Lower Emissions Engine Oil Formulation

Reducing abnormal combustion events like pre-ignition in hydrogen fueled internal combustion engines by using specific lubricant additives. The lubricant composition contains a high TBN overbased metal detergent, molybdenum compounds, and low sulfated ash base oils. The molybdenum additive significantly reduces pre-ignition compared to conventional lubricants in hydrogen engines.

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A fuel additive composition for reducing emissions and fuel consumption in combustion engines, comprising 50-70% menthol, 10-20% essential oil, 5-15% camphor, 5-15% naphthalene, 1.5-3.5% iron oxide, and 1.5-3.5% toluene. The composition is added to fuel and reduces harmful emissions, including CO2, CO, NOx, HC, and particulates, while also improving fuel efficiency.

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Engine lubricating oil compositions that achieve both improved piston cleanliness and fuel economy in diesel engines. The compositions comprise a base oil with a viscosity index of less than 5.4 cSt at 100°C, a detergent system with a total base number (TBN) of at least 4 mg KOH/g, and a poly(meth)acrylate copolymer. The detergent system includes overbased calcium or magnesium sulfonates, and the poly(meth)acrylate copolymer has a select viscosity index and molecular weight. The compositions exhibit improved piston cleanliness in the CEC L-117-20 (VW TDi3) test and a fuel economy improvement of at least 0.5% in the JASO M 366 test.

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A composition of additives for reducing pollutant emissions from diesel engines, comprising an alkyl phenol compound and a cetane number improving additive, in a specific ratio. The composition is added to diesel fuel to simultaneously reduce nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, and particulate emissions during combustion.

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A lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that achieves both excellent Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) suppression and fuel saving performance. The composition comprises a lubricating base oil and a metal-based detergent containing a calcium-based detergent with a specific boron-to-calcium ratio and a magnesium-based detergent within defined concentration ranges. The boron-to-calcium ratio in the calcium-based detergent is critical to achieving both LSPI suppression and fuel saving performance.

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Fuel additive made from natural materials that improves combustion and reduces fuel consumption and emissions in vehicles and boilers. The additive comprises a composition comprising water, mineral salts, a polyol compound, an alcohol, and a surfactant. The composition is derived from natural sources, particularly mineral salts from phosphate and alum sources, and is added to conventional fuels at concentrations of 0.1-0.2% w/w. The additive enhances combustion performance while maintaining fuel properties.

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Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines with improved fuel efficiency, comprising a lubricating base oil, magnesium salicylate, calcium salicylate, and a molybdenum-based friction modifier, optionally including anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and dispersants.

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Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that combines high fuel efficiency with low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) reduction. The composition comprises a mineral oil-based base oil with a specific viscosity range and magnesium salicylate as a metallic detergent, in a specific concentration range. The combination enables both improved fuel economy and reduced LSPI events in downsized turbocharged engines.

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Lubricating oil compositions for internal combustion engines that reduce abnormal combustion events such as knock, pre-ignition, and low-speed pre-ignition. The compositions contain high levels of abnormal combustion event inhibitors, including phosphorus, boron, molybdenum, and silicon compounds, and optionally low or no levels of promoters such as calcium and sodium compounds. The compositions can be used with conventional fuels, e-fuels, hydrogen, and co-blended fuels containing abnormal combustion event promoters.

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Lubricating oil composition for reducing Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) events in direct injection-spark ignition engines, comprising a base oil, a calcium-containing detergent providing a calcium content of at least 0.08 wt.%, and a silicon-containing additive providing a silicon content of at least 12 ppm by weight. The composition can be used to lubricate the crankcase of the engine, reducing the occurrence of LSPI events.

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Growing concerns over resource depletion and air pollution driven by the rising dependence on fossil fuels necessitate the exploration of alternative energy sources. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled by biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) derived from castor and corn feedstocks under low-load conditions (idle and minimal accessory loads). We compare the impact of these biofuels on engine power, fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions relative to conventional diesel, particularly in scenarios mimicking real-world traffic congestion and vehicle stops. The findings suggest that biodiesel offers environmental benefits by reducing harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) during engine idling and low-load operation. However, replacing diesel with biodiesel requires further research to address potential drawbacks like increased NOx emissions and lower thermal efficiency. While a higher fuel consumption with biodiesel may occur due to its lower calorific value, the overall benefit of reduced contaminant e... Read More

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A lubricating oil composition for engines with low surface roughness, particularly suitable for hybrid and idling stop mechanisms, comprising a mineral base oil, a polymer with a weight average molecular weight of 100-15,000, and a molybdenum-based friction modifier. The composition has a kinematic viscosity of 35.0 mm2/s or less at 40°C, and the polymer content is 0.1-5.0% by mass. The molybdenum-based friction modifier contains two or more selected from binuclear molybdenum dithiocarbamate, trinuclear molybdenum dithiocarbamate, and molybdenum amine complex, and the molybdenum content is 50-2,000 ppm by mass.

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A lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that combines multiple molybdenum-based friction modifiers to achieve improved friction reduction while maintaining high-temperature detergency, oxidation stability, and copper corrosion resistance. The composition includes a base oil, a specific combination of molybdenum-based friction modifiers, a metal-based detergent, and an ash-free dispersant, with a carefully controlled acid value and sulfur-to-nitrogen ratio.

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The internal combustion engines are still a primary source for transportation, goods carriers, public transport and power generation units. The curiosity in compression ignition engines increases constantly due to their many advantages like high efficiency, reliability, durability, and low-operating cost. But these engines produce lot of harmful engine emissions creating pollution problems globally and causing several health problems in humans. Over the period many rules and regulations have been imposed to control engine emissions. Many aftertreatment emission control technologies have been used but none of them have effectively controlled engine emissions without effecting the performance of the engine. One effective solution to this problem may be to use low temperature combustion strategies which not only would control the engine emissions but simultaneously increase the efficiency of the engine. Low temperature combustion engine as compared to conventional diesel engines reduces particulate matter and nitrogen oxides to nearly zero-level, reduces heat losses and carbon dioxides ... Read More

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Internal combustion engine (ICE) is regarded as one of the famous mode of power generation and the prime mover in automotive application. As technology strives with increase in energy demand, there is need of adopting reliable techniques towards maintaining green environment without affecting production. This study aims to know fossil and biomaterial feedstock with different percentages of NOx emissions generation. This research reviews the effective ways of reducing the various pollutants (NOx, CO, HC and smoke) emissions from different fuel types (petroleum and biodiesel). This centered on some factors on high generation of NOx emissions from biofuel and fossil which include flame adiabatic temperature, molecular structure of the bio-material (biofuel) and fossil, load conditions and ignition delay time. The paper further stated the adequate methods for reduction of NOx, HC, smoke and others for both in pre and post combustion approaches. However, the observed results from the adopted technologies indicates that EGR introduced, reduced the NOx emissions at about 5-25% EGR rate when... Read More

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Lubricating compositions that maintain viscosity stability and prevent oxidative degradation when contaminated with biodiesel, comprising a base oil, sulfurized additives, boronated dispersants, and a detergent system with specific sodium, magnesium, and calcium levels. The detergent system provides a unique balance of metal ions and soap content that enables the lubricant to pass industry tests for viscosity stability in the presence of biodiesel contamination.

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Lubricating oil compositions for internal combustion engines that exhibit improved oxidation, wear, and anti-corrosion characteristics. The compositions comprise a combination of additives, including functionalized olefin copolymers, sulfurized fatty acid esters, and other components, that work together to provide enhanced performance in gasoline and diesel engines. The compositions have specific properties, such as low sulfated ash content, high soot dispersancy, and controlled base number, that enable them to meet the demands of modern engines while minimizing environmental impact.

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Lubricant compositions for internal combustion engines, comprising a base oil and a dispersant viscosity index improver (DVI) additive, wherein the DVI is a functionalized, hydrogenated polymer of conjugated dienes, such as isoprene or butadiene, having a controlled molecular weight distribution and a functionality distribution of 3.5 or less. The polymer is selectively hydrogenated to produce a polymer with a molecular weight distribution of less than 2, and then functionalized with amide, imide, or ester groups. The lubricant compositions exhibit improved soot dispersancy, wear protection, and cleanliness in engine applications, particularly in compression-ignited engines.

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Lubricating oil compositions for heavy-duty diesel engines that exhibit improved friction characteristics and wear protection, comprising a base oil, detergent, and one or more metal alkanoates having a quaternary carbon atom at the 2 position and/or at the 2' position. The metal alkanoates are represented by the Formula (I): R1R2R3COOM, where R1, R2, and R3 are alkyl groups, and M is a metal ion. The compositions have improved wear protection, reduced friction, and low foaming properties, while maintaining a low total base number impact.

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Passenger car motor oil lubricating compositions that achieve strong performance in terms of deposits, sludge, oxidation, and wear using a blend of API Group II and Group III base oils. The compositions include a dispersant system with a specific boron-to-nitrogen ratio and a detergent system with a calcium and magnesium component, both of which are optimized to work together to overcome performance limitations of Group II base oils.

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Lubricating compositions for engine oils that provide improved low-temperature valve train wear in hybrid gasoline-electric engines. The compositions include a unique detergent system comprising overbased magnesium sulfonate and oil-soluble molybdenum compounds, which enables passing performance in the Sequence IVB engine test at low temperatures. The compositions also include a low level of polymeric pour point depressant, which is found to negatively impact low-temperature valve train wear in low-viscosity lubricants.

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Lowering emissions expelled from internal combustion engines has been the focus of researchers worldwide. Adding hydroxy gas to current internal combustion engines can be an effective way of lowering CO2, CO, HC and particle emissions, as well as improve combustion. Because of this, a review of previously conducted research on the addition of hydroxy gas to different internal combustion engines has been produced. During this review, it was concluded that addition of hydroxy gas can be an effective way of lowering fuel consumption and CO, CO2 and HC emissions in petrol engines, as well as fuel consumption and CO and HC emissions in diesel engines.

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Methods of reducing particulate emissions from gasoline engines by lubricating the engine with a lubricating composition containing at least 1500 ppm calcium and no more than 500 ppm magnesium. The composition may include overbased calcium sulfonate detergents and polyisobutylene succinimide dispersants. The lubricating composition is used in conjunction with a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) to reduce particulate emissions from direct injection and port fuel injection engines.

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Diesel fuel compositions that reduce criteria emissions and greenhouse gas emissions when combusted in heavy-duty diesel engines. The compositions comprise a diesel fuel blended with a diesel fuel blending component, which can be an acetal or an ether. The blending component is represented by specific chemical formulas and is blended with the diesel fuel in specific volume percentages. When combusted in a diesel engine, the compositions reduce criteria emissions such as particulates, NOx, CO, and HC, as well as greenhouse gas emissions such as CO2.

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A lubricating composition for reducing particulate emissions from internal combustion engines, comprising a base oil with a viscosity of 4.5 mm2/s or less at 100°C, and a lubricating composition with a viscosity of 2.4 mPa.s-1 or more at 150°C under constant shear. The composition is particularly effective in reducing soot emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines, and can be used in a variety of engine types, including gasoline, diesel, and hybrid engines.

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A lubricating oil composition that reduces environmental impact while maintaining superior lubricating properties. The composition comprises a base oil derived from biomass, such as vegetable oils or algae oil, and a phosphoric acid ester. The biomass-derived base oil provides improved thermal stability and low friction properties, while the phosphoric acid ester enhances lubricating performance. The composition meets the requirements for hydraulic and metalworking oils, including low friction, wear resistance, oxidation stability, and rust prevention.

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The use of fossil-based fuels in internal combustion engines has become a major challenge and faces with serious transformation regarding emissions. Herein, alternative fuel usage becomes prominent, thanks to a great reduction of these emissions. In this study, using 20% (B20), 50% (B50), and 100% (B100) of waste frying oil biodiesel (WFOB)diesel blends has been experimentally and theoretically investigated on emission and performance parameters at full load conditions of 1,5003,000 rpm ranges in the diesel engine. According to the experimental results, it has been shown that torque has not changed significantly, but brake specific fuel consumption enhanced up to 12.98% owing to the lower heating value of biodiesel. In terms of emissions, biodiesel fuels reveal different results. Whereas HC, CO2, and NOx slightly increase with B100, all emissions almost reduce with B20, including NOx and smoke opacity. Maximum reductions of B20 are obtained as 4.51% in CO2, 29.27% in CO, 39.06% in HC, 6.52% in NOx, and 25% in smoke opacity emissions. In compliance with theoretical results, usage of... Read More

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A lubricating oil composition for hybrid vehicles that reduces corrosion in the engine, comprising a major amount of lubricating oil, a minor amount of a salicylate detergent derived from isomerized normal alpha olefins, and a minor amount of a dispersant. The isomerized normal alpha olefins have an isomerization level of 0.1 to 0.4, as determined by NMR spectroscopy. The composition is effective in reducing corrosion in hybrid engines, as determined by the modified JIS K2246 test.

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Increasing the efficiency of internal combustion engines is a technologically proven and cost effective approach to dramatically improving the fuel economy of the nations fleet of vehicles in the near- to midterm, with the corresponding benefits of reducing our dependence on foreign oil and reducing carbon emissions. This review paper discusses on the research of ultra-low emission technology in internal combustion engine. Efficiency can be increased by improving combustion processes, minimizing engine losses such as friction, reducing the energy penalty of the emission control system and using recovered waste energy in propulsion. Compliance with exhaust emission regulations will be mandated and requires after-treatment technologies integrated with the engine combustion approaches. Fuels under consideration include hydrocarbon-based. Because of their relatively low cost, high performance, and ability to utilize renewable fuels, internal combustion engines, including those in hybrid vehicles, will continue to be critical to our transportation infrastructure for decades.

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Low viscosity engine oil lubricant compositions that provide improved fuel efficiency, engine wear protection, and corrosion resistance. The compositions comprise a blend of low viscosity base oils, including Group IV and Group V base stocks, and a friction modifier that reduces engine friction while maintaining corrosion protection. The base oil blend exhibits non-Newtonian viscometric properties and has a high temperature high-shear (HTHS) viscosity of less than 2.2 cP at 150°C. The compositions are suitable for use in gasoline and diesel engines and provide a combination of excellent engine wear protection, corrosion protection, and fuel efficiency.

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Lubricating oil composition with reduced engine deposits, comprising greater than 50 wt.% of a base oil of lubricating viscosity, and an additive composition comprising one or more zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDP compounds) and one or more dispersants, wherein the amount of zinc (Zn) in weight percent provided by the ZDDP compounds multiplied by the contribution of the total base number (TBN) of the dispersants to the TBN of the lubricating oil composition is a multiplication factor Zn*TBNDisp of at least about 0.06.

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Boron-containing overbased salicylate detergents with improved stability and performance, comprising a hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylate moiety, a carbonate moiety, and a borate moiety. The detergent exhibits a basicity index of at least 3.8, a soap content to boron ratio of greater than 55 mmol/kg, and a TBN of at least 220 mg KOH/g. The borate to carbonate ratio is from 0.75 to 6.0, and the hydrocarbyl substitution comprises 9 to 30 carbon atoms. The detergent is prepared by a two-step process involving separate alkaline earth metal loading and boron introduction steps.

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Diesel engines are widely used and have a lot of benefits, but they also contribute significantly to worldwide environmental pollution problems. Many regulations have recently been passed all over the world to minimize the emissions from diesel engines to protect the environment and people's health. Efforts are being made to reduce fossil fuel consumption and maximize the utilization of environmentally friendly alternative fuels and reduce the emissions from compression ignition engines. In this context, the standard emissions for diesel engines, pollutant emissions from diesel engines, the necessity for alternative fuels, various types of alternative fuels employed, and emission control techniques are all discussed in this chapter.

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Lubricating compositions for internal combustion engines that improve fuel economy, cleanliness, and wear performance while maintaining oxidative durability. The compositions comprise a Group IV base oil, a mixture of boron-containing and boron-free dispersants, overbased magnesium and calcium detergents, an ashless friction modifier, and optional additives. The compositions have a High Temperature High Shear (HTHS) viscosity of less than 2.7 mPa·s, enabling improved fuel efficiency without compromising engine cleanliness or durability.

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Engine oil lubricant composition for gasoline and diesel engines that provides excellent fuel efficiency while maintaining engine wear protection and low oil consumption. The composition comprises a polyalpha olefin (PAO) base oil component with a Noack volatility of 12-15% and a Group II base oil component. The PAO component is present in a range of 50-90 wt% and the Group II component in a range of 0.1-50 wt%. The composition may also include additional additives such as dispersants and friction reducers.

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Lubricating oil composition for reducing low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) events in turbocharged gasoline direct-injection engines, comprising a base oil and an additive composition prepared by mixing a calcium-containing detergent and a silicon-containing compound. The composition provides a significant reduction in LSPI events while maintaining corrosion protection and storage stability.

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A lubricating oil composition for gasoline engines that achieves high fuel efficiency while maintaining low friction and wear characteristics across a wide temperature range. The composition contains a base oil, metal-based detergents, and a combination of amine-based, ether-based, and ester-based friction modifiers. The molybdenum dithiocarbamate content is optimized to balance friction reduction and base number retention. The composition exhibits improved fuel efficiency, reduced friction, and enhanced wear protection compared to conventional lubricating oils.

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Lubricating compositions for marine and stationary engines that reduce fuel consumption while maintaining engine cleanliness. The compositions contain a specific hydrogenated and linear styrene/butadiene copolymer. This copolymer, when used in engine lubricants, provides fuel savings compared to traditional lubricants. The compositions also contain base oils, dispersants, and optional additives. The copolymer improves fuel economy without sacrificing engine cleanliness, making it ideal for marine and stationary engines where fuel savings are important.

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A method for producing renewable hydrocarbon products, including base oils for lubricants, from triglyceride feedstocks. The method involves acidification to produce free fatty acids and glycerol, separation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, ethenolysis to produce alpha olefins and short-chain unsaturated fatty acids, and glycerolysis to produce acyl-glycerides. The resulting products can be combined to form high-performance lubricants that meet or exceed API certifications.

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High emissions from petroleum products affect the ozone layer and the environment, and this impact can be reduced by using alternative fuels. The production and use of lemon seed oil and hydrogen blends in a CE engine. Two tanks were used in the compression ignition engine: the primary and secondary storage units. Diesel was mixed with biodiesel and used in different blends B5, B10, and B20. Hydrogen was inducted into the engine for constant propulsion at 10 LPM and was used to prepare the fuel blends B5H10, B10H10, and B20H10. The BTE of the fuel blend B5H10 increased by 3.45%. The brake-specific fuel consumption, CO, HC, and NOx emission of the fuel blend B20H10 dropped by 4.8%, 37.5%, 9.6%, and 9.8%, respectively. The lowest smoke opacity emission of the B20H10 fuel blend was 15.2% compared with the standard diesel fuel due to biodiesel's oxygen concentration and lesser ignition delay.

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A lubricating oil composition for hybrid vehicle engines that improves phosphorus retention and reduces wear. The composition contains zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) compounds derived from primary alkyl alcohols, with a zinc-to-phosphorus molar ratio of 1.270 or greater. This ZDDP formulation provides enhanced phosphorus retention and wear protection in hybrid engines operating at temperatures below 100°C.

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Lubricating oil composition with low sulfated ash content for use in internal combustion engines, comprising a major amount of lubricating oil, one or more alkaline earth metal detergents, one or more nitrogen-containing dispersants, and up to 0.10 wt% zinc from zinc dithiophosphate. The composition has a sulfur content of up to 0.10 wt% and a sulfated ash content of up to 0.30 wt%, with a nitrogen-to-alkaline earth metal ratio of 20 or greater.

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A lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that improves fuel economy retention, turbocharger efficiency, and reduces oil consumption. The composition contains a renewable base oil derived from C14-C20 olefins, which is hydroisomerized to achieve excellent viscosity, volatility, and additive solubility properties. The additive package has a sulfur content of up to 0.4 wt% and a sulphated ash content of up to 0.5 wt%, enabling low SAPS formulations that prolong exhaust after-treatment device life. The composition demonstrates improved engine performance retention over conventional lubricants, including fuel economy retention of at least 0.2% and oil drain interval capability of up to 360 hours.

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Lubricant composition for preventing and reducing preignition in vehicle engines, particularly low-speed preignition (LSPI), comprising a base oil and a boron derivative additive in a concentration of 150-350 ppm by weight. The boron derivative additive significantly improves the ignition temperature of the lubricant composition, particularly in aged or spent lubricant, thereby preventing and reducing preignition events. The composition can be used for extended oil change intervals without adding fresh lubricant, providing long-term protection against preignition in vehicle engines.

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Lubricating compositions for internal combustion engines that combine the benefits of polyalphaolefin (PAO) and polyisobutylene (PIB) dispersants to achieve effective deposit control and cleanliness at low viscosity grades. The compositions comprise an oil of lubricating viscosity and a mixed dispersant additive package containing an acylated PAO-based dispersant and an acylated PIB-based dispersant, with a specific weight ratio of the two dispersants. This combination enables the formulation of low-viscosity engine oils that meet stringent fuel economy and performance requirements.

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Diesel engine lubricating compositions and methods for improving fuel economy and wear protection in heavy-duty diesel engines. The compositions comprise a lubricating oil blend with a high percentage of Group III or IV base oils, a boron-free PIB succinimide dispersant system, alkaline earth metal detergents, and a phosphorus antiwear agent. The compositions maintain wear protection while achieving improved fuel economy compared to conventional lubricants.

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Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines, particularly hybrid electric vehicles, that maintains low-temperature fluidity even when contaminated with water. The composition comprises a lubricating base oil with a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 3.8 to 4.6 mm2/s, and additives including a metallic detergent, a succinimide dispersant, and an antioxidant. The metallic detergent is present in an amount of 1000 to 2000 mass ppm in terms of metal content, and the succinimide dispersant is present in an amount of 100 to 1000 mass ppm in terms of nitrogen.

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A lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines, particularly hybrid electric vehicles, that maintains low-temperature fluidity even when contaminated with water. The composition comprises a lubricating base oil with a kinematic viscosity of 3.8-4.6 mm2/s at 100°C, and at least one additive, including a metallic detergent with a metal content of 1000-2000 mass ppm and a succinimide dispersant with a nitrogen content of 100-1000 mass ppm. The composition prevents degradation of low-temperature fluidity when water is present, thereby maintaining engine performance and fuel efficiency.

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Lubricants for internal combustion engines that improve fuel economy without sacrificing performance or durability. The lubricant composition includes an oil of lubricating viscosity and a boron-containing ashless dispersant.

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Internal Combustion Engines have been one of the contributors of urban air pollution. The usage of CI engines in the locomotives and other applications are inevitable. Emissions from the diesel engines are a major concern. In this paper, an ephemeral examination of the significant studies involving the engine's characteristics especially those involved in emissions and performance powered with biodiesel blends, biodiesel blends doped with additives, in-cylinder reduction technique in CI engine are presented. The usage of biodiesel in the CI engine results in improved performance with a slender decrease in the engine power and also decrease in emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and unburnt hydrocarbon. However, emission reduction technologies improve the emission results and doping of fuel with additives results in stabilization of engine power. It is understood from the study that emission could be reduced when the engine is run at conditions like 20% blended fuel, lower weight percentage of biologically derived fuel additive, 20% EGR with 20% blended fuel. In most of the c... Read More

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