Improve Low Temperature Performance of Bio-Lubricants

Biodegradable chain bar lubricant for chainsaws that can be used in cold weather without solidifying and in hot weather without breaking down. The lubricant composition contains a blend of naturally occurring and partially hydrogenated triglycerides optimized for pour point. The winter version has >60% oleic acid, <5% stearic acid, and <35°C pour point. The summer version has <50% oleic acid. Other additives like viscosity modifiers, tackifiers, pour point depressants, and anti-wear agents complete the formulation.

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Lubricating oil composition with improved low-temperature viscosity characteristics, comprising a specific copolymer (A) and a base oil (B), wherein the copolymer (A) is a propylene-based copolymer with an intrinsic viscosity of 0.45-2.3 dl/g and a glass transition temperature of -20 to 15°C, and the copolymer (A) is present in a concentration of 0.1-50 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the total composition.

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Abstract Cryogenic minimum quantity lubrication systems (MQL) combine the high cooling effect of cryogenic media and the resource-efficient lubricating effect of an MQL. However, for efficient use, the cooling and lubrication properties must be precisely matched to the respective application and the load case that occurs. This article presents a tribological approach that enables the quantification of the coefficient of friction and the thermal load in frictional contact. This has shown that the use of a cryogenic MQL can significantly reduce both friction and the temperatures that occur.

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Abstract The growing concern and limitations for existing lubricants have driven the need for biolubricants, extensively proposed as the most suitable and sustainable lubricating oils. Biolubricant refers to lubricants that quickly biodegrade and are non-toxic to humans and aquatic habitats. Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the production of biolubricants due to the rising demand for replacing petroleum-based lubricants with those derived from renewable sources like vegetable oils and lipase that are used in various applications. In this study biodiesel (FAME) produced from blending animal fats and waste cooking was used as a raw material with ethylene glycol for biolubricant production using a transesterification reaction in the presence of calcium oxide which considers the newest and novel part as there is no production of biolubricant from animal fats and waste cooking oil in previous researches. The reaction parameters of biolubricant production were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with the aid of Box Behnken Design (BBD) to study ... Read More

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Lubricants, commonly utilized in machinery to minimize friction, typically stem from petrochemical or mineral origins. Concerns over the environmental impact of mineral-based lubricants have spurred exploration into biodegradable alternatives. Vegetable oils present promising biodegradability and rheological traits at elevated temperatures, albeit exhibiting deficiencies in cold flow properties. The environmental ramifications of conventional lubricants, coupled with oil source depletion, have fueled demand for renewable and biodegradable lubricants. Biolubricants offer several benefits over mineral oil lubricants, including superior biodegradability, minimal toxicity, excellent lubricating capabilities, and limited adverse effects on both the environment and human health. Compressors are devices that raise a gas's pressure by using mechanical force. Vacuum pumps are compressors that produce vacuum by operating under suction pressure. In these applications, lubricants serve as a liquid seal, lubricate moving components, such as bearings and gears, and dissipate heat. Given that the l... Read More

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A chemically stabilized lubricant and coating composition comprising medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) and propylene glycol esters, which provide a non-toxic, biodegradable, and stable alternative to traditional petroleum-based lubricants. The MCT-based composition exhibits exceptional oxidative stability, lubricity, and corrosion protection, making it suitable for a wide range of applications including household lubrication, cleaning, and surface coating.

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Lubricants aid in decreasing friction between surfaces in proximity, which in turn lowers the heat produced as the surfaces move. They are composed of 80% to 90% of base oils and 10% to 20% of additives that impart properties like antiwear, corrosion inhibition, pour point depression, etc. Petroleum-based lubricants are attributed to low biodegradability and toxicity. Demand for lubricants based on edible and nonedible plant oils or other renewable resources that are good for the environment is rising because of their enhanced lubricity, nontoxicity, and biodegradability. Biolubricants are synthesized by modifying plant oils chemically, by transesterification, estolide formation, epoxidation, etc. This chapter is intended to inform readers about renewable feedstocks for biolubricant production, comparison of physicochemical properties with petroleum-based lubricants, current scope, advantages, and challenges of biolubricant production in the future.

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Bio-based upcycled oils synthesized from renewable feedstocks for cosmetics and lubricants applications. The oils are branched hydrocarbons with carbon numbers of 11 to 33, made by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of biomass-derived precursors containing furan rings. The process involves catalytic HDO reactions in flow reactors to efficiently convert the precursors into the desired oils with high yields. The resulting bio-based oils have similar properties to conventional cyclic silicones and mineral oils but are fully renewable and sustainable. They can replace petroleum-based oils in cosmetics and lubricants to provide a more environmentally friendly alternative.

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Lubricants must exhibit good tribological behavior at low temperatures to ensure reliable startups in very cold regions. This study investigates the performance of lubricants, with a specific focus on their capacity for high-temperature lubrication and ensuring reliable low-temperature startup in engines. Experiments were conducted to assess the friction and wear characteristics of polydiethylsiloxane in conjunction with a Si3N4 ball and M50 (8Cr4Mo4V) steel across a temperature range of 80 C to 25 C. The results indicate that the coefficient of friction, as determined through friction and wear tests at various temperatures, remained below 0.1. As temperatures progressively decreased, the systems friction coefficient increased, and wear volumes recorded at 25 C and 60 C were 9749.513 m and 105.006 m, respectively, culminating in lubrication failure at 100 C. This failure is primarily attributed to the increased viscosity and decreased mobility of polydiethylsiloxane at extremely low temperatures. Additionally, the reduced temperature increases the strength of the quenche... Read More

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In recent years Bio-lubricants much desired in numerous applications in machineries due to their renewable characteristics, which have high biodegradable nature and produce fewer pollutants compared to mineral-based lubricants. Thus, in this paper, the effect of bio-lubricant (Cucurbita Pepo L. seed oil) on wear and friction characteristics in pin on disc tester is studied and compared with commercially available lubricant SAE20W40. Tests were conducted at different loads of 10 N, 50 N, 100 N, 150 N and 200 N at a constant speed of 3 m/s for 60 min to evaluate the behaviour of friction coefficient (COF) and wear at a temperature of 28C and 100C. It is observed from the results that, the COF decreases whereas, the wear increases with the rise in temperature and load. Cucurbita pepo L. seed oil (CPO) resulted in a lower wear rate in comparison to commercial SAE20W40. Wear scars on the surface lubricated with SAE20W40 show a rougher surface compared to the pin lubricated with CPO at both lower temperature (28C) and higher temperature (100C). This shows that CPO has better lubricity ... Read More

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Bio-lubricants are the future of lubricants as a substitute for mineral lubricants; however, bio-lubricants have drawbacks, such as poor thermal-oxidative stability. In addition, during the friction process, the temperature of the lubricant increases, so the lubricant must have good thermal conductivity to conduct heat to the environment. To combat the drawbacks of bio-lubricants, some additives have been used to improve their performance as lubricants. Composites of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/MXene and Span 60 as surfactants were used as additives in CPO with different compositions. The physicochemical properties of the addition of CMC/MXene and Span 60 in CPO have changed, including kinematic viscosity, TAN, thermal conductivity, and fatty acids, which have a positive impact on lubrication performance in terms of reducing oxidation processes and increasing thermal conductivity. From fatty acid composition tests and FTIR analysis, the additives work to suppress the oxidation process. A pin-on-disk test was performed to evaluate the tribological performances of bio-lubricants. The... Read More

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Fuel composition comprising renewable diesel and one or more low temperature enhancing additives selected from: (a) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid having at least one tertiary amino group and a primary or secondary amine; (b) a reaction product of secondary amines and a copolymer of an α,β-unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydride and an α-olefin; and (c) a reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid having at least one tertiary amino group and a primary or secondary amine, wherein the additives improve the low temperature properties of the fuel composition.

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Lubricating base oil mixtures for infinitely variable transmissions that balance high elastohydrodynamic (EHD) shear strength with excellent low-temperature performance and minimal impact on traction coefficients. The mixtures comprise a blend of at least two isomers of hydrogenated linear alpha-methylstyrene (AMS) dimers, specifically 2,4-dicyclohexyl-2-methylpentane (HLD) and 1,4-dicyclohexyl-4-methylpentane (HLD isomer).

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Friction and lubrication are ubiquitous in all kinds of movements and play a vital role in the smooth operation of production machinery. Water is indispensable both in the lubrication systems of natural organisms and in hydration lubrication systems. There exists a high degree of similarity between these systems, which has driven the development of hydration lubrication from biomimetic to artificial manufacturing. In particular, significant advancements have been made in the understanding of the mechanisms of hydration lubrication over the past 30 years. This enhanced understanding has further stimulated the exploration of biomimetic inspiration from natural hydration lubrication systems, to develop novel artificial hydration lubrication systems that are cost-effective, easily transportable, and possess excellent capability. This review summarizes the recent experimental and theoretical advances in the understanding of hydration-lubrication processes. The entire paper is divided into three parts. Firstly, surface interactions relevant to hydration lubrication are discussed, encompass... Read More

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Bio lubricants derived from biomass can lessen the carbon footprint of production, lubrication, and energy production.When nanoparticles (NPs) additives are used, the performance improvement from the usage of bio-lubricant is more pronounced.This brief review highlights the key characteristics of current bio lubricants and the argument for utilizing sustainable bio lubricants that may be produced from agricultural feed stock with the potential to replace conventional mineral oil products.There is a need to shift to waste-derived oils and conduct research on alternative sources of bio-products to address the challenges of the lubricant/food competition, even though existing studies on bio lubricants have primarily focused on the use of vegetable oils and some non-edible oils.Most NPs additives combined with bio-lubricant, according to the literature, have the potential to reduce wear and friction.Furthermore, it was discovered that the NPs mechanisms during operations were responsible for the friction and wear reduction from nanofluids application.As a result, sliding contact was conv... Read More

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As countries prioritize climate change concerns, promoting the use of new environmentally friendly working fluids has become a common goal for the industry. In thermal systems, lubricants come into contact with these working fluids and directly affect their utilization efficiency. Therefore, investigating the effect of lubricant mixing on the physical properties of process media is essential to promote the adoption of new environmentally friendly working fluids. This paper categorizes and organizes recent research literature on working fluids and lubricants. It was aimed to comprehend the effect of lubricants on the operating characteristics of working fluids. By comparing the research methods and experimental equipment utilized in previous studies, this work analyzes the variation of basic physical properties, including miscibility, solubility, viscosity, and gas-liquid phase equilibrium. In addition, the effects of lubricant mixing in terms of heat exchange characteristics, additives, and material compatibility are also summarized. These findings provide a reference for achieving o... Read More

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To increase the driving range of electric vehicles (EVs) and to make them less dependent on fossil-based technology, it is important to switch to new types of lubricants with low friction and renewable origin. During the past couple of decades, researchers found that glycerol, which is biodegradable and nontoxic, can provide superlubricity even under high contact pressure with rough surfaces. Glycerol can also be used as a coolant for EVs to increase the efficiency of the electric motors. This chapter gives a summary of the tribological performance of different contacts, i.e., steel-steel, steel-diamond-like carbon (DLC), DLC-DLC, steel-self-lubricating materials, and steel-ceramic, which are lubricated by glycerol.

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The development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective lubricating materials to reduce friction and wear at macroscale is crucial for reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, thereby enhancing sustainability. Deep eutectic...

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The paper presents the results of studies aimed at defining the effect of the cooling properties of oil lubricants used in various metalworking processes. The design and a brief description of the installation are given, which allows to obtain temperature-time, temperature-velocity dependencies of various liquids. The use of this installation gives the opportunity to select lubricants according to its cooling properties, depending on the temperature range required by the process. The assessment results of lubricant cooling properties at UZS-2 installation, manufactured according to the requirements of international standards ISO 9950, ASTM D6200 - 01 and ASTM D6482 06 are presented. The dependences of tribo-engineering properties of the tested oil lubricants on their cooling characteristics are found out. It is shown that with an increase in the temperature at which the maximum cooling rate of the lubricant is provided, its extreme pressure and anti-wear properties determined according to GOST on a four-ball friction machine increase.

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The non-renewability and and non-biodegradability of petroleum based lubricants as well as the environmental impacts their waste contributes to the environment has caused the search for a substitute for precursor of lubricant formulation. The food security issue has caused major concerns on how vegetable oil could replace petroleum based product lubricants. This paper reports the feasibility studies of kinematic viscosity, friction and wear properties of treated used cooking palm oil as precursor for development of new bio-lubricant. The treated used cooking palm oil displayed a comparable value of kinematic viscosity of 43.6cSt, coefficient of friction of 0.126 and 122m which is almost similar to the value of fresh cooking palm oil. Treated used cooking palm oil is seen to be a suitable candidate for precursor of bio-lubricant formulation, However, some additives may need to be added as to increase the tribological properties for treated used cooking oil to be used as a bio-lubricant.

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In this study, the thermo-oxidative stability and tribological behavior of bio-based lubricant samples synthesized from castor oil using isoamyl alcohol were evaluated. Initially, the compositional and physicochemical properties of the obtained samples were assessed using the 1H NMR, FTIR and ASTM methods. Oxidative stability of the samples was evaluated using the Rancimat method at 110 C under air flow. The final biolubricant sample (BL2), obtained after esterification, epoxidation and oxirane rings opening reactions, presented an oxidation stability time (OST) of 14.3 h. The thermal stability was also evaluated by thermogravimetry (TG) from the mass variations under inert and oxidative atmosphere. BL2 showed higher thermal stability compared to the other samples, demonstrating higher decomposition temperatures in both inert (339.04 C) and oxidative (338.47 C) atmospheres, for a mass loss of 50%. The tribological properties of the samples were evaluated using a four-ball tribometer configuration. The BL1 and BL2 samples exhibited lower friction coefficients than the mineral oil s... Read More

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A lubricant made from vegetable oil that self-generates a friction film during use, comprising 86 wt% vegetable oil, 10 wt% synthetic fatty acid triglyceride, 3.6 wt% surfactant, and 0.4 wt% antioxidant. The lubricant exhibits improved load-bearing capacity and wear resistance compared to mineral oil-based lubricants, while being environmentally friendly due to its plant-based composition.

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Lubricants are used to reduce friction and wear in machines, saving billions of dollars worldwide in energy and breakdown costs and lowering CO2 emissions. Today, most lubricants are made using hydrocarbons derived from crude oil, which is a finite resource, although alternative bio-based lubricants are also being investigated, as is the re-refining of used lubricants to make new base oil. The machines. It is also shown that an effective way to make lubricants more sustainable is to extend lubricant oil drain intervals and collect used oil and re-refine it to make base oil for re-use. The role of bio-based lubricants, and their benefits and disadvantages are discussed. Other aspects in which lubricants can be made more sustainable are also briefly covered, such as lubricant packaging, the removal of toxic additives via improved regulatory chemistry, and the use of renewable electricity in blending plants.

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Lubrication in mechanical operations involving relative motions of machine elements have been known to facilitate longer techno-economic life span of machine and its components. Lubrication reduces wear and tear of contacting surfaces in relative motion by creating a lubricous layered gap of fluid, powder or semi-solid like grease. Lubricant has also been proven to move heat away from rubbing surfaces to enhance thermal stability of their operations. Various methods, substances and technologies have been adopted to achieve the desired smooth running, minimize frictional losses and improve the thermal stability in the machine members. Mineral oils of long chain hydrocarbon as base oil have really gained ground as an extremely popular choice either in liquid or semi-solid state as lubricant. Recent research has however revealed that mineral oils are non-biodegradable, prone to pollution and hence constitute enormous risks to the environment. This observation and the need for a friendly environment have aroused the curiosity of researchers in the field of tribology and material engineer... Read More

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Modern-day machining operation has become more economical, with increasing challenges towards efficient machining that is eco-friendly and safe to use. To make the machining process eco-friendly, a new method is introduced, i.e. the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL). It has been successfully used as cutting fluid for near-dry applications because of its environmental friendliness. Formulation of cutting fluids is a subject of research where authors use oil as the base material for lubrication and to deal with the heat liberated during the process of machining. Since conventional cutting fluids may not offer better lubrication characteristics, solid lubricants are also been used as additives to reduce friction between the two surfaces sliding against and over each. The paper discusses the advantages of the eco-friendly fluid (with additives) as a cutting fluid in reducing the temperature and frictional forces at the tool/workpiece interface; ensuring enhanced performance of the machining.

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Bearings operating in ultra-low-temperature environments are commonly lubricated with solid lubricants. This study first focused on measuring the traction coefficients of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) solid lubricant under various working conditions. Based on this data, the friction power consumption of the bearings was calculated and analyzed using a dynamic model. Additionally, experimental verification of the bearing friction power consumption in ultra-low temperature environments was conducted. The research findings will serve as a foundation for the application of solid lubrication bearings in ultra-low-temperature environments.

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In connection with environmental pollution and the depletion of oil reserves, biologically based lubricants have received great interest as a replacement for mineral oil-based lubricants. Biolubricants have a number of advantages over mineral lubricants, including high biodegradability, low toxicity, lubricating properties and minimal environmental impact. The presented review describes the main characteristics and properties of biological lubricants, various vegetable oils, which are used as raw materials for the production of biolubricant materials. The physicochemical properties of biological lubricants were analyzed from the point of view of improvement. The technological processes used for the chemical modification of vegetable oils, ensuring the lubricity and anti-wear properties of the obtained biolubricants are determined. Various additives used to improve the properties of biolubricants are also recommended. This review material will provide researchers and practitioners with additional information on the practice of using biolubricants.

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Nowadays petroleum oil lubricants are most commonly use lubricant in motor vehicles and industrial machines. But those petroleum base lubricants create major problems to the marine and terrestrial environment. Researchers are trying to find new substances which are chemically modified for the substitution for petroleum base lubricant. Therefore, in this research four different types of bio lubricants were prepared by chemical modification of plant base oils such as Coconut oil, Palm oil, Neem oil and Waste palm oil. The bio lubricant was characterized using GC-MS analysis. And also Flash point, density at 15⁰C, 40⁰C and 100⁰C, viscosity at 40⁰C and 100⁰C, viscosity index, acid value, yield percentage and cost of product of samples were analyzed.

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Industries, especially those related to transportation, have relied extensively on petroleum products for lubrication, raising serious questions about the security of the world energy supply in the future. Observed that the end-products might be released back into the environment, posing major environmental risks. As a result, bio-based products have attracted increasing interest as prospective replacement to mineral-based type due to their important role in resolving the issues of pollution. With renewability and biodegradability as their greatest points, bio-based lubricants have been discovered to offer superior lubricating qualities to those of traditional mineral lubricants but currently have some undesirable qualities that need to be improved based on the literatures. Therefore, this research objective is to showcase the potential of bio-lubricants, both in terms of their environmental benefits and for technical applications, based on studies that have been published over the years. Review of the natural oil's molecular structures, physio-chemical characteristics, and lubricati... Read More

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A biodegradable lubricating base for industrial applications, comprising a biosourced ester compound with long branched saturated fatty chains, and a process for its preparation. The ester compound has a formula (I) with at least one branched hydrocarbon chain, and is prepared by esterification of a vegetable oil with an anhydride. The lubricating base is suitable for lubricating devices and machines in marine and terrestrial industrial applications, and can be formulated into a lubricating composition with additives.

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Abstract: We have an increasing global need for bio lubricants that are safe for human and environmental use, easily biodegradable, and non-polluting. The friction and wear qualities of cotton seed blended lubricant as well as castor blended lubricant are compared and contrasted in this research using a Pin on disc wear testing Tribometer. In this research, we will look at the study's results and analyse their significance. Blended lubricants were created by combining cotton seed &amp; castor based biodiesel with the basic lubricant SAE20W40 at volumetric ratios of 5, 10, 15, &amp; 20%. Cotton seed and castor blended bio lubricants were tested for friction and wear at sliding velocities of 2.5 metres per second while subjected to weights of 50 N, 100 N, and 150 N. Wear might be slowed by as much as 15 percent by mixing in cotton seed biodiesel with the base oil, as has been shown. When this threshold is passed, wear increases at an ever-increasing pace. Castor oil blended lubricant performed best in wear tests when coupled with a base lubricant at a 5 and 10 percent castor oil blende... Read More

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Abstract The use of lubricants is commonplace when drilling with water-based drilling fluids. They are less frequently applied when drilling with non-aqueous fluids, as the oil-based drilling fluid is thought to impart a high lubricity. With increased reach of the wells, lubricants are also applied in non-aqueous fluids (NAF) to reduce torque and drag at high angle, for extended reach and horizontal wells to improve drilling efficiency. However, the performance of these lubricants in NAF at extended periods of elevated temperature at downhole conditions is often inconsistent, thought to be hampered by ineffective metal binding and hydrolytic instability of the lubricant molecule. This requires frequent re-dosing and therefore higher cost to maintain performance. In order to identify a better-performing lubricant, it was necessary to better understand the fundamentals of lubrication in a drilling fluid. For example, what portion of the well contributes most to torque and drag? What is the frictional regime that dominates the lubricity between a drill pipe and its contact points? Looki... Read More

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There is a critical need for engineers to move away from using conventional petroleum-based oils and lubricants in mechanical systems due to their environmental impact. As the first book dedicated to multifunctional bio-based lubricants, this reference text provides detailed coverage on all aspects of the field, including the need for these lubricants and their performance, the synthesis and design routes, and their valuable multifunctional properties. The environmental benefits and superior properties of these lubricants are covered. With sustainability as a key focus, the book raises awareness of the need to develop bio-based lubricants with a lower environmental footprint than traditional lubricants, covers methods for synthesising lubricants from waste plastics (an emerging technique) and discusses suitable techniques for their eventual disposal. Key features First research book dedicated to multifunctional bio-based lubricants. Provides detailed coverage on the performance, synthesis and design of these lubricants. Covers the environmental benefits and superior properties.... Read More

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A new generation of bio-based lubricants is presented, which fulfil the criteria of (1) a biorenewable raw material basis, (2) biodegradability, (3) suitability for fine-tuning of performance properties, and (4) an efficient catalytic preparation.

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Bio-lubricants are receiving increased interest due to their environmental advantages over petroleum-based analogues. This research demonstrates the evaluation and comparison of thermal and kinetic properties of bio-lubricants synthesized from naturally derived fatty acids. The oxidative stability of the vegetable oil-based bio-lubricants affects their storage stability and reusability. Five different types of bio-lubricants were previously synthesized from oleic acid, iso-oleic acid, and iso-stearic acid. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted in the presence of air and nitrogen. Comparative studies of the kinetic parameters under thermal decomposition of each synthesized product show that these bio-lubricants are thermally stable. The calculated activation energy showed that trimethylolpropane iso-oleic acid triester (TMP-IOA) was thermally stable with an average activation energy Ea = 188.4 kJ/mol in an inert environment (Under N2). In the oxidative environment (under air), trimethylolpropane iso-stearic acid triester (TMP-ISA) was found as the most stable bio-lubricant with an ... Read More

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Conventional petroleum-based lubricant resources are depleting rapidly, and their utilization severely threatens the environment. Environmental sustainability emphasizes the need for an alternative to petroleum resources. The lubricants play a significant role in machinery's adequate energy-saving performance. Therefore, the tribological aspects of machinery's maximum efficiency should be considered. The current study reviews the part of bio-lubricants towards environmental sustainability. This review has been conducted according to the PRISMA approach, where the sources of bio-lubricants, tribological performance, the role of additives and nanoparticles, benefits and disadvantages, production techniques, economic aspects, and future scope were explored and discussed. Bio-lubricants possess a better viscosity index, lubricity, biodegradability, and non-toxic and renewable nature than petroleum lubricants. However, lower thermo-oxidative stability and higher pour points due to moisture content require further improvements. Food security is another significant concern for bio-lubricant... Read More

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Sustainability specifically addresses using ecological cooling/lubrication techniques in the manufacturing industry. Dry, MQL, CO2, LN2, N2, CO2 +MQL, LN2 +MQL, and N2 +MQL techniques were preferred for ecological cooling/lubrication. To determine the effects of cooling/lubrication techniques on machining performance, cutting speed (Vc 80 m/min), feedrate (f 0.12 mm/rev), and cutting depth (ap 0.5 mm) were taken as constants. Cutting tool wear and mechanisms, surface roughness and topography, cutting temperature, and vibration peak values are preferred as machining performance characteristics. At the end of the turning experiments performed with sustainable cooling/lubrication techniques: N2 +MQL hybrid cooling/lubrication technique performed better performance in cutting tool wear (0.226 mm), surface roughness (1.658 m), and vibration (48.017 m/sec2), while LN2 cooling technique showed the best performance (87 C) in cutting temperature. Compared to dry condition, the N2 +MQL hybrid cooling/lubrication technique reduced tool wear, surface roughness, and vibration by 73.50%, 53.9%, ... Read More

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The bio-lubricant from the agro-waste resource is a promising substitute to the petroleum-based lubricants, which conforms to waste utilization and sustainable development. In this work, a high performance biolubricant was obtained by dihydroxylation modifying the extract from the abandon aerial parts of Codonopsis pilosula. This biolubricant exhibits high resistance to thermal decomposition till 298.8 C and excellent lubricity within the temperature range of 50250 C, characterized by the low friction coefficients of 0.1080.129 and wear rates of 108-107 mm3/Nm. These excellent properties are superior and comparable to other biolubricant and mineral oils, resulting from the high adsorption ability of diol onto the solid frictional interfaces that forms a thick lubricity carbon film demonstrated by the transmission electron microscope. Due to the excellent thermal-stability and wide temperature lubricity, this biolubricant can be applied in the open mechanical systems like chainsaw and metal machining in agricultural and manufacturer industries.

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Abstract The development of innovative cooling lubrication strategies is significantly driven by the need to machine materials resistant to high temperatures while taking into account both ecological and economic aspects. Cryogenic minimum quantity lubrication (CMQL) represents a compromise satisfying both efficiency and sustainability in the manufacturing process. A minimal amount of oil is added to the cryogenic medium carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to ensure both cooling and lubrication during tool engagement. In this context, vegetable oils, so-called triglycerides, can be used with respect to the cooling lubrication concept. The aim of this paper is to analyze various bio-based oils with regard to their solubility, spraying and flow behavior and to investigate the influence of additives on the performance. During the lubrication tests, the additives have shown no influence on the lubricating effects. Thus the chemical properties of the base oils primarily influence the properties with regard to solubility and spray behavior. Finally, the collected results were correlated with machining ... Read More

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Due to the current devastating environmental concerns caused by petroleum-derived lubricants in internal combustion (IC) engines (because of their toxicity, non-biodegradability and not environmental adaptability), and the increase in oil prices, as well as the degradation of the global crude oil reserves, researchers all over the world are working to develop innovative ideas for sustainable development in biomass-derived biodegradable lubricant oil which the perform equivalent or more than the commercial petroleum-based oils in engine lubrication. This review papers major purpose is to provide those researchers and particularly engineers interested in IC engine biolubricant oil derived from renewable biomass with appropriate information and perspective.

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Lubricating machines with mineral-based lubricants have become a major cause of pollution now. To use natural oils for making lubricants instead of petroleum is something mainstream researchers have been looking at for a few decades. Though vegetable oils show excellent biodegradability, their cold flow properties are poor compared to functional lubricants. Biodegradable lubricant oils must have excellent cold flow properties as well as competitive costs in order to be accepted widely as usable base stock to industrially usable lubricants. Cold flow characteristics of natural oils are generally subpar to industrial lubricants. This is one major drawback that limits the usage of otherwise abundant vegetable oil. Though vegetable oils show excellent biodegradability, their cold flow properties are poor compared to functional lubricants. In this present study, three vegetable oils have been synthesized to obtain their estolides, they are coconut, sunflower and karanja oils, to analyze the variations. SPARTAN molecular dynamics software is utilized in parallel to understand the molecular... Read More

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Lubricants play a very important role in multiple industries in minimizing wear and friction between two moving parts. Most lubricants are produced from petroleum oil which is poorly biodegradable and toxic in nature. Hence these lubricants are highly undesirable due to environmental hazards and the health and safety of the operator. Bio-Lubricants like Castor Oil have found a potential scope in research and are being used in various applications as a substitute for these chemical lubricants. This paper examines the Tribological Properties of developed Bio-Lubricants, prepared using Castor Oil and Neem Oil in a mixing ratio of 20%. Wear and Friction analysis has been carried out using Pin on Disc apparatus at varying loads, which has shown that the blend of Castor Oil as a base with 20% Neem Oil has promising properties, with around 70% reduction in wear rate at specific loads, hence showcasing a tremendous capacity for being used in maintenance applications. An overall reduction in wear and coefficient of friction was observed in the developed mixture, making it a potential environm... Read More

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Nowadays special attention is given to the sustainability in the machining industry. Especially consumables, such as cooling lubricants, can have a high environmental burden. These burdens are connected to all life cycle stages: (i) Raw material extraction, (ii) energy and resource use in processing, (iii) negative impact on working environment (iv) and disposal. Cooling lubricants, this also applies for water-miscible, predominantly contain fossils, requiring intensive processing for production and waste management. Furthermore, effects like the contamination by microorganisms either require the use of biocides that could affect the health of machine users or shorten the fluids overall lifetime. One possible approach to overcome these burdens comes from the field of biologicalisation, an emerging research effort to symbiotically link technosphere and biosphere. Microorganisms and algae hold potentials to be used as renewable raw materials for cooling lubricants due to their lubricating properties and the possibility of direct production in the factory. In studies, microorganism and ... Read More

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Recent pandemics played a cardinal role in developing health-conscious behavior and pushed the industries to seek eco-benign cutting fluids to improve machinability. Therefore, a sustainable hybrid lubri-coolant is proposed by mixing ethanol-biodegradable ester oil in varying proportions (1:0.25, 1:0.5, and 1:1). In this work, dry ice (solid CO2) has been added (-76C) to improve the cooling capabilities by sublimation. The thermophysical properties along with the surface hardening of machined Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated experimentally and the results were compared to without dry ice. Experimental findings showed a reduction in specific heat, density, and viscosity while an enhancement in thermal conductivity by mixing dry ice. After dry ice was added, the specific heat of ethanol dropped by 40%. When ester oil was combined with dry ice, its specific heat also decreased by 50.4%. Therefore it is worthy to mention that the hybrid lubri coolant based on dry ice-based ethanol/ester oil could be an alternative to achieve high-speed machining parameters in machining hard to cut mater... Read More

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Lubricant derived from Mineral oil are not renewable, detrimental to health, and fluctuating in price. As a result, vegetable based oils are regarded as best substitute of mineral oil in the manufacturing of lubricants. It has become vital to do analysis on the application of unconsumable oils for stable industry lubricant development. In this work, the characteristic investigation of lubricant derived from vegetable which are not edible (ex-Jatropha) that can be used for industrial application is analysed. The oil was analysed and changed to make it suitable for development as lubricants for industrial uses. As a control, a mineral based oil that is commercially available as lubricant (SAE 20/W50) was employed. Jatropha oil was modified to improve viscosity while modification has also reduced the viscosity index in parallel. Jatropha oil, contrasting any other vegetable oils, has outstanding cold-flow capabilities, and mitigation of the oils has further improved oils cold-flow properties. The pH exhibited by modified Jatropha oil is in the alkaline scale, a high viscosity index. Th... Read More

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Reducing lubricant viscosity is one effective way to improve the energy efficiency of automobiles. Designing a lubricant with the desired properties requires elucidating the relation between viscosity and molecule structure. In this study, we measured the temperature dependence of dielectric relaxation for lubricants with different molecular structures. The dielectric relaxation measurements can evaluate the motility of single molecules influenced by the ambient viscosity. Additionally, we measured the temperature dependence of lubricant viscosity with a rotational viscometer. By comparing the results of both flow viscosity and dielectric relaxation measurements, we find a correlation between flow activation energy and single-molecule mobility when viscosity is dependent on molecular weight, while there is no correlation between them when polarity dominantly affects viscosity.

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Lubricants predominantly used to reduce friction and gain smooth functioning of a vehicle. Biodegradable lubricants are perceived to be alternative to mineral oil lubricants because of their properties and biodegradability. This review paper discusses the effect of biodegradable lubrication in term of emission performance, wear, friction and viscosity effect to the internal combustion engine using multiple types of biodegradable lubrications. Bench wear test was conducted using Yamaha, ET 950 to carry out the effect of the biolubricant in spark ignition (SI) engine. The bench test was conducted under several conditions: pressure, 3.0 MPa; sliding speed, 0.20 m/s; sliding stroke, 80 mm; room temperature, &gt;25C. The second experiment were conducted with 100 percentage SAE 40, palm oil and palm oil (14%) + castor oil (86%) blend as its crankcase lubricant using four stroke compression ignition (CI) engine.A thermocouple was used to measure the parameters temperature every 5 minutesinterval with the engine operating for an hour under no load, 2.5 kg, 5 kg, and 7 kg load condition. Th... Read More

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Lubricants predominantly used to reduce friction and gain smooth functioning of a vehicle. Biodegradable lubricants are perceived to be alternative to mineral oil lubricants because of their properties and biodegradability. This review paper discusses the effect of biodegradable lubrication in term of emission performance, wear, friction and viscosity effect to the internal combustion engine using multiple types of biodegradable lubrications. Bench wear test was conducted using Yamaha, ET 950 to carry out the effect of the biolubricant in spark ignition (SI) engine. The bench test was conducted under several conditions: pressure, 3.0 MPa; sliding speed, 0.20 m/s; sliding stroke, 80 mm; room temperature, &gt;25C. The second experiment were conducted with 100 percentage SAE 40, palm oil and palm oil (14%) + castor oil (86%) blend as its crankcase lubricant using four stroke compression ignition (CI) engine. A thermocouple was used to measure the parameters temperature every 5 minutes interval with the engine operating for an hour under no load, 2.5 kg, 5 kg, and 7 kg load condition. T... Read More

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A lubricant composition for engine oils that exhibits improved low-temperature pumpability, comprising a base oil and a polymeric additive blend of modified styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and poly(meth)acrylate copolymer. The additive blend is effective at treat rates of 1 wt% or less to maintain pumpability in engine oils at temperatures as low as -40°C, as measured by the Mini-Rotary Viscometer (MRV) test.

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A mineral base oil for engine lubricants with improved low-temperature viscosity characteristics and high-temperature piston detergency. The oil has a kinematic viscosity of 2-7 mm^2/s at 100°C, a viscosity index of 100 or more, and a complex viscosity temperature gradient of 60 Pa·s/°C or less between -10°C and -25°C. The oil is used in a lubricating oil composition containing an olefinic copolymer, which provides improved viscosity-temperature characteristics without compromising high-temperature piston detergency.

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