Fuel Efficient Bio-Based Lubricant for Combustion Engine

Stabilizing biomass oils, like those produced by pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass, through low-temperature hydrogenation using unsupported catalysts like molybdenum octoate. The hydrogenation is done at temperatures below 250°C to avoid catalyst deactivation issues. This stabilization reduces the aldehyde, ketone, and sugar contents of the bio-oils, making them suitable for further processing into fuels, combustibles, lubricants, etc. without coking issues.

Source

A biodegradable lubricant comprising an ester composition, calcium carbonate, and an overbased alkylbenzenesulfonate, wherein the alkyl group of the sulfonate is a C3-C30 alkyl group, and the lubricant is free of mineral oil and contains only esters as the oil component.

Source

Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that improves fuel economy without using friction modifiers that can negatively impact engine performance. The composition contains specific additives like high overbased detergents, nitrogen-containing dispersants, and antioxidants. The lack of friction modifiers allows improved fuel economy by reducing engine component wear and deposit formation. The composition also has lower pour points and viscosities compared to conventional oils.

Source

A lubricant composition comprising a saturated hydrocarbon base oil derived from renewable biomass sources, such as plant oils, and a blend of additives that provide performance characteristics comparable to or exceeding those of conventional petroleum-based lubricants. The base oil is formulated from monomers and/or oligomers of C10-C18 olefin monomers, while the additive package includes a combination of synthetic esters, lubricant additives, friction modifiers, pour point depressants, antimicrobial preservatives, inhibitors, defoamers, and viscosity index improvers. The composition meets or exceeds 19 applicable American Petroleum Institute (API) certifications and demonstrates direct drop-in compatibility with current systems.

Source

A marine fuel base comprising a renewable component of fatty acid alkyl esters from plant or animal origin, blended with a hydrocarbon residue to improve viscosity, pour point, and stability. The esters are mixed with a residue such as vacuum or visbreaking residue in a specific ratio to achieve improved fuel properties, particularly in low-temperature applications. The fuel base can be further blended with petroleum-based fluxants to meet specific requirements.

Source

It is well known that lubricating oils reduce the friction coefficient between two surfaces in contact. Since petroleum lubricants are toxic and have a low biodegradability, they are typically not appropriate for the environment. As a result, as public worries about a pollution-free environment grow, so does the demand for lubricants that are acceptable to the environment. The primary rationale for utilizing vegetable oils in forthcoming bio-lubricant formulations is their high lubricating performance, low toxicity, sustainable, and biodegradability. Plant oils hold great potential as a foundational fluid for bio-lubricants, since their synthetic and vegetable oil-based esters provide the most environmentally friendly option for creating lubricants. In this study, Jatropha and Jojoba raw oil were chemically modified via epoxidation followed by transesterification to produce bio-lubricants. Thus, the aim of this work is to develop a bio-lubricant from jatropha and jojoba methyl ester, further adding nanoparticles multiwalled nanotubes and titanium dioxide for improvement of tribologic... Read More

Source

It is well known that lubricating oils can reduce the coefficient of friction between two contacting surfaces. Owing to their poor biodegradability and toxicity, petroleum lubricants are typically deemed unacceptably harmful to the environment. These oils have a significant negative impact on both human and plant life and contaminate air, soil, and drinking water. Consequently, the public's concerns about a pollution-free environment are growing along with the demand for ecologically friendly lubricants. Because of their superior lubricity, biodegradability, viscosity-temperature properties, and low volatility, plant oils hold promise as basis fluids for lubricants. In the current work, jatropha and jojoba oil were converted into bio-lubricants by chemical modification processes such as transesterification and epoxidation using H2SO4 and HCl catalysts. The kinematic viscosity of jatropha ester increases by 12.93 and 123.22%, and that of jojoba ester increases by 15.91 and 104.24% at 32 and 90 C, respectively, when the concentration of the catalyst is increased from 0.3 to 0.9 ml for... Read More

Source

A lubricant composition for internal combustion engines that provides improved oxidation stability and reduced wear on engine components. The composition comprises a bio-based oil base stock, an alkylated naphthalene, and a combination of additives including an ashless antiwear agent, a nonionic detergent, and an antioxidant. The composition has a phosphorus content of 0.05 mass % or less, a sulfur content of 0.05 mass % or less, and an ash content of 0.5 mass % or less. The composition exhibits improved oxidation stability, as measured by a 200% viscosity increase time of 200 hours to 1,600 hours in the Sequence IIIE screener test.

Source

Lubricants, commonly utilized in machinery to minimize friction, typically stem from petrochemical or mineral origins. Concerns over the environmental impact of mineral-based lubricants have spurred exploration into biodegradable alternatives. Vegetable oils present promising biodegradability and rheological traits at elevated temperatures, albeit exhibiting deficiencies in cold flow properties. The environmental ramifications of conventional lubricants, coupled with oil source depletion, have fueled demand for renewable and biodegradable lubricants. Biolubricants offer several benefits over mineral oil lubricants, including superior biodegradability, minimal toxicity, excellent lubricating capabilities, and limited adverse effects on both the environment and human health. Compressors are devices that raise a gas's pressure by using mechanical force. Vacuum pumps are compressors that produce vacuum by operating under suction pressure. In these applications, lubricants serve as a liquid seal, lubricate moving components, such as bearings and gears, and dissipate heat. Given that the l... Read More

Source

The present paper illustrates the results of an experimental study aimed at evaluating the effect of lubricant oil features on the emissive behaviour of a heavy duty spark ignition engine fuelled with methane. The activity was performed within a research project between CNR-STEMS and TotalEnergies in which oils with different formulations were characterized, focusing on their potentiality in particle emission reduction. Considering the ultralow particle emission level in the exhaust of gas engines, a specific testing procedure was designed to guarantee highly reliable and accurate results. In particular, the engine was operated under transient conditions, along the World Harmonized Transient Cycle in cold- and hot-start conditions. The results of the test campaign clearly highlight that the lubricant formulation is a key technology for the control of particles, revealing this as an important aspect in view of the upcoming severe regulation limits on particle emissions. The experimental findings show the capability of reformulated oils to drop down the total particle number to 6070% ... Read More

Source

A chemically stabilized lubricant and coating composition comprising medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) and propylene glycol esters, which provide a non-toxic, biodegradable, and stable alternative to traditional petroleum-based lubricants. The MCT-based composition exhibits exceptional oxidative stability, lubricity, and corrosion protection, making it suitable for a wide range of applications including household lubrication, cleaning, and surface coating.

Source

Lubricants aid in decreasing friction between surfaces in proximity, which in turn lowers the heat produced as the surfaces move. They are composed of 80% to 90% of base oils and 10% to 20% of additives that impart properties like antiwear, corrosion inhibition, pour point depression, etc. Petroleum-based lubricants are attributed to low biodegradability and toxicity. Demand for lubricants based on edible and nonedible plant oils or other renewable resources that are good for the environment is rising because of their enhanced lubricity, nontoxicity, and biodegradability. Biolubricants are synthesized by modifying plant oils chemically, by transesterification, estolide formation, epoxidation, etc. This chapter is intended to inform readers about renewable feedstocks for biolubricant production, comparison of physicochemical properties with petroleum-based lubricants, current scope, advantages, and challenges of biolubricant production in the future.

Source

Diesel and petrol fuels with high renewable content, comprising a combination of renewable components such as biodiesel, bioethanol, and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), along with solketal, a glycerol-derived compound. The fuels exhibit improved stability, reduced soot emissions, and enhanced performance characteristics, including increased energy density and lower viscosity. The solketal component enables the use of biodiesel with elevated moisture content and improves the overall stability of the fuel blend.

Source

Automobile engines require lubrication to lessen the impact of friction due to the high levels of wear and frictional heat generated by the sliding parts. Wear and friction will cause engine parts to endure for less time, be less reliable, and require more maintenance. Diesel fuel can potentially be replaced with biodiesel among other fuels. Diesel engines have a serious problem with equipment that is lubricated by the fuel itself. This studys goal is to assess the influence of bio-additives on the diesel fuel tribological behavior and energy balance during the cars idle running, acceleration, constant speed, and braking. Lubricity issues with reformulated diesel and lubricity test procedures are explained. The relationship between tribology and bio-additives is also briefly illustrated. According to the literature, adding bio-additives to fuel boosts its lubricity. Biodiesel has long been considered an additive with excellent lubricant properties. Even in small amounts, adding biodiesel to diesel fuel can increase its lubricity without the need for conventional lubricity additives... Read More

Source

The development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective lubricating materials to reduce friction and wear at macroscale is crucial for reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, thereby enhancing sustainability. Deep eutectic...

Source

Long-term testing is crucial for evaluating renewable and non-carbon fuels for engines, ensuring compatibility and assessing their performance for extended periods. This is especially pertinent as researchers explore the addition of higher ethanol, hydrogen and ammonia content in gasoline as potential fuel additives. The paper extensively reviews the long-term effects of various fuels on engine deposits, wear, and lubricating oil. Studies indicate that biofuel blends can pose challenges in the long run, leading to increased deposits, engine wear, and lubricating oil degradation. However, some studies highlight the favorable impact of biofuel blends, due to their oxygenated nature. For instance, deposit formation in diesel-fuelled constant-speed engines was significantly lower than in JO5 and JO10-fuelled engines (512 h duration). Similarly, KB20-fuelled engines exhibited approximately 15.3 % higher deposit formation than diesel-fuelled engines (274 h duration). The oxygen content and superior lubrication properties of biodiesel blended fuels help in better combustion process and redu... Read More

Source

Biodiesel is a substitute for diesel fuel and is highly required to control global warming and reduce dependence on limited petroleum reserves. Replacement of diesel fuel is unavoidable due to the depletion of oil reserves and environmental threats to existing life on the earth. This study used single-cylinder, four-stroke Compression Ignition (CI) engines for experimental work. An endurance test was conducted on the engine using diesel fuel (D100) and biodiesel blended fuel for 105 hours at 1300 rpm. During the endurance test, a multi-elemental of lubricant oil was conducted. It was found that the average wear concentration in lubricant oil was lower in biodiesel blended fuel than in diesel fuel. In this regard, elemental reduction was observed as AL (38.8%), Cr (67.7%), Fe (58.2%) and Mn (17.89%), respectively. Besides this, higher viscosity and density of lubricant oil were observed on B30 compared to D100. Furthermore, engine performance was determined and resulted from low brake thermal efficiency in diesel compared to biodiesel. The engines noise was also calculated during ope... Read More

Source

A fuel composition for controlled-ignition engines, particularly high-performance engines, comprising a blend of hydrocarbons including aromatic compounds, non-cyclic paraffins, and naphthenes, with a high intrinsic octane number of at least 105 RON. The composition is formulated from renewable sources, such as bioethers and bio-butane, and is suitable for use in competition vehicles and other high-performance applications.

Source

Lubricants are used to reduce friction and wear in machines, saving billions of dollars worldwide in energy and breakdown costs and lowering CO2 emissions. Today, most lubricants are made using hydrocarbons derived from crude oil, which is a finite resource, although alternative bio-based lubricants are also being investigated, as is the re-refining of used lubricants to make new base oil. The machines. It is also shown that an effective way to make lubricants more sustainable is to extend lubricant oil drain intervals and collect used oil and re-refine it to make base oil for re-use. The role of bio-based lubricants, and their benefits and disadvantages are discussed. Other aspects in which lubricants can be made more sustainable are also briefly covered, such as lubricant packaging, the removal of toxic additives via improved regulatory chemistry, and the use of renewable electricity in blending plants.

Source

The two-stroke engine has many advantages, including low maintenance costs, a high specific power, and a simple structure, compared to four-stroke engines. Since two-stroke engines use a fueloil mixture instead of fuel alone, two-stroke engines do not need an oil pan. Unlike the lubrication system in four-stroke engines, the moving parts are lubricated with a fuellubricant mixture. As long as the engine is running, the fuel and lubricant burn together. The combustion of this fuellubricant mixture can adversely affect exhaust emissions and cause excessive carbon deposits on the spark plug. In this paper, experiments were carried out using different amounts of oil (100:3, 100:3.5, and 100:4 vol.) in a two-stroke gasoline-powered generator. In addition, we attempted to improve the lubricants properties by adding hBN (0.5% vol. or 1.3% wt.) to the lubricant. It was observed that the flash point and pour point did not change as a result of the addition of hBN to the lubricant, and the density and viscosity index increased linearly depending on the amount of hBN. In a series of experim... Read More

Source

Lubricating oil composition with improved processability and reduced environmental impact, comprising a base oil derived from biomass and an oily agent selected from esters and alcohols, with a measured bio-based content of 20% or more. The composition may further include a phosphoric ester and a polyalkylene glycol, and exhibits enhanced lubricating properties and compatibility with mechanical components.

Source

The urgent need for drastic reduction in emissions due to global warming demands a radical energy transition in transportation. The role of biofuels is fundamental to bridging the current situation towards a clean and sustainable future. In passenger cars, the use of ethanol fuel reduces gas emissions (CO2 and other harmful gases), but can bring tribological challenges to the engine. This review addresses the current state-of-the-art on the effects of ethanol fuel on friction, lubrication, and wear in car engines, and identifies knowledge gaps and trends in lubricants for ethanol-fuelled engines. This review shows that ethanol affects friction and wear in many ways, for example, by reducing lubricant viscosity, which on the one hand can reduce shear losses under full film lubrication, but on the other can increase asperity contact under mixed lubrication. Therefore, ethanol can either reduce or increase engine friction depending on the driving conditions, engine temperature, amount of diluted ethanol in the lubricant, lubricant type, etc. Ethanol increases corrosion and affects tribo... Read More

Source

In connection with environmental pollution and the depletion of oil reserves, biologically based lubricants have received great interest as a replacement for mineral oil-based lubricants. Biolubricants have a number of advantages over mineral lubricants, including high biodegradability, low toxicity, lubricating properties and minimal environmental impact. The presented review describes the main characteristics and properties of biological lubricants, various vegetable oils, which are used as raw materials for the production of biolubricant materials. The physicochemical properties of biological lubricants were analyzed from the point of view of improvement. The technological processes used for the chemical modification of vegetable oils, ensuring the lubricity and anti-wear properties of the obtained biolubricants are determined. Various additives used to improve the properties of biolubricants are also recommended. This review material will provide researchers and practitioners with additional information on the practice of using biolubricants.

Source

Nowadays petroleum oil lubricants are most commonly use lubricant in motor vehicles and industrial machines. But those petroleum base lubricants create major problems to the marine and terrestrial environment. Researchers are trying to find new substances which are chemically modified for the substitution for petroleum base lubricant. Therefore, in this research four different types of bio lubricants were prepared by chemical modification of plant base oils such as Coconut oil, Palm oil, Neem oil and Waste palm oil. The bio lubricant was characterized using GC-MS analysis. And also Flash point, density at 15⁰C, 40⁰C and 100⁰C, viscosity at 40⁰C and 100⁰C, viscosity index, acid value, yield percentage and cost of product of samples were analyzed.

Source

The growing trend of increasing biodiesel concentrations in diesel fuel blends has led to concerns about its effect on the oxidation of formulated oils within internal combustion engines. We observe that biodiesel is not only susceptible to rapid oxidation at elevated temperatures but is also responsible for acceleration of the oxidation process of the lubricant base oil when in the presence of soluble iron; this is supported by a range of control and model experiments. A mixture of oxidized biodiesel and Fe(III) leads to the formation of catalytic iron carboxylate networks that remain solubilized, as observed by UVVis and infrared absorption studies. These observations are important for the fundamental understanding of the chemistry within industry standard laboratory bench tests for lubricant oil formulations and can aid the design of new lubricants with improved biodiesel compatibility. Such lubricants have the potential for a reduced carbon footprint via waste reduction.

Source

Lubricating oil compositions comprising a biobased base oil with a specific molecular structure, providing improved hydrocarbon mixtures for lubricating oils. The biobased base oil has a molecular structure characterized by a specific branching pattern, enabling superior lubricating properties, including low temperature viscometric performance and high temperature high shear viscosity. The compositions can further comprise various additives, including detergents, dispersants, friction modifiers, and antioxidants, to enhance lubricating performance and engine protection.

Source

Industries, especially those related to transportation, have relied extensively on petroleum products for lubrication, raising serious questions about the security of the world energy supply in the future. Observed that the end-products might be released back into the environment, posing major environmental risks. As a result, bio-based products have attracted increasing interest as prospective replacement to mineral-based type due to their important role in resolving the issues of pollution. With renewability and biodegradability as their greatest points, bio-based lubricants have been discovered to offer superior lubricating qualities to those of traditional mineral lubricants but currently have some undesirable qualities that need to be improved based on the literatures. Therefore, this research objective is to showcase the potential of bio-lubricants, both in terms of their environmental benefits and for technical applications, based on studies that have been published over the years. Review of the natural oil's molecular structures, physio-chemical characteristics, and lubricati... Read More

Source

A process for producing renewable base oil from glyceride-containing feedstocks, such as palm oil fatty acid distillate, through a combination of metathesis, ketonization, and hydrotreatment reactions. The process involves converting unsaturated fatty acid esters into shorter-chain alkenes and esters through metathesis with a C2-C4 alkene, followed by ketonization to produce a C31 ketone and a renewable base oil meeting API Group III specifications. The process enables efficient utilization of the feedstock's natural characteristics and reduces hydrogen consumption compared to traditional hydrotreating processes.

Source

There is a critical need for engineers to move away from using conventional petroleum-based oils and lubricants in mechanical systems due to their environmental impact. As the first book dedicated to multifunctional bio-based lubricants, this reference text provides detailed coverage on all aspects of the field, including the need for these lubricants and their performance, the synthesis and design routes, and their valuable multifunctional properties. The environmental benefits and superior properties of these lubricants are covered. With sustainability as a key focus, the book raises awareness of the need to develop bio-based lubricants with a lower environmental footprint than traditional lubricants, covers methods for synthesising lubricants from waste plastics (an emerging technique) and discusses suitable techniques for their eventual disposal. Key features First research book dedicated to multifunctional bio-based lubricants. Provides detailed coverage on the performance, synthesis and design of these lubricants. Covers the environmental benefits and superior properties.... Read More

Source

Fuel composition comprising a lubricity additive comprising at least 6% by weight of sterols and/or sterol esters and 70-94% by weight of free fatty acids, obtained by physical refining of vegetable or animal oils without alkaline treatment. The additive is derived from biomass and exhibits improved lubricity properties in diesel and gasoline fuels.

Source

In the last few years, there is a general shift observable toward greener lubrication, fueled amongst others by policy initiatives such as the European Green Deal in consistency with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. At least 70 vol% of a lubricant is composed of a specific base oil, the rest is a variation of additives altering the lubricant properties (enhancing or suppressing existent base oil properties or adding new properties) to be operational for a particular field of application. So, in terms of sustainability, biodegradability, bioaccumulation, and toxicity the type of base oil plays a major role, which makes environmentally harmful petroleum-based lubricant formulations highly problematic for future applications. Hence, this leads to an ever-growing demand of environmentally friendly lubricant alternatives. Within the scope of this review lies the investigation of bio-based, bio-derived, and other sustainable lubricant components that could serve as promising replacements for conventional petroleum-based formulations, in accordance with the principles of green chemistr... Read More

Source

This paper aims to evaluate the potential of lubricating pumps to reduce the fuel consumption of passenger cars under the standardized driving cycles conditions. The transient parameters of lubricating pump in a gasoline engine are measured based on the test bench, and a quasi-steady-state model is brought forward to calculate the matching work state of lubricating pump and engine lubricating system. The result shows that a certain amount of excessive hydraulic power is needed under low speed condition to meet the step increase of lubricating requirement. In the range over piston spray cooling speed, the excessive hydraulic power of lubricating system is proportional to engine speed, and this part of driving power can be saved. The duration of acceleration conditions in driving cycles and the lubricant temperature are the most critical factors affecting the lubricating pump's driving power. At 100 C, the lunricating system driving energy costed in the Urban Driving Cycle (UDC) is 60.2% lower than 25 C, but it is 42.1% in the World-wide harmonized Light duty Test Cycle (WLTC) due to... Read More

Source

A new generation of bio-based lubricants is presented, which fulfil the criteria of (1) a biorenewable raw material basis, (2) biodegradability, (3) suitability for fine-tuning of performance properties, and (4) an efficient catalytic preparation.

Source

Due to the current devastating environmental concerns caused by petroleum-derived lubricants in internal combustion (IC) engines (because of their toxicity, non-biodegradability and not environmental adaptability), and the increase in oil prices, as well as the degradation of the global crude oil reserves, researchers all over the world are working to develop innovative ideas for sustainable development in biomass-derived biodegradable lubricant oil which the perform equivalent or more than the commercial petroleum-based oils in engine lubrication. This review papers major purpose is to provide those researchers and particularly engineers interested in IC engine biolubricant oil derived from renewable biomass with appropriate information and perspective.

Source

Conventional petroleum-based lubricant resources are depleting rapidly, and their utilization severely threatens the environment. Environmental sustainability emphasizes the need for an alternative to petroleum resources. The lubricants play a significant role in machinery's adequate energy-saving performance. Therefore, the tribological aspects of machinery's maximum efficiency should be considered. The current study reviews the part of bio-lubricants towards environmental sustainability. This review has been conducted according to the PRISMA approach, where the sources of bio-lubricants, tribological performance, the role of additives and nanoparticles, benefits and disadvantages, production techniques, economic aspects, and future scope were explored and discussed. Bio-lubricants possess a better viscosity index, lubricity, biodegradability, and non-toxic and renewable nature than petroleum lubricants. However, lower thermo-oxidative stability and higher pour points due to moisture content require further improvements. Food security is another significant concern for bio-lubricant... Read More

Source

One of the biggest utilization of oils in the world is in the field of lubricants. Over the past 20 years, bio-based lubricating oils have been proven to be competent with traditional petroleum-based oils. Numerous reasons, including stringent government regulations and policy implications, on fuels and lubricants being derived from petroleum and the fast depletion of oil reserves, have contributed to this trend. The need for bio-lubricants has increased due to the harmful and negative effects caused by using petroleum oils on the ecological and environmental aspects. Due to several intrinsic technical characteristics and their capacity for biodegradation, vegetable oils offer powerful alternatives to petroleum-based oils, to function as lubricant base oils. Physico-chemical modifications of vegetable oils to generate substitutes for mineral oils are one of the most significant expanding industrial research disciplines at the moment. Due to their improved multifunctional capabilities and biodegradability compared to conventional enhancers, sustainable additives have recently gained p... Read More

Source

A key driver in current research on lubricant formulation is the need to move away from older technology that is highly reliant on resources derived from industries associated with high carbon dioxide emissions.

Source

This study investigates the lubricating properties of bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD) blended with varying fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) concentrations using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) to measure lubricity and provides comprehensive tribology results.

Source

Lubricants predominantly used to reduce friction and gain smooth functioning of a vehicle. Biodegradable lubricants are perceived to be alternative to mineral oil lubricants because of their properties and biodegradability. This review paper discusses the effect of biodegradable lubrication in term of emission performance, wear, friction and viscosity effect to the internal combustion engine using multiple types of biodegradable lubrications. Bench wear test was conducted using Yamaha, ET 950 to carry out the effect of the biolubricant in spark ignition (SI) engine. The bench test was conducted under several conditions: pressure, 3.0 MPa; sliding speed, 0.20 m/s; sliding stroke, 80 mm; room temperature, >25C. The second experiment were conducted with 100 percentage SAE 40, palm oil and palm oil (14%) + castor oil (86%) blend as its crankcase lubricant using four stroke compression ignition (CI) engine.A thermocouple was used to measure the parameters temperature every 5 minutesinterval with the engine operating for an hour under no load, 2.5 kg, 5 kg, and 7 kg load condition. Th... Read More

Source

In this paper, aspects regarding lubricants, their classification, their influence on the environment and their areas of use are presented.Lubrication represents an important process for various equipment and machines with moving parts.The correct choice of lubricant can lead to increased energy efficiency and at the same time decrease the rate of wear of various moving elements.We must take into account the fact that the choice of the lubricant requires special attention because at the moment a large part of the lubricants used are those based on mineral oils, which leads to damage to the environment, human health and high costs.According to the above, we can turn our interest to biodegradable lubricants (based on vegetable oils and animal fats), because they represent renewable and easily biodegradable resources.

Source

A novel diesel fuel and fuel blending agent derived from biomass conversion, comprising a C5-C30 dialkoxyalkanoate compound synthesized through a triple acid-catalyzed condensation of primary aliphatic alcohols with pyruvic acid and glyoxylic acid. The compound exhibits improved properties for internal combustion engines, including low cloud point, high cetane number, and enhanced energy content, making it suitable for use as a neat fuel or blending agent in diesel and gasoline applications.

Source

Abstract Reducing the sulfur content in fossil diesel is recognized to create cleaner air. One of the efforts that can be made to reduce sulfur is involving the hydrodesulfurization process in the oil refinery. However, that process is responsible for decreasing the natural lubricating compounds in fossil diesel. Then, it results in the low lubricity of fossil diesel which increases friction and wears scars on the metal surface of machinery components. Therefore, it is necessary to use additives to improve the lubricity properties of fossil diesel. Additives can be derived from vegetable oil-based triglyceride compounds (bio-additives). The primary bio-additives class studied in lubricity improver is the ester group. Many challenges need to be addressed by researchers to obtain such a bio-additive to perform better. This paper focuses on bio-additives and their lubricity properties between 1995 and 2020. We review the bio-additives class and its effect on fossil diesel lubricity, the relationship between structure and lubricity, the bio-additives synthesis route, and the lubricity te... Read More

Source

The scientific literature allows us to demonstrate the characteristics of high lubricity of biodiesel (particularly B100 from palm), which as a bio-fuel, can fulfill the function of bio-lubricant (B100 = 3 Ester); even surpassing motor oils in some respects (Synthetic Base = 2 Ester). Once its characteristics have been reviewed, we can affirm that it is possible to use B100 as a Bio-Lubricant in Diesel internal combustion engines, but also in spark-ignition engines. A comparison is made between commercial synthetic esters and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) designated B100. In the same context, we describe a procedure and a device designed to use B100 in diesel engines, not only as Bio-Fuel, but also as Bio-Lubricant, for both functions, successively and simultaneously, called Bio-Circular Engine; so: in Stage 1; biodiesel is taken from the fuel tank (B100) to the engine crankcase (previously filtered), where it will fulfill its first function as Bio-Lubricant. In Stage 2; the same B100 is conducted from the same crankcase to the fuel injection system (previously filtered and, if... Read More

Source

This literature review paper discusses the subject of lubricating properties of liquid hydrocarbon-based fuels and laboratory bench tests applied in lubricity evaluation. The analysis was made in order to highlight the importance of fuel lubricity evaluation, especially application of relatively rapid laboratory tests. Inadequate lubricity may lead to an excessive wear of fuel injection system components and in some cases ? even to catastrophic failure what, in turn, manifests itself in higher replacement costs, shortened service life, inefficient engine performance and increased tailpipe emissions. Nowadays, when more and more rigorous emissions standards for transportation fuels are continuously established, the satisfactory fuel lubricity is of great importance. Lubricity determines the antiwear behaviour of the lubricant over the regime of boundary lubrication when the moving surfaces are separated only by a very thin fluid film adhering to them. The most important role in forming such films is played by polar compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons that are naturally present in crud... Read More

Source

Lubricants predominantly used to reduce friction and gain smooth functioning of a vehicle. Biodegradable lubricants are perceived to be alternative to mineral oil lubricants because of their properties and biodegradability. This review paper discusses the effect of biodegradable lubrication in term of emission performance, wear, friction and viscosity effect to the internal combustion engine using multiple types of biodegradable lubrications. Bench wear test was conducted using Yamaha, ET 950 to carry out the effect of the biolubricant in spark ignition (SI) engine. The bench test was conducted under several conditions: pressure, 3.0 MPa; sliding speed, 0.20 m/s; sliding stroke, 80 mm; room temperature, >25C. The second experiment were conducted with 100 percentage SAE 40, palm oil and palm oil (14%) + castor oil (86%) blend as its crankcase lubricant using four stroke compression ignition (CI) engine. A thermocouple was used to measure the parameters temperature every 5 minutes interval with the engine operating for an hour under no load, 2.5 kg, 5 kg, and 7 kg load condition. T... Read More

Source

A lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines that improves fuel economy retention, turbocharger efficiency, and reduces oil consumption. The composition contains a renewable base oil derived from C14-C20 olefins, which is hydroisomerized to achieve excellent viscosity, volatility, and additive solubility properties. The additive package has a sulfur content of up to 0.4 wt% and a sulphated ash content of up to 0.5 wt%, enabling low SAPS formulations that prolong exhaust after-treatment device life. The composition demonstrates improved engine performance retention over conventional lubricants, including fuel economy retention of at least 0.2% and oil drain interval capability of up to 360 hours.

Source

One of diesel fuel functions is to lubricate fuel pump components. Wearing process on fuel pump causes fuel pressure to the combustion chamber will drop. The pump will not distribute the hydrocarbon well in to the combustion chamber, as result incomplete combution process will occur. The objective of this study is to observe the impact of biodiesel on fuel pump and injector of the diesel engine. A 5 KVA generator diesel engine was used in this study and was operated using 48 CN diesel fuel (Minyak Solar 48) (B0), biodiesel 50%-volume (B50) and biodiesel 100% (B100). Each of which was subjected to 100 hour running operation and 1000 Watt load. The results of this research show that biodiesel have a positive impact in reducing wear occurence in the generator diesel engine fuel pump components or injector nozzle.

Source

Lubricants are materials able to reduce friction and/or wear of any type of moving surfaces facilitating smooth operations, maintaining reliable machine functions, and reducing risks of failures while contributing to energy savings. At present, most worldwide used lubricants are derived from crude oil. However, production, usage and disposal of these lubricants have significant impact on environment and health. Hence, there is a growing pressure to reduce demand of this sort of lubricants, which has fostered development and use of green lubricants, as vegetable oil-based lubricants (biolubricants). Despite the ecological benefits of producing/using biolubricants, availability of the required raw materials and agricultural land to create a reliable chain supply is still far from being established. Recently, biomass from some microalgae species has attracted attention due to their capacity to produce high-value lipids/oils for potential lubricants production. Thus, this multidisciplinary work reviews the main chemical-physical characteristics of lubricants and the main attempts and pro... Read More

Source

A diesel fuel composition comprising a renewable diesel component and di-glycerol tert-butyl ether (di-GTBE) at least 5 vol-% of the total diesel fuel composition volume, wherein the di-GTBE is produced from glycerol derived from renewable sources, such as biodiesel production waste streams, and isobutene derived from renewable sources, such as fermentation of sugar. The composition exhibits improved lubricity properties compared to neat renewable diesel, making it suitable for use in diesel engines.

Source

Automotive fuel composition comprising a base fuel and a viscosity index improver (VII) component, wherein the VII component is a functionalized dispersant olefin copolymer. The VII component improves the power output and acceleration performance of an internal combustion engine by modifying the fuel's viscosity and lubricity properties.

Source