Oxidation Stability of Bio Lubricant Engine Oil

Lubricant compositions containing aralkyl substituted diphenylamine antioxidants that exhibit improved oxidation characteristics and/or viscometric properties in internal combustion engine applications. The compositions comprise a diphenylamine antioxidant comprising aralkyl substituted diphenylamine and a polar diluent having an aniline point of 0°C or less, and at least two available hydrogenbond acceptor groups that are 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms apart. The combination of the polar diluent and diphenylamine antioxidant is clear after 150 hours at 20°C in a clear glass container without agitation.

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Demand for liquid fossil fuels like diesel and gasoline is rapidly increasing owing to the ever-growing world population, apart from their associated environmental consequences and their availability is getting limited day by day. The biofuels like bioethanol and biodiesel can be used to solve these problems with additional advantages and a cleaner environment. Several oils/fats are used to produce biodiesel as a substitute of petrodiesel, but due to their unavailability in bulk quantity and poor quality, biodiesel production still is a challenge. To overcome this challenge, the concept of mixed oils can be employed, which helps to cut the reliance on any individual oil. There is a lack of reviews that discuss the existing research for biodiesel properties produced from mixed oil. Hence, this review paper explores the effect of the fatty acid composition on physicochemical properties (constituent oils and resultant biodiesel), when two or more oils are blended for biodiesel production. The aim here is to define the selection criteria for choosing the mixed oils (two or more) to yield... Read More

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Globally there is a huge attention towards natural products and in this case natural antioxidants. The attention has been driven by consumer demands and documented detrimental effects of synthetic antioxidants on human health. In view of this, this review has evaluated a range of scientific studies and experimental investigations providing a comprehensive analysis of oxidation related phenomena in a variety of edible oils used in the food industry. By systematically and deeply evaluating the mechanisms, effectiveness and potential limitations of synthetic and natural antioxidants, the review contributes valuable insights into the ongoing debate surrounding the application of natural and synthetic antioxidants in the food and culinary sectors. The findings of the review aids in unravelling the complex interactions between antioxidants and edible oil stability as well as highlighting the impacts of antioxidants on the nutritional quality and shelf life of edible oils. Evidence from the reviewed studies indicates that natural antioxidants may hold the solution to vegetable oils stabilit... Read More

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A chemically stabilized lubricant and coating composition comprising medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) and propylene glycol esters, which provide a non-toxic, biodegradable, and stable alternative to traditional petroleum-based lubricants. The MCT-based composition exhibits exceptional oxidative stability, lubricity, and corrosion protection, making it suitable for a wide range of applications including household lubrication, cleaning, and surface coating.

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Aminophenol antioxidants for inhibiting oxidation of natural oils and materials derived therefrom, such as biodiesel and biolubricants. The antioxidants, represented by Formula I, provide excellent protection against oxidation while maintaining the properties of the natural oil-derived materials. They can be added to biodiesel and biolubricants to prevent degradation and maintain performance characteristics.

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Bio-lubricants are becoming important alternative to mineral oil based lubricants due to growing international concerns about environmental pollution associated with the use and disposal of mineral oil based lubricants. Vegetable oils are nowadays considered as viable bio-resource and promising candidates for the development of bio-based lubricants. As a result, more than 95% of world bio-lubricant is produced from edible oils such as groundnut oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, canola oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil. This has affected price, production, uses and availability of these oils for human consumption and brought serious competition between food and lubricants. It is also believed that large-scale production of bio-lubricant from edible oil may bring global imbalance to food supply and demand market. In order to overcome this devastating phenomenon, researches have shifted focus to non-edible oils which are very economical comparable to edible oils and potentially offer greatest opportunities in the longer term for effective lubricant production. Intensive review of recent r... Read More

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Extensive demand of natural resources has resulted in several large-scale unintentional hydrocarbon oil spills and environmental catastrophes due to the rising demand for fossil fuel energy. These hydrocarbon pollutants have effect on environment and human health. Spectrophotometric and Biochemical Methods are used for the research. Soil sample were collected from two different contaminated areas and used engine oil, the bacteria were isolated and tested for evaluation of bacterial growth and biodegradation by enrichment technique using Bushnell Hass broth with used engine oil as sole carbon source. The results show that Pseudomonas specie were capable of degrading used engine oil which remove 80% of the oil and Bacillus specie which remove 65% of the used engine oil. This illustrates that hydrocarbon biodegrading bacteria can be used for remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil.

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Sunflower oil is an oil that is prone to oxidation due to its chemical structure and prevention of such oxidation is widely studied.This study assessed the the effectiveness of -glutamyl cystein (GC, GC) and glutathione (GSH), in preventing oxidation of sunflower oil stored at 50C for a period of 15 days.TBHQ was used as a positive control while no additive oil selected as a negatif control.Oxidation level indicators such as peroxide (PV), free fatty acidity (FFA), p-anisidine (p-AV) but also total oxidation (Totox), colour (L*, a*, b*) and fatty acid profile were determined.At the end of storage, oxidation in sunflower oil was substantially reduced by 40 mg/L of GC.Analysis with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) resulted in the following order of IC50; T (0.080.01),BHA (0.130.03),GC (0.30.01), GSH (0.410.00),BHT (0.420.02).The samples resistance to the generation of primary and secondary oxidation products was T>GCT>GC>GSHT>GSH>C for up to 15 days under storage conditions.The fatty acid profile analysed by GC/MS further demonstrated that these thiols outperformed the cont... Read More

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Engine oil oxidation is one of the major reasons for oil aging which can result in variations in the physical and chemical properties of oil. Organic acids generated by oil oxidation can react with water to form inorganic acids and acidic substances (including organic and inorganic acids) that corrode engine parts, resulting in the generation of rust or damage to engine parts. This is one of the important reasons why oil should be regularly changed. One of the most commonly applied methods for judging the aging degree of engine oil is monitoring its acid number (AN). However, generally, the effect of oil water content on acid value measurement is not considered. When oils are used in engines, they are often contaminated by water due to condensation, which accelerates engine oil aging. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the water content effect on AN in the process of engine oil aging. In this research, a water content sensor was applied to characterize moisture content in oxidized oil samples. The sensor could also obtain oil sample electrical conductivity which corresponded to its ... Read More

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Abstract This article focuses on the quenching properties of vegetable and animal oils, including toxicity and biodegradability of vegetable/animal oils. The article provides a detailed discussion on the oxidation of vegetable/animal oils. The addition of antioxidants to stabilize soybean and palm oils is discussed, and the article concludes that substantially better performance is required if vegetable oils are to be effective functional equivalents to petroleum oil formulations. This may be done by selecting different vegetable oil compositions with less unsaturation, by applying genetic modification of soybean seed oils, or by chemically modifying and stabilizing the vegetable oil structure.

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This study is motivated by the fact that the vegetable oils are being considered as the fuel of the future for the internal combustion engines, especially the compression ignition engines which are working with diesel as fuel. Different approaches for using the vegetable oils in CI engines as fuel are either to modify the oils to match with that of diesel to run successfully with these oils. Fuel additives are compounds formulated to enhance the quality and efficiency of the fuels used in motor vehicles. There are several benefits associated with the use of fuel additives. Di-tert butyl peroxide (DTBP) is effective for enhance the quality and efficiency of the fuels used in CI engine. The investigation was to check the feasibility of di-tert butyl peroxide as an additive in different blends of diesel and jetropha bio-diesel on engine performance. The short-term tests on an unmodified diesel engine were conducted using the bio diesel and di-tert butyl peroxide blends (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100 per cent and 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 per cent) with diesel. The engine performance a... Read More

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Abstract Aviation lubricating oil, as the blood of machine operation, plays an important role in the lubrication, cooling, cleaning, sealing, rust prevention, and other aspects of aeroengines, thereby ensuring the safe and stable longterm endurance of aeroengines under highspeed and hightemperature conditions. The thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil leading to decay is the most important factor causing lubricating oil failure, which will seriously affect the performance of aeroengines and endanger flight safety. Here, we comprehensively summarize the oxidation mechanism of aviation lubricating oil, factors affecting thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, evaluation methods for thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, and antioxidants that inhibit thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil. We hope that this review can enhance readers' understanding of the thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, stimulate broader interest, and promote more exciting development in this promising field.

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Oxidation of vegetable oils is a phenomenon that alters the nutritional value of the oil and produces unpleasant flavors, it is also the main factor limiting the quality of vegetable oils during storage. Synthetic antioxidants (SA) are known for their performance to improve vegetable oil oxidative stability. However, owing to their harmful effects on human health, the edible oil industry is seeking safe and healthy natural antioxidants. Indeed, such natural antioxidants, recovered from different plant matrices, demonstrate a potential effect, even better than SA in some cases, to preserve oils from oxidation and to satisfy consumer demand for natural foods. The enrichment of these oils using antioxidants from natural sources is proposed as a solution. Starting with a literature search using enrich, oxidation, shelf-life, extract, antioxidant, and aromatic and medicinal plant as keywords, the present paper provides a detailed overview of all extraction techniques for bioactive compounds and possible methods for enriching vegetable oil mentioning the advantages and drawback... Read More

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Vegetable oils as bio-lubricants have poor oxidation stability due to the unsaturated fatty acids in their composition. The oxidation in bio-lubricants can occur because they are exposed to heat, light, and oxygen. In this research, clove oil was used to reduce oxidation in vegetable oils. The effects of blending clove oil (0, 5, and 10% wt) with virgin coconut oil (VCO), hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO), and palm oil that have been exposed to oxygen for 30 days have been investigated. Viscometer and pin-on-disk tests were used to determine the physical and tribological properties of the bio-lubricants. The results show that the addition of clove oil to these oils could reduce the oxidation process. It was indicated by the reduced percentage increase in the dynamic viscosity of 10% wt clove oil in VCO of around 5.41% for 30 days. Results of wear rate indicated that the effect of adding clove oil to VCO and HCO was better than that of palm oil, where the wear rate of VCO and HCO decreased with an increasing clove oil composition. Meanwhile, their coefficients of friction were only affec... Read More

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Several scientific studies have warned that the ingestion of dietary lipid oxidation products (LOPs) may initiate or exacerbate the development of several chronic non-communicable diseases in humans. Indeed, the constantly increasing consumption of culinary oils by larger global populations indicates the need for scientific techniques to suppress the evolution of LOPs in thermo-oxidised oils. This study employed a 600.13 MHz frequency NMR spectrometer in evaluating the effect of 10, 50, and 100 ppm concentrations of chemical compounds reported to have antioxidant properties in continuously-stirred and thermally stressed polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich hemp seed oil at a frying temperature of 180 for 180 min. Research data acquired showed that the antioxidants - and -tocopherol, -oryzanol, -carotene, eugenol, resveratrol, ascorbyl palmitate, gentisic acid, and L-ascorbic acid all played a vital role in suppressing the evolution of secondary aldehydic lipid oxidation products in hemp seed oil. However, the most ineffective LOP-suppressing agent was L-lysine, an observation ... Read More

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A major problem that limits the use of biodiesel is maintaining the fuel at the specified standards for a longer period. Biodiesel oxidizes much more easily than diesel, and the final oxidation products change its physical and chemical properties and cause the formation of insoluble gums that can block fuel filters and the supply pipes. This instability of biodiesel is a major problem and has not yet been satisfactorily resolved. Recently, the use of biodiesel has increased quite a lot, but the problem related to oxidation could become a significant impediment. A promising and cost-effective approach to improving biodiesels stability is to add appropriate antioxidants. Antioxidants work better or less effectively in different biodiesel fuels, and there is no one-size-fits-all inhibitor for every type of biodiesel fuel. To establish a suitable antioxidant for a certain type of biodiesel, it is necessary to know the chemistry of the antioxidants and factors that influence their effectiveness against biodiesel oxidation. Most studies on the use of antioxidants to improve the oxidative ... Read More

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The oxidative stability of vegetable oils has been introduced as a critical factor that affects on its quality, shelf life, and nutritional value. In this study, the Rancimat method was analyzed for investigation and comparing the oxidative stability of crude and refined vegetable oils. The induction period, representing the time taken for significant oxidative degradation to occur, has been used as a key parameter to evaluate the oxidative stability. The oxidative stability of different types of vegetable oils, including sunflower, rapeseed, soybean, and cottonseed oil, was studied at various stages of processing: water degummed and neutralized oil. The induction period (IP) and protection factor (PF) were used to assess the oils resistance to oxidation. The data showed that crude oil had the highest oxidative stability, with a PF of 1.89 for rapeseed, 2.13 sunflower, 2.3 for soybean and 1.95 for cottonseed oils, compared to water degummed oil. Neutralized oil showed improved oxidative stability, with a PF of 1.16 for rapeseed oil and 1.57 for soybean oil, but reduced stability with... Read More

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Lubricants are used to reduce friction and wear in machines, saving billions of dollars worldwide in energy and breakdown costs and lowering CO2 emissions. Today, most lubricants are made using hydrocarbons derived from crude oil, which is a finite resource, although alternative bio-based lubricants are also being investigated, as is the re-refining of used lubricants to make new base oil. The machines. It is also shown that an effective way to make lubricants more sustainable is to extend lubricant oil drain intervals and collect used oil and re-refine it to make base oil for re-use. The role of bio-based lubricants, and their benefits and disadvantages are discussed. Other aspects in which lubricants can be made more sustainable are also briefly covered, such as lubricant packaging, the removal of toxic additives via improved regulatory chemistry, and the use of renewable electricity in blending plants.

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A process for producing renewable alkenes from glyceride-containing feedstocks, such as palm oil fatty acid distillate (PFAD), through a combination of esterification, thermal separation, and metathesis reactions. The process involves esterifying the feedstock to form fatty acid esters, which are then thermally separated into unsaturated and saturated fractions. The unsaturated fraction is then subjected to metathesis with short-chain alkenes to produce renewable alkenes, such as 1-decene, and fatty acid-derived esters. The saturated fraction can be further processed through ketonization and hydrotreatment to produce renewable base oils and fuels.

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Lubricating oil composition with improved processability and reduced environmental impact, comprising a base oil derived from biomass and an oily agent selected from esters and alcohols, with a measured bio-based content of 20% or more. The composition may further include a phosphoric ester and a polyalkylene glycol, and exhibits enhanced lubricating properties and compatibility with mechanical components.

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This chapter is related to the general characteristics of vegetable oils; the oxidative stability and the mechanism of lipid oxidation; the factors affecting the mechanism of lipid oxidation; the impact of lipid oxidation on the sensory properties of complex food products; and characteristics of the antioxidant complex from local horticultural products. Oil oxidation also destroys essential fatty acids and produces toxic compounds and oxidized polymers. It also affects the taste, nutritional quality, and toxicity of edible oils. Different chemical mechanisms, autoxidation, and photooxidation, are responsible for the oxidation of edible oils during processing and storage, depending on oxygen types. Two oxygen types can react with edible oils: atmospheric triplet oxygen, 3O2, and singlet oxygen, 1O2.

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Engine oil degradation and tribological properties are strongly interrelated. Hence, understanding the chemical processes resulting in additive depletion and degradation products is necessary. In this study, in-service engine oils from petrol and diesel vehicles were analyzed with conventional and advanced methods (mass spectrometry). Additionally, the effect of the utilization profile (short- vs. long-range) was studied. Petrol engine oils generally showed accelerated antioxidant and antiwear degradation and higher oxidation, especially in the case of a short-range utilization profile, which can be attributed to the higher air-to-fuel ratio (more rich combustion) compared to diesel engines. A detailed overview of oxidation and nitration products, as well as degradation products resulting from zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate and boron ester antiwear additives, diphenylamine antioxidants and salicylate detergents is given. A side reaction between oxidation products (aromatic carboxylic acids) and the boron ester antiwear is highlighted. This reaction was only detected in the petrol engin... Read More

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The majority of lubricants commonly used in everyday life are based on petroleum which is a non-renewable resource, is toxic to the environment, and has poor biodegradability which can become a big problem for the ecosystem. Bio- based lubricants (biolubricant) can be an alternative to environmental and energy issues such as biodegradability, toxicity, health, emissions, and fuel economy. Biolubricant can be defined as a lubricant developed from basic ingredients in the form of animal fats, plant oils, or synthetic esters. Lubricants based on plant oils are also renewable. More than 98% of biolubricant decompose in the soil, unlike some synthetic lubricants and mineral lubricants which only decompose 20% to 40%. In addition, vegetable or animal lubricants used in engines reduce almost all forms of air pollution compared to the use of petroleum. This research is focused on making biolubricant through an epoxidation process from palm oleic acid raw material and ring opening with the heterogeneous catalyst of palm kernel shells (PKS). The purpose of this study was to determine the effec... Read More

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Vegetable oils are key ingredients of the human diet, as they are widely used for cooking and as ingredients in many processed foods. However, processing may lead to their oxidation and result in an array of negative outputs such as the development of undesirable organoleptic characteristics (e.g. off-flavors and texture alteration), a decrease in nutritional value, shelf-life and even in the formation of toxic compounds. Many strategies for improving oil stability have been developed such as the use of natural and synthetic antioxidants, and more recently the use of encapsulation techniques. It has many beneficial effects due to the barrier effect it establishes between the oil and the environment; this not only protects the oils against chemical reactions and physical changes but maintains their biological and chemical characteristics. This review is divided into three parts. In the first, the mechanisms of oil oxidation and the factors responsible for oxidation are summarized. In the second part, the consequences of oxidation in oil quality and the production of potentially harmfu... Read More

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<p>From the last two decades, the amount of waste materials recycled into useable energy sources has grown in popularity due to the fast rise in energy demand caused by the world's population growth. In other words, the conversion of garbage into energy will undoubtedly become an essential topic in the near future. Biodiesel has garnered a great deal of interest recently to reduce pollution generated by the burning of petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal-based oils in most cases. Waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCB) is the most suitable resource for biofuel development because it is cost-effective and environmentally friendly, minimizing the amount of waste generated. In order to reduce harmful pollutants from engines, the use of oxygenated fuels seems to be a realistic solution. To minimize the impact on air quality, it is important to use oxy-additives that are specifically formulated for biodiesel and comply with environmental regulations. It is also recommended to use biodiesel blends with lower percentages of oxy-additives and to properly maintain... Read More

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A lubricant composition with improved oxidation resistance, comprising a base oil and a diester of formula (I) R1—O—CO—O—R2, where R1 and R2 are alkyl groups, preferably methyl, ethyl, or propyl. The diester reduces the oxidation level of the lubricant composition, measured by viscosity increase, and extends its service life.

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Abstract The main non-microbial cause of quality deterioration in lipid-containing food is lipid oxidation, the process in which, simplifying, unsaturated fatty acids react with molecular oxygen via a free radical mechanism. The use of substances with antioxidant properties during the manufacturing process can minimize the extent of lipid oxidation. This research aimed to determine the effect of selected essential oils on the quality and oxidative stability of sunflower oils. Sunflower oils were obtained by refining and cold-pressing and their quality and oxidative stability were studied during the different storage conditions: 20 C and 5 C at dark and with light exposure. Obtained results suggested that the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of essential oils can positively affect the oxidative stability and consequently the quality of sunflower oils during storage, and implicate with further application of essential oils in the edible vegetable oil industry.

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Lubricating oil compositions comprising a biobased base oil with a specific molecular structure, providing improved hydrocarbon mixtures for lubricating oils. The biobased base oil has a molecular structure characterized by a specific branching pattern, enabling superior lubricating properties, including low temperature viscometric performance and high temperature high shear viscosity. The compositions can further comprise various additives, including detergents, dispersants, friction modifiers, and antioxidants, to enhance lubricating performance and engine protection.

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A process for producing renewable base oil from glyceride-containing feedstocks, such as palm oil fatty acid distillate, through a combination of metathesis, ketonization, and hydrotreatment reactions. The process involves converting unsaturated fatty acid esters into shorter-chain alkenes and esters through metathesis with a C2-C4 alkene, followed by ketonization to produce a C31 ketone and a renewable base oil meeting API Group III specifications. The process enables efficient utilization of the feedstock's natural characteristics and reduces hydrogen consumption compared to traditional hydrotreating processes.

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Method for producing renewable base oil and renewable fuel components from biological feedstocks like waste oils and fats. The method involves separating free fatty acids and glycerides from the feed, hydrolyzing the glycerides, and then ketonizing both the original fatty acids and the hydrolyzed fatty acids. This increases the yield of renewable base oil compared to directly ketonizing the original fatty acids. The ketones can then be further processed for base oil, fuel, or oleochemicals.

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The use of alternatives for petroleum-based products is becoming more and more important, especially considering the new and constantly changing geopolitical context, where excessive energy dependence is not desirable. Thus, biodiesel could play an important role in contributing to the implementation of biorefineries, which represent desirable goals in terms of sustainability, green chemistry and the circular economy. However, one challenge related to biodiesel based on vegetable oils is its low oxidative stability, which can alter the properties of these products during storage. To avoid this problem, interesting antioxidants, such as propyl gallate (PG), could be added to biodiesel to allow it to keep its main properties during oxidation. Additionally, monitoring PG content during oxidation is interesting, and the use of voltammetry could be suitable for this purpose. The aim of this work was to assess the effectiveness of PG during cardoon biodiesel oxidation, while monitoring the process through cyclic voltammetry (CV). As a result, it was proven that PG was highly effective, inc... Read More

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Fried foods and frying oil are subjects that warrant the attention of researchers because of their high consumption. Indeed, frying conditions make these oils very sensitive to lipid oxidation which deteriorates the quality and nutritional properties of the food. In this study, we examined the effect of rosemary extract (ROE), known for its high antioxidant activity, in soybean oil used to fry breaded butterfly shrimp, by measuring the induction period with OXIPRES, total polar material (TPM), peroxide index (PI), and free fatty acids (FFA). This evaluation was performed in comparison with control oils without antioxidants. The results showed a significant difference between the oils according to the analyzed parameters, especially in the final hours of frying. The treatment of the oil with rosemary extract effectively delayed its oxidation, having lower levels in all the oxidation markers that were analyzed. It was also found that rosemary extract is able to reduce oil consumption by fried foods. Therefore, ROE ensures soybean oil a high stability against oxidation and a longer shel... Read More

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Biodiesel is synthesized by the transesterification process from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel can be used in diesel engines either neatly or in blends with diesel. Although the usage of biodiesel has many other advantages such as environmental friendliness and renewability, it has the major issue of long-term storage. Biodiesel is oxidized to form sedimentation and precipitation when it comes into contact with air, light, humidity, metal, and moisture. Oxidized biodiesel is unfit to be used in engines that obstruct fuel lines and injectors. The storage stability of biodiesel can be controlled by antioxidants which repress the oxidation reactions. In this investigation, an antioxidant called TBHQ (Tertiary Butyl Hydroquinone) is applied to yellow oleander biodiesel (Thevetia peruviana) at different concentrations ranging from 1000-4000 PPM to enhance storage stability. However, the study aims to assess any effect of the antioxidant on the engine and emission performance of biodiesel in various concentrations of TBHQ in a single-cylinder Kirloskar diesel engine. The Brake-S... Read More

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One of the biggest utilization of oils in the world is in the field of lubricants. Over the past 20 years, bio-based lubricating oils have been proven to be competent with traditional petroleum-based oils. Numerous reasons, including stringent government regulations and policy implications, on fuels and lubricants being derived from petroleum and the fast depletion of oil reserves, have contributed to this trend. The need for bio-lubricants has increased due to the harmful and negative effects caused by using petroleum oils on the ecological and environmental aspects. Due to several intrinsic technical characteristics and their capacity for biodegradation, vegetable oils offer powerful alternatives to petroleum-based oils, to function as lubricant base oils. Physico-chemical modifications of vegetable oils to generate substitutes for mineral oils are one of the most significant expanding industrial research disciplines at the moment. Due to their improved multifunctional capabilities and biodegradability compared to conventional enhancers, sustainable additives have recently gained p... Read More

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Engine oil degradation and tribological properties are strongly interrelated. Hence, understanding the chemical processes resulting in additive depletion and degradation products is necessary. In this study, in-service engine oils from petrol and diesel vehicles were analyzed with conventional and advanced methods (mass spectrometry). Additionally, the effect of the utilization profile (short- vs. long-range) was studied. Petrol engine oils generally showed accelerated antioxidant and antiwear degradation and higher oxidation, especially in case of a short-range utilization profile, which can be attributed to the higher air-to-fuel ratio (more rich combustion) compared to diesel engines. A detailed overview of oxidation and nitration products, as well as degradation products resulting from zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate and boron ester antiwear additives, diphenylamine antioxidants and salicylate detergents is given. A side-reaction between oxidation products (aromatic carboxylic acids) and the boron ester antiwear is highlighted. This reaction was only detected in the petrol engine oi... Read More

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This paper depicts the effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants on oxidation stability of biodiesel. Evaluation of extensive data is done to compile the effects on different feedstocks. Biodiesel is a popular renewable energy source. It provides advantages over other fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and kerosene. Biodiesel contains no sulphur or aromatics that contribute to air pollution or acid rain. Furthermore, it helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions because the process of extracting vegetable oil releases CO2. It improved lubrication properties and longer engine life due to increased detergency/dispersancy properties. It is critical that biodiesel maintains its oxidation stability, since FA derivatives are more vulnerable to oxidative deterioration than mineral fuels. Antioxidants increase oxidative stability and reduce peroxide values by slowing down lipid oxidation through reactive oxygen species generation. Antioxidants work efficiently in low concentrations and lessens over time because they are consumed by oxidation reactions. Evaluation of extensive data is done to comp... Read More

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Abstract Biodiesel, an alternative for conventional diesel, can be produced from renewable resources such as vegetable oils. One of the most crucial characteristics of biodiesel fuel is oxidation stability, which significantly influences the stability of biodiesel during prolonged storage. In fact, biodiesel is less resistant against oxidation than the conventional diesel. In order to transcend this problem, additives are employed. This work uses the Rancimat technique to examine the effects of various antioxidants additives on the oxidation stability of different produced biodiesel. The oxidative stability of biodiesel produced from rapeseed, palm, sunflower and waste cooking oil were evaluated after assuring that the properties of used oils and produced biodiesel complied with the ASTM requirements. Palm biodiesel was selected since it showed the highest oxidation stability of 1.32 h. The experimental findings demonstrated that the two antioxidants investigated (phenolhydrazine and thiamine hydrochloride) are boosting oxidation stability, however phenolhydrazine is providing a high... Read More

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Due to the current devastating environmental concerns caused by petroleum-derived lubricants in internal combustion (IC) engines (because of their toxicity, non-biodegradability and not environmental adaptability), and the increase in oil prices, as well as the degradation of the global crude oil reserves, researchers all over the world are working to develop innovative ideas for sustainable development in biomass-derived biodegradable lubricant oil which the perform equivalent or more than the commercial petroleum-based oils in engine lubrication. This review papers major purpose is to provide those researchers and particularly engineers interested in IC engine biolubricant oil derived from renewable biomass with appropriate information and perspective.

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This article examines the causes of changes in the properties of motor oils in the high-temperature zone of the engine. The main reason leading to the formation of high-temperature deposits in engines are oxidative processes occurring in the oil volume and on the metal surface. These deposits negatively affect the reliability, efficiency and durability of the engine. We conducted a study of samples of industrial oils M12V2 with a sulfonate additive SK-3. To conduct experiments, the M-12V2 engine oil with the added sulfonate additive SK-3 was analyzed according to physico-chemical parameters for compliance with the requirements. When using such an additive, the service life of the engine oil will increase.

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Various synthetic and natural antioxidants are used to reduce oxidation and its negative impact on the oil during the food frying process. Considering that some studies show the negative impact of synthetic antioxidants on the health of consumers, natural alternatives are being used more and more. BHA and BHT are synthetic antioxidants that are widely used in the food industryand a large number of natural compounds such as phenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, vitamins, etc. show antioxidant properties. In this study, the antioxidant capacity of oregano and rosemary essential oil was tested and compared with the antioxidant capacity of BHA and BHT. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the removal of DPPH radicals and by iron reduction (FRAP). The results of this study showed that the studied essential oils exhibited antioxidant capacity. These oils have a high antioxidant capacity, however, compared to synthetic antioxidants, they show a significantly lower antioxidant capacity but they can be used as natural antioxidants during food processing. KEYWORDS:antioxidant capacity; essen... Read More

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Sunflower oil is an oil that is prone to oxidation due to its chemical structure and prevention of such oxidation is widely studied. This study assessed the the effectiveness of gama glutamyl cyctein (GC) and glutathione (GSH), in preventing oxidation of sunflower oil stored at 50C for a period of 15 days. Tertiary hydroquinone (TBHQ) was used as a control. Oxidation level indicators such as peroxide (PV), free fatty acidity (FFA), p-anisidine (p-AV) but also total oxidation (Totox), colour (L*, a*, b*) and free fatty acid profile were determined. At the end of storage, oxidation in sunflower oil was substantially reduced by 40 mg/L of GC. Analysis with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) resulted in the following order of antioxidant activities: TBHQ>BHA>GC>GSH>BHT. The samples resistance to the generation of primary and secondary oxidation products was T>GC+T>GC>GSH+T>GSH>C for up to 15 days under storage conditions. The free fatty acid profile analysed by GC/MS further demonstrated that these thiols outperformed the control group in terms of per... Read More

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A process for producing renewable carboxylic diacids from glycerides, fatty acid esters, or combinations thereof, comprising metathesis with a C2-C4 alkene to produce metathesis products, followed by microbial oxidation to produce diacids. The process enables efficient recovery and separation of valuable fractions from the feedstock, including alkenes and unsaturated fatty acids, which can be further processed to produce additional renewable chemicals.

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Lipid peroxidation is a critical factor in the edible oils production chain. To minimize this process, several studies have been developed using synthetic antioxidants, which are widely used in oil processing to preserve the molecular integrity of oils. Studies indicate that antioxidants from natural sources are preferable for use in frying as well as cooking in general, as an efficient option to inhibit lipid peroxidation. In this review, we highlight the opportunities and challenges regarding the use of natural antioxidants in substitution to synthetic antioxidants in terms of the effective improvement of oxidative stability in edible vegetable oils.

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Oil oxidation is the main factor limiting vegetable oils' quality during storage, as it leads to the deterioration of oil's nutritional quality and gives rise to disagreeable flavors. These changes make fat-containing foods less acceptable to consumers. To deal with this problem and to meet consumer demand for natural foods, vegetable oil fabricators and the food industry are looking for alternatives to synthetic antioxidants to protect oils from oxidation. In this context, natural antioxidant compounds extracted from different parts (leaves, roots, flowers, and seeds) of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) could be used as a promising and sustainable solution to protect consumers' health. The objective of this review was to compile published literature regarding the extraction of bioactive compounds from MAPs as well as different methods of vegetable oils enrichment. In fact, this review uses a multidisciplinary approach and offers an updated overview of the technological, sustainability, chemical and safety aspects related to the protection of oils.

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Abstract Reducing the sulfur content in fossil diesel is recognized to create cleaner air. One of the efforts that can be made to reduce sulfur is involving the hydrodesulfurization process in the oil refinery. However, that process is responsible for decreasing the natural lubricating compounds in fossil diesel. Then, it results in the low lubricity of fossil diesel which increases friction and wears scars on the metal surface of machinery components. Therefore, it is necessary to use additives to improve the lubricity properties of fossil diesel. Additives can be derived from vegetable oil-based triglyceride compounds (bio-additives). The primary bio-additives class studied in lubricity improver is the ester group. Many challenges need to be addressed by researchers to obtain such a bio-additive to perform better. This paper focuses on bio-additives and their lubricity properties between 1995 and 2020. We review the bio-additives class and its effect on fossil diesel lubricity, the relationship between structure and lubricity, the bio-additives synthesis route, and the lubricity te... Read More

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In present study, the oxidation protection efficiency of TQ on two different types of oils was evaluated. In addition, antioxidant capacity and hydroxyl radical scavenging (HRS) activity of the TQ were investigated according to the CUPric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) methods. The FRAP and CUPRAC methods revealed that antioxidant and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of thymocionone was remarkably effective. It was determined that TQ had a high HRS potential (80.36 0.92 %) even at very low concentrations (1.6 g/mL). Research findings revealed that, compared with synthetic antioxidant (BHT), TQ was more effective in retarding the oxidation of the two types of oil. The oils with TQ incorporated exhibited much better chemical stability and lower peroxide value. As an alternative to synthetic antioxidants, TQ could be recommended as an effective natural antioxidant to improve the stabilization of edible vegetable oils.

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Abstract The work in the field of oil obsolescence, theoretical identification of active additives contained in the oil as a benchmark for evaluating the main operational properties of oil, as well as a theoretical assessment of the properties of oil oxidation resistance and the resource of its active elements, depending on the intensity of the eating of engine details and the amount of elements. The sharply changing climate and high pollination conditions of the republic, a sharp increase in the amount of water and mechanical mixtures, which in turn can lead to a premature departure of motor oils used in it, such as viscosity, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, washing and other properties, and acceleration of engine eating. Due to the overload of the tractor, theoretically determined that mechanical mixtures and asphalt products containing oxidation products containing motor oil in the engine maintenance system increased by 1.2%.

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ABSTRACTAn oxidation stability is very important for a long-term storage of biodiesel. Some physical (density and viscosity) and chemical properties (acid value, iodine value, and peroxide value) were analyzed to predict the oxidation stability for biodiesel produced from Waste Cooking Oil (WCO). WCO is one of the potential feedstocks in Indonesia, which is a large cooking oil consumer. Biodiesel from WCO was produced by transesterification process in 60 oC temperature for one hour reaction time. Methanol was added in 4:1 (v/v) ratio of WCO with 2% potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. This study observed the influence of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), a synthetic antioxidant, on the oxidation stability of biodiesel. TBHQ was used as an antioxidant agent to prevent biodiesel oxidation for such long-term storage. It was blended with biodiesel at various concentrations (0-1200 ppm). Samples were taken every week to measure the density, viscosity, acid value, iodine value (IV) and peroxide value (PV) during the storage process of the biodiesel blends which was conducted for 4 weeks. Th... Read More

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In this paper, oxidation was studied using the example of 4 types of vegetable oils: linseed, sunflower, corn and safflower. The kinetics of oxidation of vegetable oils at room temperature was studied. The peroxide value of sunflower, corn and flaxseed oils steadily increased during oil storage compared to safflower oil.The kinetics of oxidation of vegetable oils at different temperatures was also studied. Among the studied samples at 100 C, for linseed, rapeseed and safflower, the acceleration of the growth of peroxide formation is significantly higher than for olive, corn and sunflower by 2-3 times.The growth rate of the peroxide value in sunflower, olive and corn oil increased significantly at temperatures above 1000C. According to the results of the study of the temperature dependence of the rate of oxidation of vegetable oils, it is recommended in the production process in order to achieve greater oxidative stability of oils, the temperature regime for linseed oil should not exceed 60 C, for sunflower oil - 80 C.With a further increase in temperature above the identified va... Read More

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Bio-oils contain organic acids and oxygenated compounds that can lead to corrosion issues during bio-oil processing and storage. This Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP) allows for rapid screening of a bio-oil's corrosivity without the need for complex equipment and long-term exposures. A robust and repeatable method for assessing the corrosivity of bio-oils is necessary in order to remove materials degradation as an obstacle to research, upgrading, use and storage of bio-oils. This LAP involves the incubation of a representative alloy, 410 stainless steel (410 SS), specimen in bio-oil over a period of 48 hours at 50 degrees C in a sealed container. The corrosive species in the bio-oil react with and deplete alloy elements such as iron (Fe) and/or chromium (Cr) from the specimen into the bio-oil solution. The depletion of Fe and Cr from the specimen results in a significant mass loss that can be recorded. The mass loss is directly correlated to the corrosivity of a bio-oil. Examples of bio-oils in scope include the ones produced by fast pyrolysis and catalytic fast pyrolysis, as we... Read More

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