Viscosity Modifiers and Additives for Bio-Lubricants

A process for producing biolubricants with adjustable viscosity, comprising esterifying fatty acids derived from used food oils with alcohols of varying molecular weight to produce esters with controlled viscosity. The process enables the production of biolubricants with specific viscosities tailored to specific applications, overcoming the limitations of conventional biolubricant production.

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A lubricant composition comprising a saturated hydrocarbon base oil derived from renewable biomass sources, such as plant oils, and a blend of additives that provide performance characteristics comparable to or exceeding those of conventional petroleum-based lubricants. The base oil is formulated from monomers and/or oligomers of C10-C18 olefin monomers, while the additive package includes a combination of synthetic esters, lubricant additives, friction modifiers, pour point depressants, antimicrobial preservatives, inhibitors, defoamers, and viscosity index improvers. The composition meets or exceeds 19 applicable American Petroleum Institute (API) certifications and demonstrates direct drop-in compatibility with current systems.

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Vegetable oils in the lubricant field are largely studied. Their efficiency depends on their viscosity parameters and their fatty acid composition. The actions of moringa oil used as a lubricant base and as a lubricant additive have been shown in this work. Graphite, carbon nanofibers, and carbon nanodots are carbon phases of different shapes used as solid additives. The tribological performances of lubricant blends composed of between 0.5 and 1 wt.% of particles have been evaluated using a ball-on-plane tribometer under an ambient atmosphere. No additional surfactant was used. The positive and important actions of a small amount of moringa oil added in the lubricant formulas are demonstrated. The results obtained allow us to point out the influence of the type and shape of particles. Physicochemical investigations allow us to propose a synergistic effect between the particles and moringa oil as additives in dodecane.

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Biobased lubricants with improved low-temperature performance and oxidative stability, comprising a blend of natural esters and synthetic esters, wherein the natural esters are modified with acetylation to reduce hydroxyl value and improve thermal stability, and the synthetic esters are selected from polyalphaolefins and polyol esters.

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A biodegradable lubricant oil composition for marine applications, comprising a specific ester compound (A) derived from pentaerythritol, a straight-chain fatty acid, and adipic acid, blended with a specific acidic phosphoric acid ester amine salt (B) in a specific ratio. The composition exhibits excellent biodegradability, lubricating properties, oxidation stability, demulsibility, and shear stability, while minimizing toxicity and bioaccumulation in aquatic life.

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Introducing an additive is a practical approach to improve the lubrication performance of base oil in the field of tribology. Herein, a series of sulfoximine derivatives was synthesized and incorporated into base oil A51 as additives. The tribological properties of these lubricants were evaluated at both room and high temperatures, and the result demonstrated that they displayed excellent friction reduction and wear resistance in the friction process under both test conditions. Moreover, the chemical composition of the worn scar surface was inspected using EDS, XPS and TOF-SIMS to explore the lubricating mechanism. It is reasonable to conclude that the synergistic interaction between the aromatic ring scaffolds and elements like N, F, and S facilitated the adsorption of lubricant on the steel block surfaces and forming a tribofilm during the friction process. This tribofilm has a dominant impact on the systems lubrication performance. This research provides novel oil-soluble lubricant additives, offering a facile approach to formulating high-quality lubricants.

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A chemically stabilized lubricant and coating composition comprising medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) and propylene glycol esters, which provide a non-toxic, biodegradable, and stable alternative to traditional petroleum-based lubricants. The MCT-based composition exhibits exceptional oxidative stability, lubricity, and corrosion protection, making it suitable for a wide range of applications including household lubrication, cleaning, and surface coating.

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Lubricants aid in decreasing friction between surfaces in proximity, which in turn lowers the heat produced as the surfaces move. They are composed of 80% to 90% of base oils and 10% to 20% of additives that impart properties like antiwear, corrosion inhibition, pour point depression, etc. Petroleum-based lubricants are attributed to low biodegradability and toxicity. Demand for lubricants based on edible and nonedible plant oils or other renewable resources that are good for the environment is rising because of their enhanced lubricity, nontoxicity, and biodegradability. Biolubricants are synthesized by modifying plant oils chemically, by transesterification, estolide formation, epoxidation, etc. This chapter is intended to inform readers about renewable feedstocks for biolubricant production, comparison of physicochemical properties with petroleum-based lubricants, current scope, advantages, and challenges of biolubricant production in the future.

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In mechanical systems, lubricants play a crucial role in minimizing friction, dissipating heat, and preventing wear. Additives, comprising both organic and inorganic compounds and typically constituting 0.1% to 30% of lubricant volume, are introduced to enhance lubricant performance. This study investigates the influence of various additives on lubricant behaviour and performance, encompassing antifoam agents, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, detergents, extreme pressure additives, pour-point depressants, and viscosity index improvers. Friction coefficients were meticulously measured using a pin-on-disk tribometer to assess the Tribological and physical properties of these additives. Surface analysis via SEM provided insights into wear characteristics influenced by the additives. The comprehensive tribological assessment reveals that the incorporation of additives consistently reduces friction and wear across different base oil types. This underscores the critical role of additives in improving lubricant properties, maintaining thermal stability, and forming protective films on su... Read More

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Bio-lubricants are the future of lubricants as a substitute for mineral lubricants; however, bio-lubricants have drawbacks, such as poor thermal-oxidative stability. In addition, during the friction process, the temperature of the lubricant increases, so the lubricant must have good thermal conductivity to conduct heat to the environment. To combat the drawbacks of bio-lubricants, some additives have been used to improve their performance as lubricants. Composites of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/MXene and Span 60 as surfactants were used as additives in CPO with different compositions. The physicochemical properties of the addition of CMC/MXene and Span 60 in CPO have changed, including kinematic viscosity, TAN, thermal conductivity, and fatty acids, which have a positive impact on lubrication performance in terms of reducing oxidation processes and increasing thermal conductivity. From fatty acid composition tests and FTIR analysis, the additives work to suppress the oxidation process. A pin-on-disk test was performed to evaluate the tribological performances of bio-lubricants. The... Read More

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The objectives of this chapter are to: (i) Define the term lubricants and identify, outline and discuss the principal types of lubricants; (ii) Identify, outline and describe the three typical inorganic compound kinds that could be employed as solid lubricants; (iii) Identify, outline and discuss those significant properties of commercial fluid lubricants; (iv) Identify, outline and discuss the reasons the effectiveness of the lubricating oil deteriorates over time or requires replacement after some time of usage; (v) Outline and discuss the lubricating oil selection and materials for tribological applications; (vi) Define the term additives and outline their roles and functions within lubricants; (vii) Identify, outline and describe the commonly used additives; (viii) Outline and discuss the tribology of rolling elements and applications; and (ix) Analyse, derive and discuss the power absorbed to overcome the viscous resistance due to the lubricating oil's viscosity in rolling bearings, such as journal, foot-step and collar bearings.

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Bio lubricants derived from biomass can lessen the carbon footprint of production, lubrication, and energy production.When nanoparticles (NPs) additives are used, the performance improvement from the usage of bio-lubricant is more pronounced.This brief review highlights the key characteristics of current bio lubricants and the argument for utilizing sustainable bio lubricants that may be produced from agricultural feed stock with the potential to replace conventional mineral oil products.There is a need to shift to waste-derived oils and conduct research on alternative sources of bio-products to address the challenges of the lubricant/food competition, even though existing studies on bio lubricants have primarily focused on the use of vegetable oils and some non-edible oils.Most NPs additives combined with bio-lubricant, according to the literature, have the potential to reduce wear and friction.Furthermore, it was discovered that the NPs mechanisms during operations were responsible for the friction and wear reduction from nanofluids application.As a result, sliding contact was conv... Read More

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This study explored the potential enhancement of lubrication performance by incorporating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) powder as a lubricant additive.

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Friction and lubrication are ubiquitous in all kinds of movements and play a vital role in the smooth operation of production machinery. Water is indispensable both in the lubrication systems of natural organisms and in hydration lubrication systems. There exists a high degree of similarity between these systems, which has driven the development of hydration lubrication from biomimetic to artificial manufacturing. In particular, significant advancements have been made in the understanding of the mechanisms of hydration lubrication over the past 30 years. This enhanced understanding has further stimulated the exploration of biomimetic inspiration from natural hydration lubrication systems, to develop novel artificial hydration lubrication systems that are cost-effective, easily transportable, and possess excellent capability. This review summarizes the recent experimental and theoretical advances in the understanding of hydration-lubrication processes. The entire paper is divided into three parts. Firstly, surface interactions relevant to hydration lubrication are discussed, encompass... Read More

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The environmental problems caused by using fossil fuels to sustain the present level of industrialization have kindled worldwide interest in developing sustainable lubrication technologies to reduce the impact of friction and wear, estimated at 23% of the energy currently produced globally. Besides good lubricity, such technologies must exhibit biodegradability, renewability, and environmental innocuousness. The present survey delves into state-of-the-art biolubricant formulations based on vegetable oils, ionic liquids, aqueous solutions, and glycerol. We focus on their tribological performance as standalone or whole formulations containing additives. Current investigations include several ecological nanoparticles that are tribologically functional. We include metallic nanoparticles and their oxides, carbon allotropes, sulfides, and h-BN. The development of biomass-based lubrication technologies is an essential step toward industry sustainability. It offers the potential for economic and energy savings and is a valuable addition to present global actions against climate change and po... Read More

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The lubricating properties of the lubricants were tested under boundary friction conditions; it was found that the surface-active additives had reduced the wear mark and thus the value of the Goz/40 parameter (limiting load of wear). The introduction of a surfactant containing amide compounds into the oils and greases was highly effective in slowing down the oxidation process. Lubricants containing mono15 ([3-(N,N,N-dimethylbuthylamine)propyl]hexadecanamide chloride) and 15415 (tetramethylene-bis [3-(N,N,N-dimethylamine)propyl]hexadecanamide) additives were characterised by higher oxidation stability compared to the unmodified lubricants. Both of the analysed substances showed bactericidal properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritica. Tests of antibacterial activity in the lubricants with the addition of mono15 and 15415 confirmed that these lubricants can be considered bactericidal against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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Biolubricant formulation from vegetable oils and other natural resources is the most emerging area of research in the lubricant industry at the present moment. Vegetable oils and other natural oils (e.g., microalgae, liquids obtained from pyrolysis of wood biomass) can be used as feedstocks for making lubricant base oils and additives for biolubricants. Although plant-based oils have advantages such as a high viscosity index, high flash points, good antifriction/antiwear properties, biodegradability, etc., there are some challenges such as poor oxidative stability, low temperature fluidity, and poor hydrolytic stability that need to be overcome. Chemical modification is the way to address these challenges. In this chapter, we have discussed various chemical routes to synthesize base oils as well as biobased additives for the formulation of a sustainable lubricant.

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Viscosity improvement property of a lubricant additive is commonly attributed to polymer coil expansion with increasing temperature, although only some polymer chemistries show conformance to this conceptual mechanism. Herein, we show that the polarity of base oil governs whether this mechanism underlies the action of a viscosity modifier (VM) by combining experimental and computational studies. Poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) dissolved in diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DGDE) or a mixture of DGDE (polar solvent) and squalane (SQ, nonpolar solvent) was used as a model lubricant oil system. Specific viscosity of the polymer solutions measured over a wide range of additive concentrations and temperatures revealed that thickening efficiency of the VM decreased with decreasing base oil polarity. While the VM counteracted temperature-induced thinning of the low polarity base oil, in the polar solvent, the polymer did not enhance the solution viscosity at higher temperatures. Aiming to unravel the molecular mechanism underlying viscosity improvement at elevated temperatures in the differe... Read More

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The non-renewability and and non-biodegradability of petroleum based lubricants as well as the environmental impacts their waste contributes to the environment has caused the search for a substitute for precursor of lubricant formulation. The food security issue has caused major concerns on how vegetable oil could replace petroleum based product lubricants. This paper reports the feasibility studies of kinematic viscosity, friction and wear properties of treated used cooking palm oil as precursor for development of new bio-lubricant. The treated used cooking palm oil displayed a comparable value of kinematic viscosity of 43.6cSt, coefficient of friction of 0.126 and 122m which is almost similar to the value of fresh cooking palm oil. Treated used cooking palm oil is seen to be a suitable candidate for precursor of bio-lubricant formulation, However, some additives may need to be added as to increase the tribological properties for treated used cooking oil to be used as a bio-lubricant.

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This study proposes a mathematical expression for the high-viscosity surface layer generated by the confinement of a lubricant film, which is evident in engine oil with a metallic detergent additive. The characteristics of a microtapered pad bearing lubricated by a confined high-viscosity film were clarified by solving a modified Reynolds equation for the confined high-viscosity lubricant film. The load capacity began to increase compared with that in the bulk viscosity case when the trailing gap decreased from twice the saturated high-viscosity layer thickness. The maximum value of the friction coefficient at the trailing gap near the layer thickness becomes remarkable compared with the case of the adsorbed high-viscosity layer model. Assuming that the increased effective viscosity caused by the confinement of the lubricant film is due to an adsorbed high-viscosity layer, the load capacity is significantly overestimated when the trailing gap is greater than the saturated high-viscosity layer thickness. Next, a mathematical expression of the synthetic viscosity of a lubricant with a ... Read More

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A lubricant made from vegetable oil that self-generates a friction film during use, comprising a base oil of vegetable origin, a fatty alcohol epoxide group, polyethylene glycol oleate, polyethylene glycol cetyl/oleyl ether, sodium stearate, and sodium guanidinate. The lubricant provides improved lubrication performance, reduced wear, and environmental friendliness compared to conventional mineral oil-based lubricants.

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Biodegradable lubricating grease for off-road, agricultural, and wind power applications, comprising a base oil and thickener both derived from renewable sources, with improved anti-wear and extreme pressure properties, and enhanced stickiness. The grease features a unique combination of long-chain fatty acids, calcium carbonate with specific particle size characteristics, and sulfur-containing fatty acid esters, which provide exceptional performance in demanding environments while meeting stringent biodegradability requirements.

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The harmful effects of wear can be reduced through proper lubrication of the frictional parts. When exposed to excessive loads, the lubricant film is displaced from the surfaces, and even the adhesive lubricant layer may rupture. Additives known as Extreme Pressure (EP) are frequently incorporated into lubricants to minimise wear and avert seizures under high temperature and pressure. Mechanistically, these additives generate a film on the surface through chemisorption. These additives are extensively applied in various lubricants, with the largest quantities being employed in metalworking fluids and lubricating greases. Sulfurized vegetable oils and their derivates can be used as EP additives for lubricants. To conduct the investigations, sulfurized additives were synthesized using different vegetable-based oils and fatty acid esters, and alpha-olefins. In this study, the Four-ball test results were compared to gain a more accurate comprehension of how various raw-material-based additives influence wear and friction. The goal was to select raw materials that could be used with favor... Read More

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Lubricating oil composition with improved processability and reduced environmental impact, comprising a base oil derived from biomass and an oily agent selected from esters and alcohols, with a measured bio-based content of 20% or more. The composition may further include a phosphoric ester and a polyalkylene glycol, and exhibits enhanced lubricating properties and compatibility with mechanical components.

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Abstract Lubricanting greases from waste frying vegetables oils with natural fibers additives could be the answer to the sustainable production of greases. Also, their biodegradability makes them more acceptable for the environment, having in view increasingly strict regulations in domain. In this experimental work, twenty lubricant formulae were created from waste sunflower oil and waste palm oil with calcium or lithium stearate as thickener and cellulose or lignin additives. All were rheologically tested and characterized as Bingham fluid with good consistency and plasticity. The penetration tests confirmed the good consistency, categorizing these products from normal to firm, very firm and hard lubricant greases comparable to those conventionally obtained from mineral oils.

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In connection with environmental pollution and the depletion of oil reserves, biologically based lubricants have received great interest as a replacement for mineral oil-based lubricants. Biolubricants have a number of advantages over mineral lubricants, including high biodegradability, low toxicity, lubricating properties and minimal environmental impact. The presented review describes the main characteristics and properties of biological lubricants, various vegetable oils, which are used as raw materials for the production of biolubricant materials. The physicochemical properties of biological lubricants were analyzed from the point of view of improvement. The technological processes used for the chemical modification of vegetable oils, ensuring the lubricity and anti-wear properties of the obtained biolubricants are determined. Various additives used to improve the properties of biolubricants are also recommended. This review material will provide researchers and practitioners with additional information on the practice of using biolubricants.

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Nowadays petroleum oil lubricants are most commonly use lubricant in motor vehicles and industrial machines. But those petroleum base lubricants create major problems to the marine and terrestrial environment. Researchers are trying to find new substances which are chemically modified for the substitution for petroleum base lubricant. Therefore, in this research four different types of bio lubricants were prepared by chemical modification of plant base oils such as Coconut oil, Palm oil, Neem oil and Waste palm oil. The bio lubricant was characterized using GC-MS analysis. And also Flash point, density at 15⁰C, 40⁰C and 100⁰C, viscosity at 40⁰C and 100⁰C, viscosity index, acid value, yield percentage and cost of product of samples were analyzed.

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Eco-friendly lubricants have drawn a lot of interest in the lubrication industry as a way of promoting global sustainability in response to the growing environmental pollution danger posed by the use of petroleum-based lubricants. As a result of these, developing lubricants with organic additives stands as a promising technique in solving the environmental challenges caused by non-degradable materials. This research investigates the effect of bio-based water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) (EC) carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer in different base lubricants as well as under different volumetric blend to determine their compatibility effect on lowering friction and wear using base rapeseed oil (BRO) and mineral oil (MO) as a base lubricant sample. High frequency reciprocating rig tribo-tester machine was used in the experiment, followed by substrate surface analysis via energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The additives were evaluated for their potential to improve tribology in terms of friction, surface roughness and wear reduction, load-carrying capacity, and mechanism of repai... Read More

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Industries, especially those related to transportation, have relied extensively on petroleum products for lubrication, raising serious questions about the security of the world energy supply in the future. Observed that the end-products might be released back into the environment, posing major environmental risks. As a result, bio-based products have attracted increasing interest as prospective replacement to mineral-based type due to their important role in resolving the issues of pollution. With renewability and biodegradability as their greatest points, bio-based lubricants have been discovered to offer superior lubricating qualities to those of traditional mineral lubricants but currently have some undesirable qualities that need to be improved based on the literatures. Therefore, this research objective is to showcase the potential of bio-lubricants, both in terms of their environmental benefits and for technical applications, based on studies that have been published over the years. Review of the natural oil's molecular structures, physio-chemical characteristics, and lubricati... Read More

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Lubrication is the primary solution to reduce friction and wear. However, conventional lubricants cause pollution when not properly disposed of or due to accidental leaks. Therefore, environmentally friendly lubricating fluids are welcome in any application where they can meet the performance requirements. This study suggests using coffee oil produced from spent coffee grounds to improve the lubricity of water-based lubricating fluid. Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium oleate protic ionic liquid facilitates the dispersion of coffee oil in water. Kinematic viscosity, wettability, corrosion prevention, and lubricity tests were performed to evaluate the tribological properties provided by these additives. It was observed that a higher amount of coffee oil could be dispersed with the introduction of a higher amount of protic ionic liquid. In this study, ten wt.% of coffee oil was successfully dispersed using one wt.% of protic ionic liquid. Introducing additives increased dispersions viscosity, improved wettability, provided protection against corrosion, and reduced wear and friction. It was p... Read More

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A biodegradable lubricating base for industrial applications, comprising a biosourced ester compound with long branched saturated fatty chains, and a process for its preparation. The ester compound has a formula (I) with at least one branched hydrocarbon chain, and is prepared by esterification of a vegetable oil with an anhydride. The lubricating base is suitable for lubricating devices and machines in marine and terrestrial industrial applications, and can be formulated into a lubricating composition with additives.

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Resource and energy saving is an important global problem. Vegetable oil based lubricants are becoming increasingly important in the industrial lubricants market due to their biodegradability, renewability, minimal environmental impact, excellent tribological performance and stringent environmental regulations. This review article discusses various aspects of biolubricants, such as the chemical composition of various vegetable oils, chemical modification methods used to synthesize biolubricants, the physicochemical and rheological properties of biolubricants, the tribological characteristics of biolubricants under various conditions, and various nanoparticles used to improve performance. biolubricants. In addition, the prospects for the use of bio-lubricants in road transport are considered.

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The replacement of conventional lubricants with esters is an alternative to provide a low environmental impact and at the same time excellent lubricity features, the high solubility of additives, good viscosity index, low volatility, and high thermal stability. Friction modifiers and antiwear/extreme pressure additives are extensively used to save energy and increase operational life in machine components. In this study, the lubricity of a Group IV base oil containing ester and various benchmark friction modifiers and/or antiwear/extreme pressure additives is measured to evaluate the influence of the ester on the tribological performance of the mixture components. The tribological performance is discussed based on the tabulation of the traction coefficient using a Mini-Traction-Machine and on the measurement of the specific wear rate from the wear scar of the experimental studies using an optical profilometer. In general, results show synergies between the ester and the additive formulations, reducing the wear rate to 75% and decreasing the traction coefficient a 20 to 50%, depending... Read More

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Conventional petroleum-based lubricant resources are depleting rapidly, and their utilization severely threatens the environment. Environmental sustainability emphasizes the need for an alternative to petroleum resources. The lubricants play a significant role in machinery's adequate energy-saving performance. Therefore, the tribological aspects of machinery's maximum efficiency should be considered. The current study reviews the part of bio-lubricants towards environmental sustainability. This review has been conducted according to the PRISMA approach, where the sources of bio-lubricants, tribological performance, the role of additives and nanoparticles, benefits and disadvantages, production techniques, economic aspects, and future scope were explored and discussed. Bio-lubricants possess a better viscosity index, lubricity, biodegradability, and non-toxic and renewable nature than petroleum lubricants. However, lower thermo-oxidative stability and higher pour points due to moisture content require further improvements. Food security is another significant concern for bio-lubricant... Read More

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A new generation of bio-based lubricants is presented, which fulfil the criteria of (1) a biorenewable raw material basis, (2) biodegradability, (3) suitability for fine-tuning of performance properties, and (4) an efficient catalytic preparation.

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Engine lubricants require specific physical and chemical properties to function effectively and extend the lifespan of engines. Coconut oil (CCO) is an abundant, renewable, and environmentally friendly bio-based stock that has the potential to be a viable alternative to conventional mineral oil-based lubricants. In this study, we investigated the potential of CCO as a lubricant and formulated different blends with additives to enhance its physicochemical characteristics. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), styrenated phenol (SP) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were used as additives in varying concentrations. We evaluated the formulations for low pour point (PP), high viscosity index (VI) and total base number (TBN) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), viscometry, and titration methods (following ASTM D2270 and ASTM D289621 respectively). The formulated CCO was also tested for thermal, oxidative, and shear stability using thermogravimetric analysis and rheometry. The optimal formulation exhibited a PP reduction from 21 C to 6 C, improved VI from 169 to 206, and a TBN adjustment... Read More

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The lubricating ability of vegetable oil-based lubricant additives with commercially used engine lubricant is investigated in this article. The methyl esters of Neem, Pongamia and Tamanu oils were formulated by transesterification process and blended with SAE20W40 oil in 10%, 20% and 30% of its volume. These biolubricant blends were tested for physiochemical properties and tribological behavior using LM13 Aluminium alloy as the pin material in accordance with ASTM standards. Experimental outcomes established that the biolubricant blends like N10, P10, P20, N20 are capable of reducing wear about 77%, 52%, 92%, 81% respectively and the frictional coefficients of N10, P20 and T30 were found to be appreciable. In the long run, they can be used as primary alternatives to conventional lubricants.

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The need to use vegetable lubricants has been driven by the widespread concern for environmental issues, especially in industries that overuse petroleum lubricants. This research examined the tribological characteristics of vegetable-based lubricants by adding additives such as ethylenevinyl acetate (EVA) and Eichhornia crassipes carboxymethyl cellulose (EC-CMC) polymers to study the viscometric response of the lubricants. The test was conducted using four ball-tester, and analyzed in terms of coefficient of friction (COF), wear scar diameter (WSD), and wear scar rate, respectively. The results showed that with the addition of each additive enhanced the tribological properties significantly but yielded poor results with 0.5% additives for both samples. The characterization investigation showed that ficus carica (Fig) oil responded effectively to the addition of various additives when conducted thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Under 100 kg load and speed of 1200 rpm, base Fig lubricant yielded a higher COF of 0.193, while blended E... Read More

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The development of effective bio lubricants with anti-friction and wear properties is gaining recognition due to their ecofriendly nature and good lubrications in mitigating challenges associated with friction and wear on tribo-components during lubrication. In this research, rapeseed oil served as the base lubricant, and the high frequency reciprocating rig was utilized to examine the responsiveness of the multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Eichhornia crassipes carboxylmethyl cellulose (EC-CMC) polymer additives. To determine the constituents and strength of the formulations, the samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope, Energy-dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The tribological test was conducted in terms of synergistic tendency, load carrying capacity, friction and wear reduction as well as tribo-film nature. The investigation came to the following conclusions: Depending on the operating conditions, all nanoparticle suspensions showed decreases in friction and wear relative to the base o... Read More

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Evolving concerns about the environmental harm caused by lubricants derived from mineral oil have given rise to a global trend of using vegetable oil as a base lubricant. Continuous effort to utilize different vegetable oil to replace mineral oil are being carried out by many researchers extensively. Thus, this work evaluates the tribological performance of novel ficus carica (fig oil) combined with Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) viscosity modifier and Tertiary-Butyl-Hydroquinone (TBHQ) nanoparticles as an eco-friendly lubricant. The evaluation is also done to determine the sustainability property of using fig oil in lubrication. In the study, TBHQ was kept at 0.3 wt.%, while EVA additive was mixed with the fig oil at various concentrations that varied from 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 5 wt.%. An ultrasonic homogenizer was used to combine the samples using the sonication technique. It was found through a viscometric study that 1 wt.% EVA produced the best result. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that EVA + TBHQ inclusion resisted lubricant degradation, while oxidation time shift was... Read More

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One of the biggest utilization of oils in the world is in the field of lubricants. Over the past 20 years, bio-based lubricating oils have been proven to be competent with traditional petroleum-based oils. Numerous reasons, including stringent government regulations and policy implications, on fuels and lubricants being derived from petroleum and the fast depletion of oil reserves, have contributed to this trend. The need for bio-lubricants has increased due to the harmful and negative effects caused by using petroleum oils on the ecological and environmental aspects. Due to several intrinsic technical characteristics and their capacity for biodegradation, vegetable oils offer powerful alternatives to petroleum-based oils, to function as lubricant base oils. Physico-chemical modifications of vegetable oils to generate substitutes for mineral oils are one of the most significant expanding industrial research disciplines at the moment. Due to their improved multifunctional capabilities and biodegradability compared to conventional enhancers, sustainable additives have recently gained p... Read More

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Biodegradable mineral oil-based hydraulic fluids with high viscosities, comprising a base mineral oil, a viscosity modifier, a thickener, and an anti-foaming additive, wherein the base mineral oil is a readily biodegradable mineral oil, and the viscosity modifier and thickener are selected from polymethacrylate-based additives. The biodegradable hydraulic fluids exhibit high performance characteristics, including low viscosity, high lubricity, and excellent wear protection, while also meeting stringent biodegradability standards.

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A biobased metal-working fluid (MWF) composition and method for making same, comprising a plant-derived decarboxylated rosin acid (DCR) as the base oil component, which provides improved emulsion stability and performance compared to conventional mineral oil-based MWFs. The DCR oil is produced by thermal decomposition of rosin acids and has a unique molecular structure comprising tricyclic compounds with specific carbon and double bond characteristics. The MWF composition further includes conventional additives such as emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and anti-wear agents, and can be formulated as a concentrate or diluted with water to form an oil-in-water emulsion.

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The relative viscosity, specific viscosity and reduced viscosity were enumerated to evaluate the intrinsic viscosity for three types of base lubricating oils 40, 60 and 150 stock that were mixed with olefin copolymer of type Polyvinyl chloride-100XA at four temperature degrees of 40, 60, 80 and 100 oC and using of three different kinds of polymeric additives formulations named as Lubrizol 21001, HiTEC 8722B and HiTEC 340. Mixtures of base lubricating oils with proportions of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 wt% from the Polyvinyl chloride-100XA were blended with 4 and 8 wt% of the three additives. The results were remarkable and showed that the intrinsic viscosity for the base lubricating oils increase by increasing both temperature degrees and the proportions of Polyvinyl chloride-100XA and the additives.

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Abstract Reducing the sulfur content in fossil diesel is recognized to create cleaner air. One of the efforts that can be made to reduce sulfur is involving the hydrodesulfurization process in the oil refinery. However, that process is responsible for decreasing the natural lubricating compounds in fossil diesel. Then, it results in the low lubricity of fossil diesel which increases friction and wears scars on the metal surface of machinery components. Therefore, it is necessary to use additives to improve the lubricity properties of fossil diesel. Additives can be derived from vegetable oil-based triglyceride compounds (bio-additives). The primary bio-additives class studied in lubricity improver is the ester group. Many challenges need to be addressed by researchers to obtain such a bio-additive to perform better. This paper focuses on bio-additives and their lubricity properties between 1995 and 2020. We review the bio-additives class and its effect on fossil diesel lubricity, the relationship between structure and lubricity, the bio-additives synthesis route, and the lubricity te... Read More

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Petroleum reserves are being consumed very rapidly and are expected to vanish in the near future. Bio-oils are considered prospective alternatives to petroleum-based oils and are the subject of intense research. Bio-oils are renewable, biodegradable, less toxic, and possess very good lubrication abilities. They can be the sure-shot cure to alleviate the swift depletion of crude oil and substitute for synthetic and mineral oil-based lubricants. However, non-edible sources are preferable to edible plant oils to avoid the dangers of food scarcity. Furthermore, bio-oils have a number of shortcomings in their lubricating properties which can be alleviated by the use of additives. This chapter starts with the importance and background of lubrication and then delivers an outline of the non-edible oils that are strong candidates to be converted into biolubricants. The composition of various non-edible bio-oils, methods of extraction, and biolubricant formulation are presented in this chapter. The various physicochemical properties of biolubricants, types of additives that can be used, advant... Read More

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Abstract Rapid depletion of petroleum sources and increase of demand for environmentally friendly products has urged the need for biodegradable lubricants to be utilized in various applications, especially for internal combustion (IC) engine lubrication. To perform on par with the commercial engine oils, bio-based lubricants need to be further improved through the addition of appropriate additives. This study investigates the synergistic performance of additive-mixture comprising of ionic liquids (IL), glycerol monooleate (GMO), molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticle in trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) ester base oil. Lubricity performances of the prepared sample were evaluated in the context of tribological improvement using laboratory tribotester as well as friction power reduction in actual single-cylinder diesel engine. From a prior study, it was found that additive mixture containing 0.93 wt.% IL, 1.49 wt.% GMO, 0.52 wt.% MoDTC, and 1.25wt.% TiO 2 was able to provide substantial friction and wear as well as extreme pressure improvements... Read More

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The paper is dedicated to the development of biostable lubricant composition of -12 motor oil on domestic raw, foreign additives, additive packages, as well as multi-function additives of AKI series obtained as a result of condensation of calcium salts with alkylphenol, formaldehyde with vari-ous amines. During development of up-to-date lubrication compositions the additives of polymethacry-late of Viscoplex-8-450; -4-550; 2-670; 1-810 seies of German Evonik have been used and the results of studies their mechanical and chemical destruction presented. For the specification of biological stability of new lubrication compositions a-aril-b-nitroeten, a-furil-b-nitroeten and their hallogen derivatives have been used. It was defined that adding biocides do not negatively effect the changes of antioxidizing, anticorrosion, antiwear, lubricating and other significant operation properties and characteristics of the oils. Biostable composition of M-12B motor oil for marine and stationary diesels meeting all GOST requirements has been developed.

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Abstract High torque and friction factors are major challenges while drilling. Providing lubrication helps in reducing torque and drag and increasing rate of penetration (ROP) in water-based fluids and produced water. The lubricants are inert hence, they do not react with other fluid additives or cuttings and will not affect fluid rheology. All Lubricants in the oil and gas industry are in liquid form and usually used to reduce torque and decrease coefficients of friction, they came in different chemical compositions a toxic lubricant mineral oil and non-toxic vegetable lubricants, and they have many papers talk about how they function as lubricants, but with a new generation of solids lubricants, it will be changing the whole industry. Powdered encapsulated lubricant additive comprises a liquid lubricant blended with an inert solid substrate. The solid lubricant additive compositions thus, obtained are advantageously employed in drilling fluids. Fatty acid solid lubricant is one of the aforementioned powdered lubricants. It is a dry form encapsulated lubricant composed of micronized... Read More

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With the increasing awareness and concerns towards the detrimental impact of mineral-oil-based lubricants, a step forward is crucial to replace them with benign environment-friendly lubricants. Bio-lubricants, due to their intrinsic lubricant properties attributed to the presence of long chain fatty acids, have an immense potential to be utilised as green lubricants and could be promising substitutes for the mineral oil-based lubricants. In this work, the performance evaluation of three bio-lubricants (Cottonseed, Karanja, and Jatropha oils) is carried out by applying in strip drawing and deep drawing experiments. The strip draw tests are conducted to determine the coefficient of friction, whereas the effectiveness of the bio-lubricants in the deep drawing are examined evaluating the drawability, thinning, drawing load and surface finish. The obtained results are compared with a mineral-oil-based lubricant and a water soluble paste. All the three bio-lubricants are found to perform well in comparison to mineral-oil-based lubricant in terms of resulting friction coefficient, drawabili... Read More

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