect of renewable synthetic... Read More

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Fouling in heat exchangers is a recurring and costly problem for oil refineries. However, the phenomenon is complex and requires experimental evaluation, as oils have varied compositions. In the present study, analyzes were performed in the laboratory using a deposition simulator (HLPS - Hot Liquid Process Simulator). We performed the test with a sample of crude oil. In this test, the deposition was small, which could occur due to the characteristic of the oil.

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Despite having detrimental impacts on the environment and human health, used engine oil is not properly disposed of in Ghana. However, used engine oil can be a valuable resource when recycled. This study investigates the recovery of base oils from used engine oils collected in one Ghanaian municipality. The used engine oils are re-refined either through acid-clay treatment or solvent extraction. Pour point, density, viscosity index, and total acid number of used engine oil and re-refined oils were measured in order to evaluate the two re-refining processes used and assess whether it is appropriate to reuse the re-refined oils as base oils. The pour point, total acid number, and viscosity index of the re-refined oils were significantly different from those of the used engine oils. The density of the re-refined oils varied little from that of the used engine oils (by 0.83% to 6.65%). These changes indicate the separation of some components, primarily impurities, from used engine oil as a result of re-refining. Compared to solvent extraction, acid-clay treatment was found to be less sel... Read More

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One of the key steps of physical oil refining is washing with aqueous solutions. It is based on mixing and separation in a mixer-settler or centrifuge. Patented membrane-based washing allows to conduct washing without direct mixing with water, i.e. without subsequent separation. Oil and water are separated by a membrane. No transmembrane pressure is necessary. We will present our results of an acid value improvement in some oils and the removal of glycerol and alkali from biodiesel. The process is fast and energy-efficient. It does not need clays, is water- and oil-saving, and is easy to scale up.

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Abstract This article examines the issues of contamination by mechanical impurities flowing from the environment into the oil of an internal combustion engine or tractor hydraulic system, the intensity of wear of pairs of rubbing surfaces, methods for reducing abrasive wear, destruction of the oil film layer, dispersed component, the ingress of abrasive particles (formed due to friction between pairs of rubbing parts) into the oil sump and hydraulic system tractors. Filtration of internal combustion engine oil or tractor hydraulic system, description of magnetic cotton filter and design features of this filter. After passing through magnetically cotton filtration, the purified oil is pumped to the rubbing surfaces to reduce friction, cool the rubbing surfaces from the heat generated and wash away abrasive particles from the rubbing surfaces.

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Recycling waste or crude lubricant oil is the best alternative to incineration. This article used the vacuum distillation method to recycle of waste lubricant oil. About 90% of lubricating oil was recovered from waste oil within the temperature range of 60-360 0C. Every measured property like density, viscosity, flash point, pour point, sulfur content, carbon residue, ash content, and water content were investigated and compared with fresh oil. Pour point was found not to improve through vacuum distillation but rather decreased. Similarly, vacuum distillation could not improve the viscosity and density of recycled material but rather decreased. Adding 2% EPDM, SPO ESPRENE V0141, and pellet form of rubber as additives increased those two properties significantly. Finally, 0.1% NaNO3 was also added as an antioxidant. So, lastly, it can be concluded that the vacuum distillation process can effectively recycle waste lubricant oil in an economical and environmentally friendly manner. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 46(1); 19-29: June 2022

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The petroleum refining industry employs a wide variety of heat transfer-based equipment which tend to foul due to the complex nature of associated fluid streams and process conditions. Over the years, different test methods have been researched to understand fouling at the lab, pilot, and/or plant level. Several of these investigations have been limited to understanding fouling in static refinery streams or under non-practical operating conditions. The present study experimentally demonstrates the potential of a high-temperature batch stirred coupon test rig to characterize fouling under noncoking conditions for a specific refinery stream of interest. Experiments were conducted using a representative crude oil stream (obtained from a refinery) in a 2-liter batch autoclave system with a facility to immerse coupons attached to a rotating shaft into the stream during related test runs. The coupon Material of Construction (MOC) was chosen similar to the MOC of the tubes used in a refinery crude heat exchanger train. Experiments covered a range of bulk temperatures from 250C to 300C at ... Read More

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In the present work, the recycling of waste lubricating oil by treatment was investigated using three types of acids such as nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sulphuric acid. This research aims to gain a high-quality refined lubricant oil using acid as an alternative to distillation process. The characteristics and quality of the treated lubricating oil were compared with the base oil by several parameters such as pour point, cloud point, dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity specific gravity and ash content, following American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Initially, filtration was employed to remove the dirt that may be present in the used lubricant oil, followed by adding gasoline to the used lubricating oil and centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes. The atmospheric distillation was conducted for complete removal of water and gasoline. Finally, the lubricating oil was treated with the acids (nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, or sulphuric acid) and neutralised with 6% sodium hydroxide before being separated using settling and centrifugation. Results showe... Read More

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As a result of the analysis of the state of the issue of increasing the efficiency of the use of machinery and extending the service life in agricultural enterprises, it was determined that the refusal of the operation of flushing the lubrication system after replacing the engine oil that has expired reduces the operational characteristics of diesel engines of tractors, the service life of freshly refilled oil decreases. It was established in the course of modeling the process of flushing oil channels that commercial oil M10G2 does not fully ensure the removal of contaminants from the system compared to special flushing oils. Thus, as a result of preliminary experimental studies, it was found that at a pressure of 4 kg / cm2, the content of insoluble precipitate in M-10G2 oil decreases by 0.1-0.2%. As the pressure increases to 8 kg / cm2, these indicators improve. One of the tasks of increasing the efficiency of flushing the lubrication system is to reduce the cost of improving this operation. In this regard, it was decided to use the engine oil that has been used for its life as a w... Read More

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High free fatty acids in waste cooking oil can interfere with the re-use of the cooking oil. Therefore, the absorption technique is one way that can reduce the free fatty acids contained in waste cooking oil. Aim: The purpose of this study is to find out the ability of Reactivated Spent Bleaching Earth (RSBE) to adsorb free fatty acids contained in waste cooking oil to be biodiesel products. In this study, waste cooking oil was collected from fried food sellers in Bekasi, while spent bleaching earth (SBE)-one of the solid wastes produced by refinery oil palm industry as an adsorbent-was from the palm oil industry PT X. For Reactivated Spent Bleaching Earth (RSBE), the redundant used 0.7 M HNO3. To obtain the optimum products, The redundant applied the variation of time (i.e., 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes) and concentration (6%, 9%, 12%, 15%, and 18%). Methodology and results: Results indicated that the time variation of temperature 90 minutes were the maximum and the concentration of 15% were the optimal combination to reduce free fatty acids 0.65%. Conclusion, significance, and im... Read More

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A fuel composition for reducing deposits in compression ignition engines, comprising at least 85% by weight of one or more paraffinic hydrocarbon fractions consisting of hydrotreated vegetable oils, having a distillation range of 100-400°C and a paraffin content of ≥90% by weight. The composition can further include additives such as quaternary ammonium salts, antioxidants, and metal passivators. The fuel composition is used for cleaning the internal parts of compression ignition engines, particularly diesel engines, by reducing deposits through combustion.

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A fuel-based solution for reducing EGR system fouling in compression ignition engines, comprising a diesel fuel composition containing an additive selected from nitrate compounds, peroxide compounds, nitrite compounds, polyether compounds, and mixtures thereof. The additive prevents or reduces the formation of deposits on EGR system components, including coolers, valves, and housings, thereby maintaining system performance and reducing emissions.

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In this work, the effect of blending crude oils on fouling propensity was investigated to determine the extent to which the compatibility of crude oils influences fouling. Fouling testing was performed on a series of crude oil blends with diverse compatibility profiles, as measured using a titration method. For the studied blends, the results show the main driving force behind fouling seems to be related to the compatibility of the components. As the blends approached the threshold of incompatibility, higher fouling propensities were observed. After testing, spent fluids and fouling deposits were recovered and analyzed. Stability changes in the fluids after the fouling tests were evaluated using titration measurements. These results showed that the stability of the blends increased after the runs, indicating a decrease in the solubility of the asphaltenes during fouling testing. These changes in the fluid are associated with thermal degradation of the fluid and are also evident in the deposits' characteristics. Although compatibility seems to dominate fouling in these blends, results... Read More

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The API 1509 standard contains a list of technological processes that can be used to obtain base oils. Base oils can also be obtained using the technology of multistage regeneration of wasted oils. The main requirement according to the classification of API standard 1509 is that the re-refined base oil must be free from harmful substances and contaminants that were formed during its previous use. There is no other information in the standard regarding the requirements for re-refined base oils. The article discusses various methods of assessing the quality of industrial batches of base oils of group I, obtained according to the licensed technology of the German company Fluid Solutions. The quality assessment was carried out both directly for base oils obtained using the regeneration technology, and for laboratory samples of market grade oils, the compositions of which included regenerated base oils.

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Fouling in crude distillation unit preheat train in petroleum refineries is a complex phenomenon. Besides, fouling of equipment by crude oil undergoes different mechanisms at different stages of preheating. Hence, understanding the fouling mechanisms is essential in formulating appropriate fouling mitigation strategies. In this respect, the use of the concept of threshold fouling conditions is one of the approaches for mitigating fouling through operating conditions. Indeed, during this study, a monitoring of the temporal fouling resistance evolution of the E102 exchanger battery of the Algerian refinery was carried out. However, this resistance was calculated based on the classical method proposed by Kern. Given that the monitoring of pressure drops is a widely used method in refineries so as to detect of fouling in the tubes of heat exchangers, it decided to study its evolution over time. Nonetheless, this study has effectively revealed that the heat exchanger battery had a clogging problem since the pressure drops increased over time. In addition, a considerable discrepancy was no... Read More

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Used engine oil is a high pollutant material as it contains extremely toxic contaminants accumulated during operation.These contaminants if disposed improperly can not only cause extensive damage to the environment but also affect all living organisms.To tackle this rising problem the engine oil can be recycled by recovery of its base oil and reused for various purposes.Since the cost of recycling is comparatively much lower than production from crude oil, so recycling can prove to be a preferable alternative source as crude oil reserves are getting depleted.In this research study, SAE 5W30 was collected from the vehicle where it had been used for about 3000 miles operation and the collected oil was then subjected to various recycling methods.The recycled oils obtained undergo various tests for quality check comparison by Rheometer, FTIR Spectrometer, Oil Densitometer and Flash Point Tester.From the results obtained it was clearly observed that the acid/clay treatment method fetched superlative results.The degree of viscosity reduction (%) in acid/clay treatment method was found to b... Read More

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The method for the regeneration of used fire-resistant oils based on treating oils with an anhydrous neutralizing agent at heating, followed by rectification has been developed. As a result of such treatment, used triaryl phosphate oils are purified from a complex of aging products (acids, phenols, sealing products, wear metals, introduced sludge, water). The method provides high yieldsof regenerated oils with quality that meets the regulatory requirements for fire-resistant triaryl phosphate oils for reuse.

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A process for efficiently refining used motor oil by cracking the molecules to produce higher value fuels. The process involves heating and separating the oil in a specialized system with plug flow reactors and separators. The oil is rapidly heated to temperatures above 750°F (400°C) in the reactors to crack the molecules. This prevents fouling and enables complete cracking of the oil. The cracking reactions convert the long chain molecules into shorter, more valuable hydrocarbons that can be separated and used as fuels. The process also removes additives and impurities like sulfur and metals.

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A method for removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from used lubricant compositions, comprising passing the used lubricant composition over activated carbon, thereby reducing the content of PAHs such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) to less than 100 ppb.

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As petroleum products continue to be an inseparable part of our lives, so does the waste that is generated from these products, the prominent among them being the used lubricating oil. However, research shows that more than half of the used lube oil can be converted back to usable lubricant through the process of rerefining. This can certainly reduce the amount of waste oil in the environment and the need of crude oil extraction to a certain extent. As there are various different methods of rerefining, this work focused specifically on the method used widely in India, i.e., Vacuum distillation with Clay treatment. In this paper, the sustainability of the rerefining process was checked using the green chemistry principles and overall material balance of the process. Based on the assumptions made for the material balance, nearly 69.92% of lube oil base stock was obtained along with 11.13% fuel by - product and 12.14% residue, both of which have varied uses in the industry, thus producing additional profit.

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The protection of the environment and pollution control are issues of paramount importance. Researchers today are engrossed in mitigating the harmful impacts of petroleum waste on the environment. Lubricating oils, which are essential for the smooth operation of engines, are often disposed of improperly after completing their life. In the experimental work presented in this paper, deteriorated engine oil was regenerated using the acid treatment method and was reused in the engine. The comparison of the properties of reused oil, the engines performance, and the emissions from the engine are presented. The reuse of regenerated oil, the evaluation of performance, and emissions establish the usefulness of the regeneration of waste lubricating oil. For the used oil, total acid number (TAN), specific gravity, flash point, ash content, and kinematic viscosity changed by 60.7%, 6.7%, 4.4%, 96%, and 15.5%, respectively, compared with fresh oil. The regeneration partially restored all the lost lubricating oil properties. The performance parameters, brake power (BP), brake specific fuel consum... Read More

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Abstract To regeneration of oils which are used in cars engines to lubricate its moving parts, and to get rid of highly contaminants which must be separated to reuse the engine oils. In the column chromatography, the waste oil was treaded as mobile phase (eluent) with petroleum ether (40-60C), while the red mud (alhuor) is a stationary phase for adsorbed the impurities. The effect of the new method using deepeutectic solvent (DESs Reline) as a kind of ionic liquids to help extract impurities by adsorption (choline chloride and urea). Moreover, some thermal and physicochemical properties like density, thermal and electrical conductivity, ash percentages, viscosity, specific gravity and pH values were determined. Values were determ.using TGA for blank oil for comparison and differential scanning calorimetric analyses (DSC).

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Used oil is considered to be a waste product because it has served its original intended purpose and must be discarded. The notice presents supplemented information gathered by the EPA and provided to the EPA by individuals commenting on previous notices on the listing of used oil and used oil management standards. The EPA intends to amend 40 CFR Section 261.32 by adding four waste streams from the reprocessing and rerefining of used oil to the list of hazardous wastes from specific sources. The EPA noted its intention to include these residuals in the definition of used oil in its November 29, 1985, proposal to list used oil as hazardous. The wastes from the reprocessing and rerefining of used oil include process residuals from the gravitational or mechanical separation of solids, water, and oil; spent polishing media used to finish used oil; distillation bottoms; and treatment residues from primary wastewater treatment.

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Purifying hydrocarbons like used oils, waste plastics, and end-of-life tires to recover usable fuel and remove contaminants. The process involves pyrolyzing the hydrocarbon material to release gases. These gases are then contacted with an aqueous persulphate electrolyte to oxidize contaminants like sulfur. The gases are condensed and the aqueous component is removed to yield a purified hydrocarbon liquid. The process can also be used to treat liquid hydrocarbons like crude oil by oxidizing contaminants using persulphate and an electrical field.

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The use of ceramic membranes in the treatment and processing of various liquids, including those of organic origin, has increased tremendously at the industrial level. Apart from the selection of the most appropriate membrane materials and operational conditions, suitable membrane cleaning procedures are a must to minimize fouling and increase membrane lifespan. The review summarizes currently available and practiced non-reagent and cleaning-in-place methods for ceramic membranes that are used in the treatment of organic liquids, thus causing organic fouling. Backflushing, backwashing, and ultrasound represent the most often used physical methods for reversible fouling treatment. At the same time, the use of alkalis, e.g, sodium hydroxide, acids, or strong oxidants are recommended for cleaning of irreversible fouling treatment.

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