Reduced NOACK Volatility in Engine Oils

Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that achieves both low kinetic viscosity and low volatility at high levels in the low temperature range, without containing olefin copolymers. The composition is designed using a specific formula that calculates the estimated value X of the change per unit time in evaporation loss, measured in a NOACK volatility test. The estimated value X is used to determine the optimal boiling point distribution of the base oil components, enabling efficient production of the lubricating oil composition.

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Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that achieves both low kinematic viscosity in the low temperature range and low volatility at high levels. The composition contains a lubricating base oil with a viscosity of 2.7-4.1 mm^2/s at 100°C, and a content of components with a boiling point of 330°C or less of 3.2 mass% or less. The base oil contains specific constituents, including phenol-based antioxidants, and does not contain olefin copolymers.

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Degradation of engine oil can lead to a reduction in its effectiveness in reducing friction, which has a negative impact on engine durability and performance. This research examined in detail the physico-chemical and rheological properties of new and used motor oils, divided into three groups (A, B and C) and subjected to different driving distances (0 km, 4000 km and 7000 km). The main findings include: Progressive degradation of kinematic viscosity at 40C with increasing distance travelled, with greater degradation in group A. A similar degradation in kinematic viscosity at 100C, with Group A showing the greatest degradation, suggesting a loss of efficiency at higher temperatures. A progressive decrease in viscosity index with increasing distance travelled. Significant changes in the total acid number (TAN) and total base number (TBN) of the oil with increasing distance travelled, with the greatest decrease in TBN observed in group C, suggesting acidification of the used oil. A progressive decrease in the sulfur content of used oil compared to new oil, mainly in group C. A progre... Read More

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Abstract Aviation lubricating oil, as the blood of machine operation, plays an important role in the lubrication, cooling, cleaning, sealing, rust prevention, and other aspects of aeroengines, thereby ensuring the safe and stable longterm endurance of aeroengines under highspeed and hightemperature conditions. The thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil leading to decay is the most important factor causing lubricating oil failure, which will seriously affect the performance of aeroengines and endanger flight safety. Here, we comprehensively summarize the oxidation mechanism of aviation lubricating oil, factors affecting thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, evaluation methods for thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, and antioxidants that inhibit thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil. We hope that this review can enhance readers' understanding of the thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, stimulate broader interest, and promote more exciting development in this promising field.

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When exposed to high surface temperatures, engine lubricating oils degrade and may form solid deposits, which cause operational issues and increase shutdown time and maintenance costs. Despite its being a common issue in engine operation, the information available on the mechanics of this phenomenon is still lacking, and the experimental data and conditions must be updated to match the improvements in both lubricant stability and engine efficiency. To this end, an experimental apparatus has been developed to study the mechanisms that lead to the degradation and deposit formation of lubricants at high temperatures. The apparatus is designed to operate at pressures up to 69 bar, surface temperatures up to 650 C, oil bulk temperatures up to 550 C, and flow rates of <14 mL/min. In this apparatus, the oil is cycled through a heated test section, and deposits accumulate on the heated surface. The time required for deposits to start accumulating under the test conditions is determined based on the recorded temperature traces, and collected oil and deposit samples may be analyzed to... Read More

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Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that improves fuel efficiency, LSPI suppression, oil consumption suppression, and detergency in a well-balanced manner. The composition contains a mineral or synthetic base oil with specific viscosity and evaporation properties. It also has calcium borate and magnesium detergents, a poly(meth)acrylate viscosity index improver, and optionally a molybdenum friction modifier.

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Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that maintains low friction characteristics even when using highly evaporative base oils with low viscosity. The composition includes a calcium borate-containing metallic detergent, such as calcium borate salicylate, in an amount of 500-1500 ppm calcium, and a molybdenum-based friction modifier. The base oil has a kinematic viscosity of 2.0-4.3 mm2/s at 100°C and an evaporation loss of 10-40% by NOACK method.

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Internal combustion engine (ICE) thermal management is the whole set of mechanisms to maintain the temperatures of the ICE structure and working fluids within optimized ranges. This chapter recalls the fundamentals of ICEs, highlighting the key points related to energy efficiency and thermal management analysis. It deals with engine cooling and heating and covers oil cooling, charge air cooling, and exhaust gas recirculation cooling, respectively. The chapter discusses the integration of the different heat exchangers inside the front-end module and provides a short overview of waste heat recovery technologies. For vehicles equipped with exhaust gas recirculation, part of the heat available in the exhaust gas is rejected in the exhaust gas recirculation cooling loop. Another heat source available onboard vehicle is the heat rejected in the charge air cooler system. The exhaust heat recovery systems are used to decrease the warm-up time of the engine coolant and oil.

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Abstract The evaporation and pro-ignition characteristics of the lubricating oil blending in the cylinder can bring a super knock for the high-efficiency gasoline engine. The evaporation characteristics of the lubricant/gasoline blending oil film were investigated experimentally under different thermal radiative heat flux, film thickness, and carrier material in a radiation device. The blending ratios of lubricant/gasoline oil film changed from 0% to 15%. Three stages of the blending oil film evaporation process were observed according to the different evaporation rates, namely, transient heating, equilibrium evaporation, and evaporation gel. During the transient heating stage, with the increase of gasoline blending ratio, oil film thickness, and radiative heat flux, the evaporation rate increases, while the evaporation rate decreases in the equilibrium evaporation stage. The evaporation rates in transient heating stage and equilibrium evaporation stages are reasonably predicted by using the proposed relationship model.

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Base oils make up the majority of the content of engine oils and substantially impact the overall performance of the finished lubricant product. The oxidative and thermal stability of the base oil are critical factors in defining the quality of automobile lubricating oil. Thus, it is critical to understand the degrading behavior of base oils and engine oils. The oxidative and thermal stability of several base oils and engine oil were thoroughly investigated in this study. Three distinct types of base oil (base 1, 2 and 3) and motor oil were produced and physically characterized. The samples were dried in a drying oven at atmospheric pressure and 150 for 24 h. The impact of heat treatment on the samples oxidative stability was investigated using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). The thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the samples thermal stability (TGA). The study was done in an inert atmosphere using nitrogen gas and a 10 min1 heating rate from 30 to 900 . The experimental results indicate that base oils and engine oil resisted oxidation since no ... Read More

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The results of testing of motor oils for temperature resistance are presented, taking into account the thermal energy absorbed by the products of thermal degradation and evaporation. Method of research of lubricating oils for temperature resistance in the temperature range from 140 to 300 is described and includes the application of testing devices and control, such as a device for thermostating of the oils, photometer for direct electrophoretic oxidized oils and electronic scales. Linear relationships are established between the decimal logarithms of thermal energy absorbed by thermal destruction products and the decimal logarithms of thermal energy absorbed by evaporation products. It is established that the processes of thermal destruction begin after evaporation of the necessary mass of motor oil, that is, when the motor oils are thermostating, evaporation processes first take place, and after the accumulation of a certain amount of thermal energy, the concentration of the products of thermal destruction and evaporation is increased.

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The given article considers the problem of evaporation that becomes relevant with long-term storage of petrol in large-capacity tanks. Evaporation of oil products leads to a change in their physical and chemical properties. As a result of evaporation, the amount of light oil products is reduced. It leads to deterioration in engine performance. In this regard, it is difficult to start engines as fuel consumption increases and the service life is reduced, the fire hazard increases. Vaporizing light hydrocarbons pollute the environment. The purpose of this work is to identify effective, inexpensive and safe methods for reducing the evaporability of petroleum products, including gasoline when stored in tanks. Use of chemical additives as an inexpensive and efficient method of solution of gasoline evaporation problem is considered. The conclusion about the effectiveness of using chemical additives to fuels to reduce evaporability is justified. Conclusions have been drawn about the possibility of using surfactants as additives to reduce the evaporation of gasoline during long-term storage ... Read More

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Abstract In order to rise to global challenges such as climate change, environmental pollution and conservation of resources, internal combustion engine manufacturers must meet the requirements of substantially reduced emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, zero pollutant emissions and increased durability. This publication addresses approaches that can help improve engine efficiency and durability through the engine crankshaft bearing and lubricant system. An understanding of the operating behavior of key engine components such as crankshaft main bearings in fired engine operation allows the development of appropriate tools for bearing condition monitoring and condition-based maintenance so as to avoid critical engine operation and engine failure as well as unnecessary engine downtime. Such tools are especially important when newly developed low viscosity oils are employed. Though these oils have the potential to reduce friction and to increase engine efficiency, their use comes with a higher risk of accelerated bearing wear and ultimately bearing failure. The specific target ... Read More

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A lubricating oil composition for improving fuel efficiency in internal combustion engines, comprising a base oil comprising a diester having a specific molecular structure, and a combination of additives including dispersants, detergents, antiwear agents, antioxidants, and foam inhibitors. The diester base oil has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 2.5-3.5 mm²/s and is used in an amount of 5-99 wt. % of the finished lubricant. The composition provides improved fuel efficiency and reduced evaporation loss in engines, particularly in low-viscosity engine oils.

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A lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that balances low viscosity, low evaporation, and high temperature cleanliness while maintaining excellent oil film retention and compatibility with rubber materials. The composition comprises a base oil containing a specific olefin polymer, a viscosity index improver-derived resin, and an imide dispersant, with a kinematic viscosity of 5.0-7.1 mm^2/s at 100°C. The composition also includes a metal-based cleaning agent and a zinc dithiophosphate additive, with specific content ranges to optimize performance.

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The film thickness decay of grease-lubricated bearings is determined by a loss of lubricant from the bearing. One of these loss mechanisms is base oil evaporation. In this article, a model is presented for evaporation where the volatiles leave the bearing by breathing. The model is applied to a typical drive cycle where the temperature is varied in time. The impact of the volatility of base oils and quality of sealing on the evaporation losses can be quantified with this model.

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A lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that balances fuel efficiency, low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) suppression, lubricant consumption reduction, and detergency. The composition comprises a base oil with a kinematic viscosity of 3.0-4.0 mm2/s and a NOACK evaporation loss of ≤15%, along with specific levels of calcium and magnesium detergents, zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate, and optionally a viscosity index improver.

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Abstract With the spread of lubricating oils, the usage of viscosity becomes more and more significant in various industries. This essay is used to determine the relationship between viscosity and the change of concentration and temperature to avoid problems during production process. This research uses the high-degree function and exponential function to simulate the change trend of viscosity due to the two variables. Through research, the author discovered the exponential relationship between the temperature as well as concentration and viscosity of lubricating oils and other complex fluids. Based on the results of this research, the enterprise can also avoid excessive wear of the machine and high waste in the production process.

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Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines, comprising a base oil and a poly(meth)acrylate with a specific molecular structure, wherein the poly(meth)acrylate contains a comb-shaped polymer with a particular molecular weight distribution and a glass transition temperature of 20°C or higher. The composition has a kinematic viscosity of 40°C KV of 4.0 mm²/s or more and 7.5 mm²/s or less, a Noack evaporation amount of 30% by mass or less, and a 40°C KV to 100°C KV ratio of 3.95 or less.

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Abstract Removing heat from an internal combustion engine is one of the most promising areas for the development of vehicles and heavy vehicles, especially. The article studies the influence of various parameters of the coolant and the parameters of the heat exchanger on the efficiency of heat transfer when removing heat from an internal combustion engine by an oil-liquid heat exchanger. The influence of diffuser-confusor effect on flow turbulization is considered. Literature analysis was carried out during the study. It raised such issues as: the issues of the efficiency of heat transfer from liquid to the wall under various conditions of the flow of the medium, the issues of changing the hydraulic regimes depending on the parameters of the medium, the issues of changing the parameters of the medium from the determining and secondary factors of heat transfer. The data on the influence of the temperature of various oils on their viscosity and density are presented. The influence of the state of the refrigerant on the efficiency of heat transfer is generalized. As a result of the an... Read More

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It is known that there is an effect of engine oils on the efficiency of operating thermal machines, as engine oil is the mainstay in measuring the efficiency of the machine and is used to lubricate internal combustion engines. Its primary purpose is to lubricate the moving parts. The viscosity index is one of the important factors for the quality of machinery and engine oils, which is the rate of change in the viscosity of the fluid between two temperatures. The lower the number, the lower the viscosity the more the oil heats up. The higher the number, the lower the viscosity decreases as the oil heats up, Some synthetic oils have sufficient viscosity stability (index) to qualify as multi-grade oils. But for mineral-based oils, it has another story. It is configured for low temperature properties. Then viscosity index improvers are added to it. These additives improve the thinning of the oils with increased heat. This allows oils with a lower viscosity to also meet the requirements of higher temperatures. Oils with multiple viscosity levels provide the low-temperature fluidity and hi... Read More

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Engine oil is an important element in the design of an internal combustion engine and can provide a given resource only if its properties correspond to the thermal, mechanical and chemical influences to which it is subjected in the lubrication system and on the surfaces of parts heated to high temperatures and in the friction zone. Based on the analysis of control methods and processes occurring in engine oils, the main indicators that characterize their quality are thermaloxidative stability, temperature resistance, lubricating properties and viscosity, which determine the resource of the engine oil. However, these indicators are mainly used in the control of oil production and are not widely used in the operation of various equipment. In addition, the influence of oxidation products on the kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, antiwear properties and service life of lubricating oils, and most importantly, the mechanism of formation of temperature control products, their structure and energy consumption, are not sufficiently studied. therefore, the purpose of these studies is to d... Read More

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The results of research of the performance characteristics of various base oils when exposed to high temperatures in the presence of diesel fuel fractions are presented. The purpose of the research is to assess the influence of the base oils on their quality when fuel gets in the process of operation. As a research method, the method of high- temperature oxidation was used, the essence of which is the artificial aging of motor oil in order to physically simulate its operation in the lubrication system of an internal combustion engine. During oxidation, preset parameters of the researched oils are used, and subsequently, changes in their main performance characteristics are researched. The result of the research was to obtain data on the effect of the baseline on the change in the quality indicators of engine oils contaminated with various concentrations of diesel fuel. This research can be the basis for developing recommendations for improving the maintenance of internal combustion engines to assess the performance of fuel system elements in order to increase the resource of power un... Read More

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Introduction. With long-term storage of gasoline in large-capacity tanks, the problem associated with their volatility becomes urgent. Evaporation of petroleum products and gasoline leads to a change in their physical and chemical properties, a decrease in the yield of light petroleum products during oil refining, and a deterioration in the performance characteristics of engines. In this regard, it becomes difficult to start engines, their reliability, fuel consumption increases and the service life is reduced. Lost light hydrocarbons pollute the environment and increase the fire hazard of enterprises. The aim of the work is to identify effective, inexpensive and safe methods for reducing the volatility of oil products, including gasoline, when stored in tanks. Research methods. A retrospective analysis of studies on the problems of reducing losses of petroleum products during their storage, transportation and use is carried out. Technical and organizational methods for reducing the evaporation of fuels and the use of chemical additives as an inexpensive and effective method for solv... Read More

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Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion fuels generate rapid evaporative latent heat owing to the simultaneous vaporization of water particles during the compression (550 C700 C) and combustion processes. Combustion is improved as fuel particulates are emitted during the combustion process. This is due to the reduction in combustion temperature caused by the absorption of this evaporation latent heat and the microexplosions caused by the rapid evaporation of water particulates. This allows the simultaneous reduction of nitrogen oxide and smoke, no requirement of additional devices (unlike pre- and post-treatment technologies), and the use of existing diesel engines without any modification. Therefore, this study applied diesel oil (DO) for automobiles and dieselwater emulsion (DWE) fuel to combustion visualization engines and diesel engines to identify the basic combustion and exhaust characteristics. The results showed that the DWE fuel had a 15.3% reduction in combustion duration compared with DO, which had a 19.6% reduction in nitrogen oxide and a 66.3% reduction in smoke.

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High temperature is the main factor responsible for degrading the lubrication and antiwear properties of aero-lubricating oils. Accordingly, this study assessed the effects of thermal treatment of diester aviation lubricating oil and the associated mechanism. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses showed that low-molecular-weight compounds, such as monoesters, diesters, alcohols, and olefins, were the primary degradation products. An assessment of the degradation mechanism of bis(2-ethylhexyl)decanedioate showed that pyrolysis, resulting in the cleavage of -CH and CC bonds, was the main process involved. Additional investigation using advanced polymer chromatography showed that the molecular weights of oil samples changed slightly at high temperatures, while the viscosity and viscosity-temperature index values were relatively stable. High-pressure differential scanning calorimetry established that the thermal oxidation stability of these oils decreased above 250C. Finally, variations in the chemical compositions of the oil sampl... Read More

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Internal combustion engine lubricated with a water-based lubricant, comprising a semipermeable membrane separating the engine interior from the environment, and a ventilation device for controlling water content in the lubricant. The membrane prevents water vapor from entering the engine while allowing water vapor to escape, maintaining a consistent water content in the lubricant. The engine is designed to operate with a water-containing lubricant that has at least 5% by volume of water, and the lubricant is used for both lubrication and cooling of engine components.

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This paper presents the results of practical mechanical tests of motor oils, their specifications and characteristics and the effect of their physical and chemical properties on the performance of the engine. The performance of the engine has a strong relation with the engine oil type and efficiency. The degree of stability of oils properties is very important because if oil or lubricants lose their properties, mechanical and chemical excessive corrosion of the motor metals may occur. Consequently, damage occurs to one or more parts of the engine, thereby the system is breaking down where the cost of downtime is too expensive. It has been found that a higher viscosity value is not the optimum as it increases temperature and energy consumption due to frictional losses. The values required for viscosity is the ideals that gives the stable results regardless temperature variations under any conditions of operation, at which the power losses are minimal and the fuel economy is optimal.

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Resource-saving thermodynamic cycles for material and energy flows in the technology of storing liquid hydrocarbon fuel in tanks using a vapor compression heat pump are proposed, which reduce the loss of fuel resulting from evaporation. The heat pump is equipped with a two-section evaporator, the working and reserve sections of which alternately operate in condensation and regeneration modes, respectively. Vapors of hydrocarbon fuel from the tank are discharged to the evaporator section operating in condensation mode. The water contained in the fuel vapor condenses on the heat ex-change surface in the form of an ice crust, and the condensed fuel separated from the water is discharged into an interme-diate tank and returned to the storage tank. The condensation heat of the refrigerant in the condenser is used to heat the intermediate coolant, which is sent to defrost the section of the evaporator operating in the regeneration mode. After this section, the spent intermediate coolant is returned to the condenser in the closed thermodynamic cycle mode. The water formed during defrosting ... Read More

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Abstract The results of research of thermal-oxidative stability of motor oils of different underlying fundamentals. Proposed indicators for classification of engine oils, including a potential resource, the temperature of the beginning of the transformation process and the critical temperature. Based on the studies, it is shown that the application of the proposed method for the classification of motor oils allows you to get additional information about their quality, including indicators such as: potential resource, the temperature at which transformations in oil begin and the critical working temperature.

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Abstract One of the problems that commonly found in petroleum industry is related to the evaporation of crude oil during storage. Hence the purpose of this study is to find lower-cost method to reduce crude oil evaporation. The method has the same principle as floating roof tank, but instead of surface covered by metal, low-density chemical substances, i.e., polyurethane foam and ethylene vinyl acetate foam (EVA mat), was used to cover the surface of crude oil. In comparison with EVA mat, polyurethane foam gave lower percentage of reduced crude oil evaporation. Increasing the thickness of the additive to 3 cm was found to be the best parameter to reduce the evaporation of crude oil. At temperatures of 40, 45, and 50C, 3 cm thickness of polyurethane foam was able to reduce the evaporation of crude oil by 81.6 - 91.7%, 75.9 - 87.3%, and 74.2% - 86.6%, respectively. At temperatures of 40, 45, and 50C, 3 cm thickness of EVA mat can reduce the evaporation of crude oil by 68.6 - 78.1%, 56.8 - 60.9%, and 42.4 - 49.6%, respectively.

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A lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that balances fuel efficiency, low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) suppression, oil consumption reduction, and detergency. The composition comprises a base oil with a kinematic viscosity of 4.0-4.5 mm2/s and a NOACK evaporation loss of ≤15%, along with a calcium-containing metallic detergent (1000-2000 ppm Ca), a magnesium-containing metallic detergent (100-1000 ppm Mg), and optionally a viscosity index improver (<1%). The composition maintains high high-temperature high-shear (HTHS) viscosity at 150°C while reducing kinematic viscosity at 100°C and 40°C, and exhibits low evaporation loss.

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This paper describes the mechanism of the operating factors' influence on the operating modes of the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the intensity of changes in the technical condition of its main interacting components. It considers changes in the physical and chemical properties of engine oil and its effect on the content of harmful substances in the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine. The characteristic uprating of modern automobile diesel engines significantly worsens the operating conditions of both friction pairs and oil. Ensuring the reliable operation of such uprated engines is possible by improving the lubrication system and the quality of oils used. The performance properties of engine oils have a great influence on the efficiency of internal combustion engines and largely determine their reliability and durability as well as environmental impact. One of the important factors is the wear resistance of friction pairs, which directly depends on the metal-physical characteristics of the friction surfaces as well as the physical and chemical properties of engi... Read More

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Viscous fluids are identified to have viscosity that varies with temperature, which affects the flow. Some fluids have a 10-12% variation in viscosity per C change in temperature. For several production engineering applications it is necessary to retain both flow and temperature of the fluid at a steady value. Different flow rates of the fluid may be essential at the same temperature. The main reason of this analysis is to expirically study kinematic viscosity for various types of oils namely engine oil, refined oil and coconut oil. The Saybolt Viscometer is used to study the characteristics for its usage in the automobile machine parts. We were able to conclude that refined oil gave the lowest viscosity, the refined oil gave the lower viscosity and Engine oil was higher than the other two. It is therefore proposed that refined oil can be used as a lubricant, as the temperature increases the viscosity.

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Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines, particularly hybrid vehicles, that exhibits excellent fuel efficiency and friction reduction across a wide temperature range. The composition contains a base oil with a specific olefin polymer, a comb-shaped polymer as a viscosity index improver, and an organic molybdenum compound. The olefin polymer has a unique structure with a high content of decent trimer hydride, while the comb-shaped polymer has a specific molecular structure that enables both fluid and mixed lubrication. The composition's unique properties enable it to maintain its lubricating film and friction-reducing performance across both high-temperature engine operation and low-temperature hybrid vehicle operation.

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