Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids

A heat transfer fluid for immersion cooling of electrical componentry, comprising a mixture of phosphate esters, exhibits favorable properties in a circulating immersion cooling system, such as low flammability, low pour point, high electrical resistivity, and low viscosity for pumpability. The fluid is particularly suited for cooling battery modules and other electrical componentry in electric vehicles, enabling fast charging and high loading while maintaining safe operating conditions.

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Nowadays, with the approaching carbon neutrality deadlines and the implementation of zero-net carbon emission policies, the research and development of flame retardants are increasingly influenced by stringent regulations and laws. In this context, natural inorganic materials have garnered significant attention as promising flame retardants to enhance the fire resistance of polymer composites. These materials offer unique advantages, such as being environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and producing no carbon emissions during preparation. Consequently, in recent years, there has been a rapid increase in research on natural mineral flame retardants. This review systematically introduces the research progress on natural minerals as flame retardants in epoxy resin, highlighting their ability to provide exceptional fire resistance. Additionally, we categorize the various chemical modification approaches for natural minerals and explore different various natural mineral-based flame retardants. Furthermore, we elucidate the flame retardant mechanisms behind both natural and modified min... Read More

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Polyurethanes are among the most significant types of polymers in development; these materials are used to produce construction products intended for work in various conditions. Nowadays, it is important to develop methods for fire load reduction by using new kinds of additives or monomers containing elements responsible for materials' fire resistance. Currently, additive antipyrines or reactive flame retardants can be used during polyurethane material processing. The use of additives usually leads to the migration or volatilization of the additive to the surface of the material, which causes the loss of the resistance and aesthetic values of the product. Reactive flame retardants form compounds containing special functional groups that can be chemically bonded with monomers during polymerization, which can prevent volatilization or migration to the surface of the material. In this study, reactive flame retardants are compared. Their impacts on polyurethane flame retardancy, combustion mechanism, and environment are described.

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Long-term fire retardant compositions for forest fire suppression, comprising retardant salts that alter fire behavior, decrease intensity, and slow fire spread. The compositions are available as wet or dry concentrates that can be mixed with water to enhance water's effectiveness and cling to fuels over an extended period.

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Inadequate fire resistance of polymers raises questions about their advanced applications. Flexible polyurethane (PU) foams have myriad applications but inherently suffer from very high flammability. Because of the dependency of the ultimate properties (mechanical and damping performance) of PU foams on their cellular structure, reinforcement of PU with additives brings about further concerns. Though they are highly flammable and known for their environmental consequences, rubber wastes are desired from a circularity standpoint, which can also improve the mechanical properties of PU foams. In this work, melamine cyanurate (MC), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) are used as well-known flame retardants (FRs) to develop highly fire-retardant ground tire rubber (GTR) particles for flexible PU foams. Analysis of the burning behavior of the resulting PU/GTR composites revealed that the armed GTR particles endowed PU with reduced flammability expressed by over 30% increase in limiting oxygen index, 50% drop in peak heat release rate, as well as reduced smoke gen... Read More

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An anhydrous fire-resistant paper machine oil formulation that provides improved safety and performance compared to conventional mineral oil and PAO-based lubricants. The oil comprises a blend of polyol and polyalkylene glycol (PAG) base fluids, which exhibit enhanced fire resistance and self-extinguishing properties. The formulation also includes additives for anti-wear, rust inhibition, and antioxidant protection, and is suitable for use in high-pressure paper machines.

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Fire-resistant fluids and lubricants are products that are used in various industries or energy sector to ensure the reliability and safety of equipment operating under high temperature and pressure conditions. Aspects of the use of fire-resistant fluids (hydraulic or lubricating agents), including those based on xylenol, in the Russian Federation energy industry (control and lubrication systems for automatic control systems of steam or gas turbines), and the problems of switching from imported materials to domestic analogues are considered. The range of issues raised at the All-Russian Scientific and Technical Conference Modern trends in the development of the market for fire-resistant turbine oils and the record of their operation at thermal power plants and nuclear power plants, held in March 2023, as well as the decisions made there, are covered. Besides, measures taken by energy companies to legitimize the use of domestic fire-resistant fluids for operation in thermal power equipment in Russia are indicated. The results of laboratory studies of new domestic fire-resistant flui... Read More

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With the development of deep-sea exploration technology, the technology of fire-retardant hydraulic fluid (HFC) has played an important role in the power transmission of exploration equipment. However, the mechanism of the influence of seawater content on the tribocorrosion behavior of HFC remains unclear. In this study, the effects of different seawater contents on the tribological and corrosive properties of HFC were systematically investigated. The results showed that when the seawater concentration exceeds 30 wt.%, a soft Mg-containing reaction film is formed in the friction contact area owing to seawater corrosion, thus effectively improving the sintering load and wear resistance to some extent. By contrast, with increasing seawater concentration, the lubricity declines, the wear intensifies, and the extreme pressure characteristics decrease significantly. The comparative analysis shows that the composition of the wear and corrosion reaction films significantly differs under high-concentration seawater conditions, which is also a key factor affecting the friction and corrosion b... Read More

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A promising strategy to address the pressing challenges with wildfire, particularly in the wildland-urban interface (WUI), involves developing new approaches for preventing and controlling wildfire within wildlands. Among sprayable fire-retardant materials, water-enhancing gels have emerged as exceptionally effective for protecting civil infrastructure. They possess favorable wetting and viscoelastic properties that reduce the likelihood of ignition, maintaining strong adherence to a wide array of surfaces after application. Although current water-enhancing hydrogels effectively maintain surface wetness by creating a barricade, they rapidly desiccate and lose efficacy under high heat and wind typical of wildfire conditions. To address this limitation, we developed unique biomimetic hydrogel materials from sustainable cellulosic polymers crosslinked by colloidal silica particles that exhibit ideal viscoelastic properties and facile manufacturing. Under heat activation, the hydrogel transitions into a highly porous and thermally insulative silica aerogel coating in situ, providing a ro... Read More

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We develop a novel fire extinguishing device that uses dry water coated by hydrophobic silica nanoparticles as a fire extinguishing agent and nanoenergetic materials composed of micro-sized Al and nano-sized CuO as a pressure-generating matter for dispersing the dry water powder. To examine the performance of the proposed device, experiments simulating a class B fire are conducted. The dispersion characteristics of the dry water powder within the flames are analyzed by varying the parameter of the pressure source. Furthermore, the fire extinguishing performance of the proposed device is compared with the case of using silica sand, which is a traditional extinguishing agent, and the case with no extinguishing agent. The results verify the effectiveness of using dry water. The device proposed in this study can be easily tailored to specific sizes and designs, which allows for its application to diverse types of fire.

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A lubricant composition for electric vehicle propulsion systems that simultaneously provides lubrication, cooling, and fire resistance. The composition comprises a base oil and a fire retardant, specifically a fluoro fire retardant of formula (I), which imparts ignition-resistance properties to the batteries while maintaining lubrication and cooling performance for the motor, transmission, and power electronics.

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Hydraulic fluid with improved balance of desirable properties, particularly in relation to functional properties and compatibility with fluoropolymer seals and yellow metal components. The fluid comprises 40-150 ppm by weight of a corrosion inhibiting agent of formula (I) or a tribologically acceptable salt thereof, and 1500-4000 ppm by weight of an ashless nitrogen-containing dispersant. The corrosion inhibiting agent is a compound of formula (I) or a tribologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

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A fire-resistant hydraulic fluid (FRHF) composition for industrial applications, particularly in mining and heavy industry, comprising a semi-synthetic or fully synthetic formulation that addresses environmental concerns and equipment compatibility issues. The composition includes a base fluid, lubricant, corrosion inhibitors, and surfactants, with specific additives such as Dowfax C10L and Novel 23E3. The formulation is designed to meet OEM testing requirements and is compatible with aluminum and other materials commonly used in mining equipment.

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A supply device for military vehicles that enables the use of a single hydraulic system for both power transmission and fluid supply, eliminating the need for separate systems. The device connects the fluid pump of the supply system to the hydraulic motor of the working system through a mechanical or hydromechanical clutch or transmission, allowing for efficient and reliable operation. The system can utilize flame-retardant hydraulic fluids or ionic liquids, which offer improved safety and environmental benefits.

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This paper reports the analysis of compositions for fire protection of wood that established that there are not enough data to explain and describe the process of fire protection and, accordingly, the fire-hazardous properties of wood, in order to protect people. The development and research of a set of properties of fire-resistant materials leads to the design of new types of such materials. The object of this study was a fire-protective two-component intumescent varnish for wood. The essence of the research is to determine the indicators of fire danger of wood, fire-protected by coatings, and the impact exerted on them by the formed heat-insulating layer of coke, making it possible to justify the effectiveness of the fire-retardant coating under the influence of temperature. The volume of fire-retardant and hydrophobic coating has been optimized, which ensures the lowest value of loss of mass by fire-protected wood during thermal action. Its lowest value was determined when using flame retardant in the volume of 589 g/m2 and a hydrophobic agent in the volume of 54 g/m2. When determ... Read More

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A method for preparing a glycerin-ester-based lubricating base oil through a catalyst-free and rinsing-free process, using glycerin and fatty acid extracted from natural vegetable oils. The process involves synthesizing the glycerin ester in an inert gas atmosphere at a reaction temperature of 100° C. to 350° C. The resulting lubricating base oil is biodegradable, non-toxic, and has improved heat and oxidation stability compared to conventional vegetable oil-based lubricants.

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Phosphate ester fire-resistant oil for high-temperature applications, particularly in power generation systems, comprising a blend of tert-butyl phenyl diphenyl phosphate, tri-tert-butyl phenyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and additives, with a specific mass ratio of 85:6:5:1. The oil exhibits excellent fire resistance, oxidative stability, hydrolytic stability, and lubricity, making it suitable for use in high-pressure hydraulic systems.

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A non-water coolant composition for cooling power electronics in electric vehicles, comprising at least one halogen-based flame retardant selected from fluorine-based oils and chlorinated paraffins. The composition is used in a cooling system for vehicles with travel motors, such as electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles, to cool heat-generating components like inverters, converters, and batteries.

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The physicochemical properties and production fire-resistant oils based on triaryl phosphates are considered. The method for obtaining butylated fire-resistant oil developed in RD-RN Center is described. The application of this method for resumingthe production of fire-resistant oils and hydraulic fluids based on raw materials available in the Russian Federation is discussed.

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The purpose of the research was to experimentally study the influence of a porous polyurethane partition on the flow parameters and on the flame front propagation in front of the partition upon initiation at the open end of the channel. The flame front velocities were determined in a hydrogen-air mixture at atmospheric pressure in a channel open on both sides with an inner diameter of 20 mm. The ratio between hydrogen and air was varied, so that the molar excess of hydrogen varied from 0.3 (ultra-poor mixture) to 1.0 (stoichiometric composition). The pore size varied within 0.3--2.5 mm, which corresponded to the number of pores per inch in the range of 10--80. The coefficients of hydraulic resistance of a polyurethane partition with an open pore type, depending on the size of the pores and the thickness of the partition, were calculated from the pressure loss when the air flow passes through the porous element. The flame front velocity was determined using the shadow method and high-speed survey. Findings of the research show that the optimal value of the thickness of the porous part... Read More

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