Viscosity Modifiers and Additives for Bio-Lubricants

A process for producing biolubricants with adjustable viscosity, comprising esterifying fatty acids derived from used food oils with alcohols of varying molecular weight to produce esters with controlled viscosity. The process enables the production of biolubricants with specific viscosities tailored to specific applications, overcoming the limitations of conventional biolubricant production.

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A lubricant composition comprising a saturated hydrocarbon base oil derived from renewable biomass sources, such as plant oils, and a blend of additives that provide performance characteristics comparable to or exceeding those of conventional petroleum-based lubricants. The base oil is formulated from monomers and/or oligomers of C10-C18 olefin monomers, while the additive package includes a combination of synthetic esters, lubricant additives, friction modifiers, pour point depressants, antimicrobial preservatives, inhibitors, defoamers, and viscosity index improvers. The composition meets or exceeds 19 applicable American Petroleum Institute (API) certifications and demonstrates direct drop-in compatibility with current systems.

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Vegetable oils in the lubricant field are largely studied. Their efficiency depends on their viscosity parameters and their fatty acid composition. The actions of moringa oil used as a lubricant base and as a lubricant additive have been shown in this work. Graphite, carbon nanofibers, and carbon nanodots are carbon phases of different shapes used as solid additives. The tribological performances of lubricant blends composed of between 0.5 and 1 wt.% of particles have been evaluated using a ball-on-plane tribometer under an ambient atmosphere. No additional surfactant was used. The positive and important actions of a small amount of moringa oil added in the lubricant formulas are demonstrated. The results obtained allow us to point out the influence of the type and shape of particles. Physicochemical investigations allow us to propose a synergistic effect between the particles and moringa oil as additives in dodecane.

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Biobased lubricants with improved low-temperature performance and oxidative stability, comprising a blend of natural esters and synthetic esters, wherein the natural esters are modified with acetylation to reduce hydroxyl value and improve thermal stability, and the synthetic esters are selected from polyalphaolefins and polyol esters.

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A biodegradable lubricant oil composition for marine applications, comprising a specific ester compound (A) derived from pentaerythritol, a straight-chain fatty acid, and adipic acid, blended with a specific acidic phosphoric acid ester amine salt (B) in a specific ratio. The composition exhibits excellent biodegradability, lubricating properties, oxidation stability, demulsibility, and shear stability, while minimizing toxicity and bioaccumulation in aquatic life.

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Introducing an additive is a practical approach to improve the lubrication performance of base oil in the field of tribology. Herein, a series of sulfoximine derivatives was synthesized and incorporated into base oil A51 as additives. The tribological properties of these lubricants were evaluated at both room and high temperatures, and the result demonstrated that they displayed excellent friction reduction and wear resistance in the friction process under both test conditions. Moreover, the chemical composition of the worn scar surface was inspected using EDS, XPS and TOF-SIMS to explore the lubricating mechanism. It is reasonable to conclude that the synergistic interaction between the aromatic ring scaffolds and elements like N, F, and S facilitated the adsorption of lubricant on the steel block surfaces and forming a tribofilm during the friction process. This tribofilm has a dominant impact on the systems lubrication performance. This research provides novel oil-soluble lubricant additives, offering a facile approach to formulating high-quality lubricants.

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A chemically stabilized lubricant and coating composition comprising medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) and propylene glycol esters, which provide a non-toxic, biodegradable, and stable alternative to traditional petroleum-based lubricants. The MCT-based composition exhibits exceptional oxidative stability, lubricity, and corrosion protection, making it suitable for a wide range of applications including household lubrication, cleaning, and surface coating.

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Lubricants aid in decreasing friction between surfaces in proximity, which in turn lowers the heat produced as the surfaces move. They are composed of 80% to 90% of base oils and 10% to 20% of additives that impart properties like antiwear, corrosion inhibition, pour point depression, etc. Petroleum-based lubricants are attributed to low biodegradability and toxicity. Demand for lubricants based on edible and nonedible plant oils or other renewable resources that are good for the environment is rising because of their enhanced lubricity, nontoxicity, and biodegradability. Biolubricants are synthesized by modifying plant oils chemically, by transesterification, estolide formation, epoxidation, etc. This chapter is intended to inform readers about renewable feedstocks for biolubricant production, comparison of physicochemical properties with petroleum-based lubricants, current scope, advantages, and challenges of biolubricant production in the future.

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In mechanical systems, lubricants play a crucial role in minimizing friction, dissipating heat, and preventing wear. Additives, comprising both organic and inorganic compounds and typically constituting 0.1% to 30% of lubricant volume, are introduced to enhance lubricant performance. This study investigates the influence of various additives on lubricant behaviour and performance, encompassing antifoam agents, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, detergents, extreme pressure additives, pour-point depressants, and viscosity index improvers. Friction coefficients were meticulously measured using a pin-on-disk tribometer to assess the Tribological and physical properties of these additives. Surface analysis via SEM provided insights into wear characteristics influenced by the additives. The comprehensive tribological assessment reveals that the incorporation of additives consistently reduces friction and wear across different base oil types. This underscores the critical role of additives in improving lubricant properties, maintaining thermal stability, and forming protective films on su... Read More

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Bio-lubricants are the future of lubricants as a substitute for mineral lubricants; however, bio-lubricants have drawbacks, such as poor thermal-oxidative stability. In addition, during the friction process, the temperature of the lubricant increases, so the lubricant must have good thermal conductivity to conduct heat to the environment. To combat the drawbacks of bio-lubricants, some additives have been used to improve their performance as lubricants. Composites of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/MXene and Span 60 as surfactants were used as additives in CPO with different compositions. The physicochemical properties of the addition of CMC/MXene and Span 60 in CPO have changed, including kinematic viscosity, TAN, thermal conductivity, and fatty acids, which have a positive impact on lubrication performance in terms of reducing oxidation processes and increasing thermal conductivity. From fatty acid composition tests and FTIR analysis, the additives work to suppress the oxidation process. A pin-on-disk test was performed to evaluate the tribological performances of bio-lubricants. The... Read More

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The objectives of this chapter are to: (i) Define the term lubricants and identify, outline and discuss the principal types of lubricants; (ii) Identify, outline and describe the three typical inorganic compound kinds that could be employed as solid lubricants; (iii) Identify, outline and discuss those significant properties of commercial fluid lubricants; (iv) Identify, outline and discuss the reasons the effectiveness of the lubricating oil deteriorates over time or requires replacement after some time of usage; (v) Outline and discuss the lubricating oil selection and materials for tribological applications; (vi) Define the term additives and outline their roles and functions within lubricants; (vii) Identify, outline and describe the commonly used additives; (viii) Outline and discuss the tribology of rolling elements and applications; and (ix) Analyse, derive and discuss the power absorbed to overcome the viscous resistance due to the lubricating oil's viscosity in rolling bearings, such as journal, foot-step and collar bearings.

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Bio lubricants derived from biomass can lessen the carbon footprint of production, lubrication, and energy production.When nanoparticles (NPs) additives are used, the performance improvement from the usage of bio-lubricant is more pronounced.This brief review highlights the key characteristics of current bio lubricants and the argument for utilizing sustainable bio lubricants that may be produced from agricultural feed stock with the potential to replace conventional mineral oil products.There is a need to shift to waste-derived oils and conduct research on alternative sources of bio-products to address the challenges of the lubricant/food competition, even though existing studies on bio lubricants have primarily focused on the use of vegetable oils and some non-edible oils.Most NPs additives combined with bio-lubricant, according to the literature, have the potential to reduce wear and friction.Furthermore, it was discovered that the NPs mechanisms during operations were responsible for the friction and wear reduction from nanofluids application.As a result, sliding contact was conv... Read More

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This study explored the potential enhancement of lubrication performance by incorporating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) powder as a lubricant additive.

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Friction and lubrication are ubiquitous in all kinds of movements and play a vital role in the smooth operation of production machinery. Water is indispensable both in the lubrication systems of natural organisms and in hydration lubrication systems. There exists a high degree of similarity between these systems, which has driven the development of hydration lubrication from biomimetic to artificial manufacturing. In particular, significant advancements have been made in the understanding of the mechanisms of hydration lubrication over the past 30 years. This enhanced understanding has further stimulated the exploration of biomimetic inspiration from natural hydration lubrication systems, to develop novel artificial hydration lubrication systems that are cost-effective, easily transportable, and possess excellent capability. This review summarizes the recent experimental and theoretical advances in the understanding of hydration-lubrication processes. The entire paper is divided into three parts. Firstly, surface interactions relevant to hydration lubrication are discussed, encompass... Read More

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The environmental problems caused by using fossil fuels to sustain the present level of industrialization have kindled worldwide interest in developing sustainable lubrication technologies to reduce the impact of friction and wear, estimated at 23% of the energy currently produced globally. Besides good lubricity, such technologies must exhibit biodegradability, renewability, and environmental innocuousness. The present survey delves into state-of-the-art biolubricant formulations based on vegetable oils, ionic liquids, aqueous solutions, and glycerol. We focus on their tribological performance as standalone or whole formulations containing additives. Current investigations include several ecological nanoparticles that are tribologically functional. We include metallic nanoparticles and their oxides, carbon allotropes, sulfides, and h-BN. The development of biomass-based lubrication technologies is an essential step toward industry sustainability. It offers the potential for economic and energy savings and is a valuable addition to present global actions against climate change and po... Read More

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The lubricating properties of the lubricants were tested under boundary friction conditions; it was found that the surface-active additives had reduced the wear mark and thus the value of the Goz/40 parameter (limiting load of wear). The introduction of a surfactant containing amide compounds into the oils and greases was highly effective in slowing down the oxidation process. Lubricants containing mono15 ([3-(N,N,N-dimethylbuthylamine)propyl]hexadecanamide chloride) and 15415 (tetramethylene-bis [3-(N,N,N-dimethylamine)propyl]hexadecanamide) additives were characterised by higher oxidation stability compared to the unmodified lubricants. Both of the analysed substances showed bactericidal properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritica. Tests of antibacterial activity in the lubricants with the addition of mono15 and 15415 confirmed that these lubricants can be considered bactericidal against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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Biolubricant formulation from vegetable oils and other natural resources is the most emerging area of research in the lubricant industry at the present moment. Vegetable oils and other natural oils (e.g., microalgae, liquids obtained from pyrolysis of wood biomass) can be used as feedstocks for making lubricant base oils and additives for biolubricants. Although plant-based oils have advantages such as a high viscosity index, high flash points, good antifriction/antiwear properties, biodegradability, etc., there are some challenges such as poor oxidative stability, low temperature fluidity, and poor hydrolytic stability that need to be overcome. Chemical modification is the way to address these challenges. In this chapter, we have discussed various chemical routes to synthesize base oils as well as biobased additives for the formulation of a sustainable lubricant.

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Viscosity improvement property of a lubricant additive is commonly attributed to polymer coil expansion with increasing temperature, although only some polymer chemistries show conformance to this conceptual mechanism. Herein, we show that the polarity of base oil governs whether this mechanism underlies the action of a viscosity modifier (VM) by combining experimental and computational studies. Poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) dissolved in diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DGDE) or a mixture of DGDE (polar solvent) and squalane (SQ, nonpolar solvent) was used as a model lubricant oil system. Specific viscosity of the polymer solutions measured over a wide range of additive concentrations and temperatures revealed that thickening efficiency of the VM decreased with decreasing base oil polarity. While the VM counteracted temperature-induced thinning of the low polarity base oil, in the polar solvent, the polymer did not enhance the solution viscosity at higher temperatures. Aiming to unravel the molecular mechanism underlying viscosity improvement at elevated temperatures in the differe... Read More

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The non-renewability and and non-biodegradability of petroleum based lubricants as well as the environmental impacts their waste contributes to the environment has caused the search for a substitute for precursor of lubricant formulation. The food security issue has caused major concerns on how vegetable oil could replace petroleum based product lubricants. This paper reports the feasibility studies of kinematic viscosity, friction and wear properties of treated used cooking palm oil as precursor for development of new bio-lubricant. The treated used cooking palm oil displayed a comparable value of kinematic viscosity of 43.6cSt, coefficient of friction of 0.126 and 122m which is almost similar to the value of fresh cooking palm oil. Treated used cooking palm oil is seen to be a suitable candidate for precursor of bio-lubricant formulation, However, some additives may need to be added as to increase the tribological properties for treated used cooking oil to be used as a bio-lubricant.

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This study proposes a mathematical expression for the high-viscosity surface layer generated by the confinement of a lubricant film, which is evident in engine oil with a metallic detergent additive. The characteristics of a microtapered pad bearing lubricated by a confined high-viscosity film were clarified by solving a modified Reynolds equation for the confined high-viscosity lubricant film. The load capacity began to increase compared with that in the bulk viscosity case when the trailing gap decreased from twice the saturated high-viscosity layer thickness. The maximum value of the friction coefficient at the trailing gap near the layer thickness becomes remarkable compared with the case of the adsorbed high-viscosity layer model. Assuming that the increased effective viscosity caused by the confinement of the lubricant film is due to an adsorbed high-viscosity layer, the load capacity is significantly overestimated when the trailing gap is greater than the saturated high-viscosity layer thickness. Next, a mathematical expression of the synthetic viscosity of a lubricant with a ... Read More

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