Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids

A heat transfer fluid for immersion cooling of electrical componentry, comprising a mixture of phosphate esters, exhibits favorable properties in a circulating immersion cooling system, such as low flammability, low pour point, high electrical resistivity, and low viscosity for pumpability. The fluid is particularly suited for cooling battery modules and other electrical componentry in electric vehicles, enabling fast charging and high loading while maintaining safe operating conditions.

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Nowadays, with the approaching carbon neutrality deadlines and the implementation of zero-net carbon emission policies, the research and development of flame retardants are increasingly influenced by stringent regulations and laws. In this context, natural inorganic materials have garnered significant attention as promising flame retardants to enhance the fire resistance of polymer composites. These materials offer unique advantages, such as being environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and producing no carbon emissions during preparation. Consequently, in recent years, there has been a rapid increase in research on natural mineral flame retardants. This review systematically introduces the research progress on natural minerals as flame retardants in epoxy resin, highlighting their ability to provide exceptional fire resistance. Additionally, we categorize the various chemical modification approaches for natural minerals and explore different various natural mineral-based flame retardants. Furthermore, we elucidate the flame retardant mechanisms behind both natural and modified min... Read More

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Polyurethanes are among the most significant types of polymers in development; these materials are used to produce construction products intended for work in various conditions. Nowadays, it is important to develop methods for fire load reduction by using new kinds of additives or monomers containing elements responsible for materials' fire resistance. Currently, additive antipyrines or reactive flame retardants can be used during polyurethane material processing. The use of additives usually leads to the migration or volatilization of the additive to the surface of the material, which causes the loss of the resistance and aesthetic values of the product. Reactive flame retardants form compounds containing special functional groups that can be chemically bonded with monomers during polymerization, which can prevent volatilization or migration to the surface of the material. In this study, reactive flame retardants are compared. Their impacts on polyurethane flame retardancy, combustion mechanism, and environment are described.

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Long-term fire retardant compositions for forest fire suppression, comprising retardant salts that alter fire behavior, decrease intensity, and slow fire spread. The compositions are available as wet or dry concentrates that can be mixed with water to enhance water's effectiveness and cling to fuels over an extended period.

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Inadequate fire resistance of polymers raises questions about their advanced applications. Flexible polyurethane (PU) foams have myriad applications but inherently suffer from very high flammability. Because of the dependency of the ultimate properties (mechanical and damping performance) of PU foams on their cellular structure, reinforcement of PU with additives brings about further concerns. Though they are highly flammable and known for their environmental consequences, rubber wastes are desired from a circularity standpoint, which can also improve the mechanical properties of PU foams. In this work, melamine cyanurate (MC), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) are used as well-known flame retardants (FRs) to develop highly fire-retardant ground tire rubber (GTR) particles for flexible PU foams. Analysis of the burning behavior of the resulting PU/GTR composites revealed that the armed GTR particles endowed PU with reduced flammability expressed by over 30% increase in limiting oxygen index, 50% drop in peak heat release rate, as well as reduced smoke gen... Read More

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An anhydrous fire-resistant paper machine oil formulation that provides improved safety and performance compared to conventional mineral oil and PAO-based lubricants. The oil comprises a blend of polyol and polyalkylene glycol (PAG) base fluids, which exhibit enhanced fire resistance and self-extinguishing properties. The formulation also includes additives for anti-wear, rust inhibition, and antioxidant protection, and is suitable for use in high-pressure paper machines.

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Fire-resistant fluids and lubricants are products that are used in various industries or energy sector to ensure the reliability and safety of equipment operating under high temperature and pressure conditions. Aspects of the use of fire-resistant fluids (hydraulic or lubricating agents), including those based on xylenol, in the Russian Federation energy industry (control and lubrication systems for automatic control systems of steam or gas turbines), and the problems of switching from imported materials to domestic analogues are considered. The range of issues raised at the All-Russian Scientific and Technical Conference Modern trends in the development of the market for fire-resistant turbine oils and the record of their operation at thermal power plants and nuclear power plants, held in March 2023, as well as the decisions made there, are covered. Besides, measures taken by energy companies to legitimize the use of domestic fire-resistant fluids for operation in thermal power equipment in Russia are indicated. The results of laboratory studies of new domestic fire-resistant flui... Read More

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With the development of deep-sea exploration technology, the technology of fire-retardant hydraulic fluid (HFC) has played an important role in the power transmission of exploration equipment. However, the mechanism of the influence of seawater content on the tribocorrosion behavior of HFC remains unclear. In this study, the effects of different seawater contents on the tribological and corrosive properties of HFC were systematically investigated. The results showed that when the seawater concentration exceeds 30 wt.%, a soft Mg-containing reaction film is formed in the friction contact area owing to seawater corrosion, thus effectively improving the sintering load and wear resistance to some extent. By contrast, with increasing seawater concentration, the lubricity declines, the wear intensifies, and the extreme pressure characteristics decrease significantly. The comparative analysis shows that the composition of the wear and corrosion reaction films significantly differs under high-concentration seawater conditions, which is also a key factor affecting the friction and corrosion b... Read More

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A promising strategy to address the pressing challenges with wildfire, particularly in the wildland-urban interface (WUI), involves developing new approaches for preventing and controlling wildfire within wildlands. Among sprayable fire-retardant materials, water-enhancing gels have emerged as exceptionally effective for protecting civil infrastructure. They possess favorable wetting and viscoelastic properties that reduce the likelihood of ignition, maintaining strong adherence to a wide array of surfaces after application. Although current water-enhancing hydrogels effectively maintain surface wetness by creating a barricade, they rapidly desiccate and lose efficacy under high heat and wind typical of wildfire conditions. To address this limitation, we developed unique biomimetic hydrogel materials from sustainable cellulosic polymers crosslinked by colloidal silica particles that exhibit ideal viscoelastic properties and facile manufacturing. Under heat activation, the hydrogel transitions into a highly porous and thermally insulative silica aerogel coating in situ, providing a ro... Read More

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We develop a novel fire extinguishing device that uses dry water coated by hydrophobic silica nanoparticles as a fire extinguishing agent and nanoenergetic materials composed of micro-sized Al and nano-sized CuO as a pressure-generating matter for dispersing the dry water powder. To examine the performance of the proposed device, experiments simulating a class B fire are conducted. The dispersion characteristics of the dry water powder within the flames are analyzed by varying the parameter of the pressure source. Furthermore, the fire extinguishing performance of the proposed device is compared with the case of using silica sand, which is a traditional extinguishing agent, and the case with no extinguishing agent. The results verify the effectiveness of using dry water. The device proposed in this study can be easily tailored to specific sizes and designs, which allows for its application to diverse types of fire.

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A lubricant composition for electric vehicle propulsion systems that simultaneously provides lubrication, cooling, and fire resistance. The composition comprises a base oil and a fire retardant, specifically a fluoro fire retardant of formula (I), which imparts ignition-resistance properties to the batteries while maintaining lubrication and cooling performance for the motor, transmission, and power electronics.

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Hydraulic fluid with improved balance of desirable properties, particularly in relation to functional properties and compatibility with fluoropolymer seals and yellow metal components. The fluid comprises 40-150 ppm by weight of a corrosion inhibiting agent of formula (I) or a tribologically acceptable salt thereof, and 1500-4000 ppm by weight of an ashless nitrogen-containing dispersant. The corrosion inhibiting agent is a compound of formula (I) or a tribologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

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A fire-resistant hydraulic fluid (FRHF) composition for industrial applications, particularly in mining and heavy industry, comprising a semi-synthetic or fully synthetic formulation that addresses environmental concerns and equipment compatibility issues. The composition includes a base fluid, lubricant, corrosion inhibitors, and surfactants, with specific additives such as Dowfax C10L and Novel 23E3. The formulation is designed to meet OEM testing requirements and is compatible with aluminum and other materials commonly used in mining equipment.

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A supply device for military vehicles that enables the use of a single hydraulic system for both power transmission and fluid supply, eliminating the need for separate systems. The device connects the fluid pump of the supply system to the hydraulic motor of the working system through a mechanical or hydromechanical clutch or transmission, allowing for efficient and reliable operation. The system can utilize flame-retardant hydraulic fluids or ionic liquids, which offer improved safety and environmental benefits.

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This paper reports the analysis of compositions for fire protection of wood that established that there are not enough data to explain and describe the process of fire protection and, accordingly, the fire-hazardous properties of wood, in order to protect people. The development and research of a set of properties of fire-resistant materials leads to the design of new types of such materials. The object of this study was a fire-protective two-component intumescent varnish for wood. The essence of the research is to determine the indicators of fire danger of wood, fire-protected by coatings, and the impact exerted on them by the formed heat-insulating layer of coke, making it possible to justify the effectiveness of the fire-retardant coating under the influence of temperature. The volume of fire-retardant and hydrophobic coating has been optimized, which ensures the lowest value of loss of mass by fire-protected wood during thermal action. Its lowest value was determined when using flame retardant in the volume of 589 g/m2 and a hydrophobic agent in the volume of 54 g/m2. When determ... Read More

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A method for preparing a glycerin-ester-based lubricating base oil through a catalyst-free and rinsing-free process, using glycerin and fatty acid extracted from natural vegetable oils. The process involves synthesizing the glycerin ester in an inert gas atmosphere at a reaction temperature of 100° C. to 350° C. The resulting lubricating base oil is biodegradable, non-toxic, and has improved heat and oxidation stability compared to conventional vegetable oil-based lubricants.

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Phosphate ester fire-resistant oil for high-temperature applications, particularly in power generation systems, comprising a blend of tert-butyl phenyl diphenyl phosphate, tri-tert-butyl phenyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and additives, with a specific mass ratio of 85:6:5:1. The oil exhibits excellent fire resistance, oxidative stability, hydrolytic stability, and lubricity, making it suitable for use in high-pressure hydraulic systems.

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A non-water coolant composition for cooling power electronics in electric vehicles, comprising at least one halogen-based flame retardant selected from fluorine-based oils and chlorinated paraffins. The composition is used in a cooling system for vehicles with travel motors, such as electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles, to cool heat-generating components like inverters, converters, and batteries.

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The physicochemical properties and production fire-resistant oils based on triaryl phosphates are considered. The method for obtaining butylated fire-resistant oil developed in RD-RN Center is described. The application of this method for resumingthe production of fire-resistant oils and hydraulic fluids based on raw materials available in the Russian Federation is discussed.

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The purpose of the research was to experimentally study the influence of a porous polyurethane partition on the flow parameters and on the flame front propagation in front of the partition upon initiation at the open end of the channel. The flame front velocities were determined in a hydrogen-air mixture at atmospheric pressure in a channel open on both sides with an inner diameter of 20 mm. The ratio between hydrogen and air was varied, so that the molar excess of hydrogen varied from 0.3 (ultra-poor mixture) to 1.0 (stoichiometric composition). The pore size varied within 0.3--2.5 mm, which corresponded to the number of pores per inch in the range of 10--80. The coefficients of hydraulic resistance of a polyurethane partition with an open pore type, depending on the size of the pores and the thickness of the partition, were calculated from the pressure loss when the air flow passes through the porous element. The flame front velocity was determined using the shadow method and high-speed survey. Findings of the research show that the optimal value of the thickness of the porous part... Read More

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In general, mechanical, thermal and fire resistance properties of composites can be improved by adding the filer material in the polymer matrix. Normally, filler materials are powdered particles which are added in the matrix material of the composite to attain maximum performance in different loading conditions. In the polymer matrix composites, the filler materials are added in the resin in the form of plastics, wood, paper, rubber, and some forms of concrete mortars. Fire retardant fillers are conventional fillers which has fire proof ability in the time composite is exposed to fire. These types of fillers can control the propagation of fire, when it is added with polymer composites. This review paper provides detailed information about thermal and fire resistance characteristics of polymer composites with the literature supporting system from the fabrication methods, filler thermal behavior of polymer matrix composites, and fire resistance abilities of the filler-based polymer composites. In literature, studies proposed that fillers are one of the excellent materials to prevent po... Read More

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The paper presents the results of a study of the effect of fire retardants on the flammability and melt flow rate of aliphatic polyamides of the PA 66L, PA 610L, PA 66KS grades. The degree of this influence depends on the grade of polyamide, the type of fire retardant and its quantitative content. Among the selected grades of polyamides, polyamide PA 66L has the highest fluidity. The efficiency of using decabromodiphenyloxide and antimony trioxide to reduce the duration of residual combustion of polyamides of the studied brands is shown, compositions related to the category of self-extinguishing are determined.

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Novel organosiloxane and polyorganosiloxane compounds for fire foam applications, replacing traditional fluorosurfactants. The compounds exhibit excellent foaming, spreading, and burnback resistance, while minimizing environmental impact. They can be synthesized through one-step conversion reactions with high yields and purity, and are suitable for use in firefighting foams as drop-in additives or replacements for perfluorinated surfactants.

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Fireproof hose for aerospace applications that meets stringent no-flow fire performance requirements. The hose features a thermal insulating layer comprising a silicone rubber composition with zinc borate and expandable graphite, which provides enhanced fire protection properties. The insulating layer is reinforced with a metallic braid, and the hose is designed for operating pressures up to 1500 psig. The fireproof hose is suitable for use in aircraft and aerospace vehicle fluid systems, including fuel, oil, and hydraulic lines.

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This paper reports an analysis of the flame retardants for fabrics that has revealed the fact that the meagerness of data to explain and describe the process of fire protection, specifically the neglect of elastic coatings, leads to that the structures made from fabrics are ignited under the influence of a flame. Devising reliable methods to study the fire protection conditions for fabrics results in the design of new types of fireproof materials. Therefore, there is a need to determine the conditions for the formation of a barrier for water mass transport and to establish a mechanism for slowing down water penetration through the material. In this regard, an estimation-experimental method has been constructed for determining mass transfer under the action of water when using a hydrophobic coating, which makes it possible to assess water penetration. Based on the experimental data and theoretical dependences, the intensity of mass flow under the action of water has been determined, which is 0.000177 kg/m2, which ensures fabric resistance. The study results have proven that the proces... Read More

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A hydraulic fluid and heat transfer fluid composition that incorporates a non-petroleum base component, such as vegetable oil or glycerin, and an additive package that enhances lubricity and heat transfer properties. The additive composition includes a phosphate ester, an antioxidant, and a corrosion inhibitor, which are combined in a specific ratio to provide improved performance in hydraulic and heat transfer applications. The composition is particularly suitable for use in hydraulic systems and heat transfer systems where conventional phosphate ester-based fluids are not suitable due to their high chemical aggressiveness and poor hydrolytic stability.

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A grease composition for high-temperature equipment applications that provides fire extinguishing performance without water, while suppressing fuming, malodor, and liquefaction on burning. The composition comprises a base oil with a kinematic viscosity of 300 mm2/s or more, a sulfur content of 20 ppm by mass or less, and an initial boiling point of 400° C. or higher, combined with a fire retardant selected from aluminum hydroxide and 1,3,5-triazine-1,3,5 (2H, 4H, 6H)-tris(ethanol), and a thickener. The fire retardant content is between 1.0 and 12.0 mass % based on the total composition.

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A lubricating oil composition for hydraulic systems, turbines, and circulating oils, comprising a synergistic blend of three phosphorus-based antiwear additives that enhance thermal stability, demulsibility, and antiwear performance. The composition includes an oil of lubricating viscosity and a combination of triaryl phosphate, triaryl thiophosphate, and a third phosphorus compound, which work together to provide improved performance in high-temperature applications and water-contaminated environments.

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Polymer composites filled with metal derivatives have been widely used in recent years, particularly as flame retardants, due to their superior characteristics, including high thermal behavior, low environmental degradation, and good fire resistance. The hybridization of metal and polymer composites produces various favorable properties, making them ideal materials for various advanced applications. The fire resistance performance of polymer composites can be enhanced by increasing the combustion capability of composite materials through the inclusion of metallic fireproof materials to protect the composites. The final properties of the metal-filled thermoplastic composites depend on several factors, including pore shape and distribution and morphology of metal particles. For example, fire safety equipment uses polyester thermoplastic and antimony sources with halogenated additives. The use of metals as additives in composites has captured the attention of researchers worldwide due to safety concern in consideration of peoples life and public properties. This review establishes the ... Read More

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Summary Studying the flow characteristics of FK5112 in the pipeline during the release process is important for appropriate hydraulic calculations and fire extinguishing efficiency evaluation. This work proposes a welldocumented dataset of flow results to investigate the flow state and characteristics. Through comparing the evaporation properties of FK5112 and those of other typical extinguishers, the flow state of FK5112 was assumed to be a singlephase flow, and hydraulic calculations were carried out using singlephase fluid formulas. The calculated values were compared with experimental data. The release tests of water (pure singlephase flow), Halon1301 (twophase flow), and FK5112 were carried out under the same piping system, and the flow characteristics of the three media were compared to further verify the piping flow state. The experimental results show that the release process of FK5112 in the cylinder has a singlephase flow similar to water, but differs in density and expansion performance. However, FK5112 only conformed to singlephase flow in the mor... Read More

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Passenger safety requires that in commercial airplanes hydraulic actuators be powered by fire-resistant hydraulic fluids. As a downside, such fluids are hygroscopic which means that these tend to accumulate humidity from the environment and that the dissolved humidity tends to produce acidity which can corrode all kinds of metallic components inside a hydraulic system. As such damage in safety-critical subsystems is hard to localize and expensive to repair, sensor technologies are required which allow the state of water contamination and fluid degradation to be routinely checked and necessary maintenance actions to be scheduled in a way that causes minimum flight interruptions. The paper reviews progress that has been made in developing such sensor systems and in commissioning these into practical flight operation. Sensor technologies that proved optimally adapted to this purpose are multi-channel non-dispersive (NDIR) systems working in the mid-infrared range. Additional options concern optical absorption sensors working in the near-infrared and visible ranges as well as fluorescenc... Read More

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Due to the thermal and fire sensitivity of polymer bio-composite materials, especially in the case of plant-based fillers applied for them, next to intensive research on the better mechanical performance of composites, it is extremely important to improve their reaction to fire. This is necessary due to the current widespread practical use of bio-based composites. The first part of this work relates to an overview of the most commonly used techniques and different approaches towards the increasing the fire resistance of petrochemical-based polymeric materials. The next few sections present commonly used methods of reducing the flammability of polymers and characterize the most frequently used compounds. It is highlighted that despite adverse health effects in animals and humans, some of mentioned fire retardants (such as halogenated organic derivatives e.g., hexabromocyclododecane, polybrominated diphenyl ether) are unfortunately also still in use, even for bio-composite materials. The most recent studies related to the development of the flame retardation of polymeric materials are ... Read More

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A non-flammable multiuse lubricant composition for protecting metal from rust and corrosion, penetrating stuck parts, displacing moisture, and lubricating surfaces. The composition is an invert emulsion of water, an ester base oil, and a water-in-oil emulsifier, with a preservative, that provides a stable and non-flammable lubricating property. The composition is delivered through an aerosol system with a modified stem orifice to create larger droplets and reduce flammability.

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Novel organosiloxane compounds for fire foam applications that replace traditional fluorosurfactants. The compounds exhibit excellent foaming, stability, and spreading properties, while minimizing environmental impact. They can be used as drop-in additives or as a replacement for fluorosurfactants in firefighting foam compositions. The organosiloxane compounds are synthesized through a multi-step process involving the reaction of glycidyl ether terminated organosiloxane compounds with various reactants.

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Flame retardant compositions that can be formulated as powders or water-based solutions, comprising a flame retardant salt and a nitrogen-containing compound, such as ammonium polyphosphate and urea. The compositions can be used to impart flame retardancy to a wide range of substrate materials, including polymers, textiles, and other combustible materials. The flame retardant salts can be water-soluble and can be combined with other flame retardants to achieve synergistic effects. The compositions can be used in various applications, including extruded articles, molded products, and treated materials.

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Liquid fire retardant concentrates for wildland fire suppression, comprising a mixture of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP) suspended in water with a micronized clay suspending agent, and optionally a biopolymer and corrosion inhibitor. The concentrates are free of sulfate sources and have a low sulfate content, providing improved fire retardancy, reduced toxicity, and corrosion protection compared to conventional liquid concentrates. The concentrates can be diluted with water to form a fire retardant solution for aerial application to combat wildfires.

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This article presents studies of fire resistance in the treatment of expanded vermiculite, which depends on the size of the dispersed particles and the orientation of the granules, their moisture and temperature. It has been studied that one of the interesting and important in practice properties of vermiculite is its ability to swell and turn into a lightweight effective material for imparting fire resistance. The properties and compositions of vermiculite from the Tebinbulak deposit are studied, from which a flame-retardant suspension is prepared for processing textile materials based on vermiculite dissolved in orthophosphoric acid and alkali in an aqueous medium. When modifying materials with developed flame-retardant suspensions, it is possible to obtain fire-resistant textile materials that meet the requirements of GOST for fire resistance, smoke generation and other physical and mechanical properties.

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Fires have been a danger to human beings for the centuries. As people lost their lives and property in fires, they tried to fight the fire and their efforts in this area continued increasingly. Unfortunately, it is still not possible to completely reset the risk of starting the fire. But it seems likely to extinguish immediately after the fire has started, and this is very important to save peoples lives. Scientists have been working in this field in recent years; they are concentrated on producing fire-resistant materials using different materials. This can be provided by different ways; either fire-resistant material can be produced new, or the fire resistivity can be provided by incorporating the additive material into a flammable material. In our previous studies, we used huntite and hydromagnesite minerals to give fire resistance property to polymer materials, very successful results were obtained. In this study, huntite and hydromagnesite minerals were used for accompanying with zinc borate in polypropylene composites in order to increase the flame retardant property of a poly... Read More

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A flame-retardant hydraulic oil composition comprising a fatty acid ester base oil containing one or more unsaturated bonds and a 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol additive. The composition provides improved oxidation stability and biodegradability compared to conventional mineral oil-based hydraulic oils.

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Hydraulic fluids that are used in the majority of industrial applications have traditionally been based on mineral oil, but the properties of oil do not meet every technical requirement. This chapter examines the different types of "fire-resistant" hydraulic fluid currently in commercial use and their properties and limitations in service. In the United States, the Bureau of Mines also introduced its own regulations on fire-resistant hydraulic fluids in December 1959, which were largely developed around water-in-oil emulsions, while some other countries adopted the National Coal Board requirements. The relatively appearance of this class of material as a fire-resistant hydraulic fluid arises from a market interest in products that are environmentally acceptable, and its presence is again due to the fact that some of these fluids have met the latest Factory Mutual flammability requirements. Vegetable oils are almost exclusively composed of triglycerides, which are esters of glycerol and fatty acids.

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The hydraulic fluid is a very critical component of any hydraulic system since it is utilized to transmit pressure, which provides the power to perform work. In addition to transmitting power, the hydraulic fluid provides lubricity, corrosion protection, and cooling. Hydraulic systems convert mechanical power into hydraulic pressure via the fluid. Hydraulic systems can be classified into positive displacement and non-positive displacement. The hydraulic fluid is often the highest volume lubricant in off-highway equipment. An excellent summary of specifications for conventional hydraulic fluids is presented in a ready reference guide published by an additive supplier. The Japan Eco Mark is once again driven by open systems and closed systems of lubrication, the latter including hydraulics with the possibility of its leakage, specifically from construction machinery. Environmentally friendly hydraulic fluids can be challenging to formulate. Vegetable oils are the basis of HETG environmentally friendly hydraulic fluids.

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Abstract Hydrogels containing a large amount of water are widely used as fireresistant materials. However, when exposed to fire, the organic polymer network of gel will burn in a short time as the contained water evaporates. For that, the fireretarding ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and woven basalt fibers are introduced in polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels to improve the fireresistant performance. Thermogravimetric tests indicating that the APP can prevent gel from decomposition effectively when the content is larger than 13 wt%. And the APP can form a foam layer on gel surface to protect it from burning. The basalt fibers are capable of absorbing heat and strengthening the gel. With the synergetic of APP and basalt fibers, the resultant basalt/PAAmAPP composite with high mechanical strength exhibits excellent fireresistant performance. It can sustain the 1300 C flame for as long as 15 min.

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This study has established the possibility of obtaining water extinguishing agents, which can reduce hydraulic resistance (with the Toms effect) by using guanidine derivatives. A cationic polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride surfactant with a molecular weight of 10,00011,000 u was used for experimental study. It has been shown that the addition of insignificant concentrations (0.030.290 %) of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride, which belongs to class IV of toxicity and is an effective inhibitor of biocorrosion, increases a flow rate of water fire extinguishing agent by 1.201.78 times when using the RSK-50 fire barrel. We have established experimentally an increase in the flow rate of a polymer solution from drencher nozzles by 1.867.69 % in the concentration range (0.31.4 %) along the examined pipeline (1 m and 13 m). An increase in pressure by 26 % has been observed compared with the initial values under such conditions. The used polymer has properties of a biologically soft surfactant and meets high environmental requirements of the environmental prote... Read More

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