Modern engine lubricants face evolving emission challenges across a spectrum of powertrains. Conventional formulations with high metal content can contribute 20-30% of particulate emissions in direct injection engines while standard detergent packages exceeding 1500 ppm calcium have been linked to a fivefold increase in low-speed pre-ignition events. Field testing shows that optimized oils can reduce carbon monoxide by up to 18% and nitrogen oxides by 5-8% while simultaneously improving fuel economy by 0.5-2.0%.

The challenge lies in balancing the opposing requirements of engine protection, emission reduction, and tribological performance while accommodating diverse fuel types from conventional hydrocarbons to hydrogen.

This page brings together solutions from recent research—including magnesium/calcium salicylate detergent systems with controlled metal ratios, molybdenum-based friction modifiers, silicon-containing additives for LSPI mitigation, and specialized formulations for hydrogen combustion engines. These and other approaches demonstrate how precisely engineered lubricant chemistries can simultaneously address emissions, efficiency, and durability requirements without compromising engine performance.

1. Lubricant Composition with High TBN Overbased Metal Detergent and Molybdenum Compounds for Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines

INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LTD, 2025

Reducing abnormal combustion events like pre-ignition in hydrogen fueled internal combustion engines by using specific lubricant additives. The lubricant composition contains a high TBN overbased metal detergent, molybdenum compounds, and low sulfated ash base oils. The molybdenum additive significantly reduces pre-ignition compared to conventional lubricants in hydrogen engines.

US2025197755A1-patent-drawing

2. Fuel Additive Composition with Menthol, Essential Oil, Camphor, Naphthalene, Iron Oxide, and Toluene

DE ZEVEN DWERGEN B V, 2025

A fuel additive composition for reducing emissions and fuel consumption in combustion engines, comprising 50-70% menthol, 10-20% essential oil, 5-15% camphor, 5-15% naphthalene, 1.5-3.5% iron oxide, and 1.5-3.5% toluene. The composition is added to fuel and reduces harmful emissions, including CO2, CO, NOx, HC, and particulates, while also improving fuel efficiency.

WO2025109017A1-patent-drawing

3. Engine Lubricating Oil Compositions with Low-Viscosity Base Oil, Overbased Detergent System, and Poly(meth)acrylate Copolymer

AFTON CHEMICAL CORP, 2024

Engine lubricating oil compositions that achieve both improved piston cleanliness and fuel economy in diesel engines. The compositions comprise a base oil with a viscosity index of less than 5.4 cSt at 100°C, a detergent system with a total base number (TBN) of at least 4 mg KOH/g, and a poly(meth)acrylate copolymer. The detergent system includes overbased calcium or magnesium sulfonates, and the poly(meth)acrylate copolymer has a select viscosity index and molecular weight. The compositions exhibit improved piston cleanliness in the CEC L-117-20 (VW TDi3) test and a fuel economy improvement of at least 0.5% in the JASO M 366 test.

US2024352376A1-patent-drawing

4. Additive Composition with Alkyl Phenol and Cetane Number Enhancer in Defined Ratio

TOTALENERGIES ONETECH, 2024

A composition of additives for reducing pollutant emissions from diesel engines, comprising an alkyl phenol compound and a cetane number improving additive, in a specific ratio. The composition is added to diesel fuel to simultaneously reduce nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, and particulate emissions during combustion.

US2024336857A1-patent-drawing

5. Lubricating Oil Composition with Calcium and Magnesium-Based Detergents and Specific Boron-to-Calcium Ratio

ENEOS CORP, 2024

A lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that achieves both excellent Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) suppression and fuel saving performance. The composition comprises a lubricating base oil and a metal-based detergent containing a calcium-based detergent with a specific boron-to-calcium ratio and a magnesium-based detergent within defined concentration ranges. The boron-to-calcium ratio in the calcium-based detergent is critical to achieving both LSPI suppression and fuel saving performance.

US2024301314A1-patent-drawing

6. Fuel Additive Composition with Natural Mineral Salts, Polyol, Alcohol, and Surfactant

GREEN PETROSOL LTD, 2024

Fuel additive made from natural materials that improves combustion and reduces fuel consumption and emissions in vehicles and boilers. The additive comprises a composition comprising water, mineral salts, a polyol compound, an alcohol, and a surfactant. The composition is derived from natural sources, particularly mineral salts from phosphate and alum sources, and is added to conventional fuels at concentrations of 0.1-0.2% w/w. The additive enhances combustion performance while maintaining fuel properties.

7. Lubricating Oil Composition with Magnesium and Calcium Salicylates and Molybdenum-Based Friction Modifier

ENEOS CORP, 2024

Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines with improved fuel efficiency, comprising a lubricating base oil, magnesium salicylate, calcium salicylate, and a molybdenum-based friction modifier, optionally including anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and dispersants.

8. Lubricating Oil Composition with Mineral Base Oil and Magnesium Salicylate Detergent

ENEOS CORP, 2024

Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that combines high fuel efficiency with low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) reduction. The composition comprises a mineral oil-based base oil with a specific viscosity range and magnesium salicylate as a metallic detergent, in a specific concentration range. The combination enables both improved fuel economy and reduced LSPI events in downsized turbocharged engines.

9. Lubricating Oil Composition with Abnormal Combustion Inhibitors and Reduced Promoter Content

INFINEUM INT LTD, 2024

Lubricating oil compositions for internal combustion engines that reduce abnormal combustion events such as knock, pre-ignition, and low-speed pre-ignition. The compositions contain high levels of abnormal combustion event inhibitors, including phosphorus, boron, molybdenum, and silicon compounds, and optionally low or no levels of promoters such as calcium and sodium compounds. The compositions can be used with conventional fuels, e-fuels, hydrogen, and co-blended fuels containing abnormal combustion event promoters.

EP4397738A1-patent-drawing

10. Lubricating Oil Composition with Calcium-Containing Detergent and Silicon-Containing Additive

INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LTD, 2024

Lubricating oil composition for reducing Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) events in direct injection-spark ignition engines, comprising a base oil, a calcium-containing detergent providing a calcium content of at least 0.08 wt.%, and a silicon-containing additive providing a silicon content of at least 12 ppm by weight. The composition can be used to lubricate the crankcase of the engine, reducing the occurrence of LSPI events.

11. Effects of Castor and Corn Biodiesel on Engine Performance and Emissions under Low-Load Conditions

NULL AUTHOR_ID, NULL AUTHOR_ID - MDPI AG, 2024

Growing concerns over resource depletion and air pollution driven by the rising dependence on fossil fuels necessitate the exploration of alternative energy sources. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled by biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) derived from castor and corn feedstocks under low-load conditions (idle and minimal accessory loads). We compare the impact of these biofuels on engine power, fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions relative to conventional diesel, particularly in scenarios mimicking real-world traffic congestion and vehicle stops. The findings suggest that biodiesel offers environmental benefits by reducing harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) during engine idling and low-load operation. However, replacing diesel with biodiesel requires further research to address potential drawbacks like increased NOx emissions and lower thermal efficiency. While a higher fuel consumption with biodiesel may occur due to its lower calorific value, the overall benefit of reduced contaminant e... Read More

12. Lubricating Oil Composition with Mineral Base, Low Molecular Weight Polymer, and Molybdenum-Based Friction Modifiers

IDEMITSU KOSAN CO LTD, 2024

A lubricating oil composition for engines with low surface roughness, particularly suitable for hybrid and idling stop mechanisms, comprising a mineral base oil, a polymer with a weight average molecular weight of 100-15,000, and a molybdenum-based friction modifier. The composition has a kinematic viscosity of 35.0 mm2/s or less at 40°C, and the polymer content is 0.1-5.0% by mass. The molybdenum-based friction modifier contains two or more selected from binuclear molybdenum dithiocarbamate, trinuclear molybdenum dithiocarbamate, and molybdenum amine complex, and the molybdenum content is 50-2,000 ppm by mass.

US2024199975A1-patent-drawing

13. Lubricating Oil Composition with Molybdenum-Based Friction Modifiers and Controlled Acid Value and Sulfur-to-Nitrogen Ratio

IDEMITSU KOSAN CO LTD, 2024

A lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that combines multiple molybdenum-based friction modifiers to achieve improved friction reduction while maintaining high-temperature detergency, oxidation stability, and copper corrosion resistance. The composition includes a base oil, a specific combination of molybdenum-based friction modifiers, a metal-based detergent, and an ash-free dispersant, with a carefully controlled acid value and sulfur-to-nitrogen ratio.

US2024199972A1-patent-drawing

14. Low temperature combustion engines for future transport—a review

Satendra Singha, D. Ganeshwar Rao, Manoj Dixit - CRC Press, 2024

The internal combustion engines are still a primary source for transportation, goods carriers, public transport and power generation units. The curiosity in compression ignition engines increases constantly due to their many advantages like high efficiency, reliability, durability, and low-operating cost. But these engines produce lot of harmful engine emissions creating pollution problems globally and causing several health problems in humans. Over the period many rules and regulations have been imposed to control engine emissions. Many aftertreatment emission control technologies have been used but none of them have effectively controlled engine emissions without effecting the performance of the engine. One effective solution to this problem may be to use low temperature combustion strategies which not only would control the engine emissions but simultaneously increase the efficiency of the engine. Low temperature combustion engine as compared to conventional diesel engines reduces particulate matter and nitrogen oxides to nearly zero-level, reduces heat losses and carbon dioxides ... Read More

15. Empirical Research on Sustainability in Mitigating Fuel Emissions and Enhancing Load Performance of Internal Combustion Engines

Abdelgader A.S. Gheidan, Mazlan Bin Abdul Wahid, Opia Anthony Chukwunonso - B P International, 2024

Internal combustion engine (ICE) is regarded as one of the famous mode of power generation and the prime mover in automotive application. As technology strives with increase in energy demand, there is need of adopting reliable techniques towards maintaining green environment without affecting production. This study aims to know fossil and biomaterial feedstock with different percentages of NOx emissions generation. This research reviews the effective ways of reducing the various pollutants (NOx, CO, HC and smoke) emissions from different fuel types (petroleum and biodiesel). This centered on some factors on high generation of NOx emissions from biofuel and fossil which include flame adiabatic temperature, molecular structure of the bio-material (biofuel) and fossil, load conditions and ignition delay time. The paper further stated the adequate methods for reduction of NOx, HC, smoke and others for both in pre and post combustion approaches. However, the observed results from the adopted technologies indicates that EGR introduced, reduced the NOx emissions at about 5-25% EGR rate when... Read More

16. Lubricating Composition with Base Oil, Sulfurized Additives, Boronated Dispersants, and Sodium-Magnesium-Calcium Detergent System

AFTON CHEMICAL CORP, 2024

Lubricating compositions that maintain viscosity stability and prevent oxidative degradation when contaminated with biodiesel, comprising a base oil, sulfurized additives, boronated dispersants, and a detergent system with specific sodium, magnesium, and calcium levels. The detergent system provides a unique balance of metal ions and soap content that enables the lubricant to pass industry tests for viscosity stability in the presence of biodiesel contamination.

US11970671B2-patent-drawing

17. Lubricating Oil Compositions with Functionalized Olefin Copolymers and Sulfurized Fatty Acid Esters

INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LTD, 2024

Lubricating oil compositions for internal combustion engines that exhibit improved oxidation, wear, and anti-corrosion characteristics. The compositions comprise a combination of additives, including functionalized olefin copolymers, sulfurized fatty acid esters, and other components, that work together to provide enhanced performance in gasoline and diesel engines. The compositions have specific properties, such as low sulfated ash content, high soot dispersancy, and controlled base number, that enable them to meet the demands of modern engines while minimizing environmental impact.

18. Lubricant Composition with Hydrogenated Conjugated Diene Polymer Dispersant Viscosity Index Improver

INFINEUM INT LTD, 2024

Lubricant compositions for internal combustion engines, comprising a base oil and a dispersant viscosity index improver (DVI) additive, wherein the DVI is a functionalized, hydrogenated polymer of conjugated dienes, such as isoprene or butadiene, having a controlled molecular weight distribution and a functionality distribution of 3.5 or less. The polymer is selectively hydrogenated to produce a polymer with a molecular weight distribution of less than 2, and then functionalized with amide, imide, or ester groups. The lubricant compositions exhibit improved soot dispersancy, wear protection, and cleanliness in engine applications, particularly in compression-ignited engines.

19. Lubricating Oil Compositions with Metal Alkanoates Featuring Quaternary Carbon at 2 and/or 2' Positions

INFINEUM INT LTD, 2024

Lubricating oil compositions for heavy-duty diesel engines that exhibit improved friction characteristics and wear protection, comprising a base oil, detergent, and one or more metal alkanoates having a quaternary carbon atom at the 2 position and/or at the 2' position. The metal alkanoates are represented by the Formula (I): R1R2R3COOM, where R1, R2, and R3 are alkyl groups, and M is a metal ion. The compositions have improved wear protection, reduced friction, and low foaming properties, while maintaining a low total base number impact.

20. Lubricating Compositions with API Group II and III Base Oils, Boron-to-Nitrogen Ratio Dispersant System, and Calcium-Magnesium Detergent System

AFTON CHEMICAL CORP, 2024

Passenger car motor oil lubricating compositions that achieve strong performance in terms of deposits, sludge, oxidation, and wear using a blend of API Group II and Group III base oils. The compositions include a dispersant system with a specific boron-to-nitrogen ratio and a detergent system with a calcium and magnesium component, both of which are optimized to work together to overcome performance limitations of Group II base oils.

21. Lubricating Composition with Overbased Magnesium Sulfonate and Oil-Soluble Molybdenum Compounds for Hybrid Engine Oils

22. Hydroxy gas as an additive for improvement of exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines – a review

23. Engine Lubrication Method Using High-Calcium, Low-Magnesium Composition with Overbased Calcium Sulfonate and Polyisobutylene Succinimide Dispersants

24. Diesel Fuel Compositions with Specific Acetal or Ether Blending Components

25. Lubricating Composition with Base Oil and Specific Viscosity Characteristics

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