Thermally Stable Bio Lubricants

A lubricant composition comprising a saturated hydrocarbon base oil derived from renewable biomass sources, such as plant oils, and a blend of additives that provide performance characteristics comparable to or exceeding those of conventional petroleum-based lubricants. The base oil is formulated from monomers and/or oligomers of C10-C18 olefin monomers, while the additive package includes a combination of synthetic esters, lubricant additives, friction modifiers, pour point depressants, antimicrobial preservatives, inhibitors, defoamers, and viscosity index improvers. The composition meets or exceeds 19 applicable American Petroleum Institute (API) certifications and demonstrates direct drop-in compatibility with current systems.

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Bio-based lubricants and base oils for pharmaceutical and personal care applications, comprising aromatic and cycloaliphatic compounds derived from lignin-derived monomers. The bio-based compounds exhibit enhanced performance characteristics compared to conventional lubricants, including superior thermal stability, improved lubricity, and reduced hygroscopicity. The compounds can be synthesized through hydroxyalkylation/alkylation of lignin-derived monomers and subsequent hydrodeoxygenation. These bio-based lubricants can be formulated into base oils with varying levels of additives, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional petroleum-based lubricants.

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Traditional lubricants, often containing harmful chemicals and synthetic or fossil-derived oils, pose environmental risks by damaging ecosystems and threatening human health and wildlife. There is a growing demand for environmentally sustainable and cost-effective bio-based lubricants derived from renewable raw materials. These bio-based oils often possess natural lubricating properties, making them an attractive alternative to traditional synthetic lubricants. In addition to providing effective lubrication, they offer good biodegradability and minimal toxicity, which are essential for reducing environmental impact. However, the primary challenge lies in optimizing their performance to match or surpass that of conventional lubricants while ensuring they remain cost-effective and widely available. This paper reviews the general requirements for lubricants and explores how plant-based oils can be utilized to meet the diverse lubrication needs across various industries. Further, it highlights different approaches that can be used for further improvements in the area of plant-based lubri... Read More

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Lubricants, commonly utilized in machinery to minimize friction, typically stem from petrochemical or mineral origins. Concerns over the environmental impact of mineral-based lubricants have spurred exploration into biodegradable alternatives. Vegetable oils present promising biodegradability and rheological traits at elevated temperatures, albeit exhibiting deficiencies in cold flow properties. The environmental ramifications of conventional lubricants, coupled with oil source depletion, have fueled demand for renewable and biodegradable lubricants. Biolubricants offer several benefits over mineral oil lubricants, including superior biodegradability, minimal toxicity, excellent lubricating capabilities, and limited adverse effects on both the environment and human health. Compressors are devices that raise a gas's pressure by using mechanical force. Vacuum pumps are compressors that produce vacuum by operating under suction pressure. In these applications, lubricants serve as a liquid seal, lubricate moving components, such as bearings and gears, and dissipate heat. Given that the l... Read More

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A chemically stabilized lubricant and coating composition comprising medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) and propylene glycol esters, which provide a non-toxic, biodegradable, and stable alternative to traditional petroleum-based lubricants. The MCT-based composition exhibits exceptional oxidative stability, lubricity, and corrosion protection, making it suitable for a wide range of applications including household lubrication, cleaning, and surface coating.

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Aminophenol antioxidants for inhibiting oxidation of natural oils and materials derived therefrom, such as biodiesel and biolubricants. The antioxidants, represented by Formula I, provide excellent protection against oxidation while maintaining the properties of the natural oil-derived materials. They can be added to biodiesel and biolubricants to prevent degradation and maintain performance characteristics.

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In recent years Bio-lubricants much desired in numerous applications in machineries due to their renewable characteristics, which have high biodegradable nature and produce fewer pollutants compared to mineral-based lubricants. Thus, in this paper, the effect of bio-lubricant (Cucurbita Pepo L. seed oil) on wear and friction characteristics in pin on disc tester is studied and compared with commercially available lubricant SAE20W40. Tests were conducted at different loads of 10 N, 50 N, 100 N, 150 N and 200 N at a constant speed of 3 m/s for 60 min to evaluate the behaviour of friction coefficient (COF) and wear at a temperature of 28C and 100C. It is observed from the results that, the COF decreases whereas, the wear increases with the rise in temperature and load. Cucurbita pepo L. seed oil (CPO) resulted in a lower wear rate in comparison to commercial SAE20W40. Wear scars on the surface lubricated with SAE20W40 show a rougher surface compared to the pin lubricated with CPO at both lower temperature (28C) and higher temperature (100C). This shows that CPO has better lubricity ... Read More

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Bio-lubricants are the future of lubricants as a substitute for mineral lubricants; however, bio-lubricants have drawbacks, such as poor thermal-oxidative stability. In addition, during the friction process, the temperature of the lubricant increases, so the lubricant must have good thermal conductivity to conduct heat to the environment. To combat the drawbacks of bio-lubricants, some additives have been used to improve their performance as lubricants. Composites of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/MXene and Span 60 as surfactants were used as additives in CPO with different compositions. The physicochemical properties of the addition of CMC/MXene and Span 60 in CPO have changed, including kinematic viscosity, TAN, thermal conductivity, and fatty acids, which have a positive impact on lubrication performance in terms of reducing oxidation processes and increasing thermal conductivity. From fatty acid composition tests and FTIR analysis, the additives work to suppress the oxidation process. A pin-on-disk test was performed to evaluate the tribological performances of bio-lubricants. The... Read More

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When exposed to high surface temperatures, engine lubricating oils degrade and may form solid deposits, which cause operational issues and increase shutdown time and maintenance costs. Despite its being a common issue in engine operation, the information available on the mechanics of this phenomenon is still lacking, and the experimental data and conditions must be updated to match the improvements in both lubricant stability and engine efficiency. To this end, an experimental apparatus has been developed to study the mechanisms that lead to the degradation and deposit formation of lubricants at high temperatures. The apparatus is designed to operate at pressures up to 69 bar, surface temperatures up to 650 C, oil bulk temperatures up to 550 C, and flow rates of <14 mL/min. In this apparatus, the oil is cycled through a heated test section, and deposits accumulate on the heated surface. The time required for deposits to start accumulating under the test conditions is determined based on the recorded temperature traces, and collected oil and deposit samples may be analyzed to... Read More

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As countries prioritize climate change concerns, promoting the use of new environmentally friendly working fluids has become a common goal for the industry. In thermal systems, lubricants come into contact with these working fluids and directly affect their utilization efficiency. Therefore, investigating the effect of lubricant mixing on the physical properties of process media is essential to promote the adoption of new environmentally friendly working fluids. This paper categorizes and organizes recent research literature on working fluids and lubricants. It was aimed to comprehend the effect of lubricants on the operating characteristics of working fluids. By comparing the research methods and experimental equipment utilized in previous studies, this work analyzes the variation of basic physical properties, including miscibility, solubility, viscosity, and gas-liquid phase equilibrium. In addition, the effects of lubricant mixing in terms of heat exchange characteristics, additives, and material compatibility are also summarized. These findings provide a reference for achieving o... Read More

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Bio lubricants derived from biomass can lessen the carbon footprint of production, lubrication, and energy production.When nanoparticles (NPs) additives are used, the performance improvement from the usage of bio-lubricant is more pronounced.This brief review highlights the key characteristics of current bio lubricants and the argument for utilizing sustainable bio lubricants that may be produced from agricultural feed stock with the potential to replace conventional mineral oil products.There is a need to shift to waste-derived oils and conduct research on alternative sources of bio-products to address the challenges of the lubricant/food competition, even though existing studies on bio lubricants have primarily focused on the use of vegetable oils and some non-edible oils.Most NPs additives combined with bio-lubricant, according to the literature, have the potential to reduce wear and friction.Furthermore, it was discovered that the NPs mechanisms during operations were responsible for the friction and wear reduction from nanofluids application.As a result, sliding contact was conv... Read More

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The development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective lubricating materials to reduce friction and wear at macroscale is crucial for reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, thereby enhancing sustainability. Deep eutectic...

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Abstract Most studies of liquid lubricants were carried out at temperatures below 200 C. However, the service temperature of lubricants for aerospace and aeroengine has reached above 300 C. In order to investigate the friction mechanism and provide data for high temperature lubrication, the friction and wear properties of chlorophenyl silicone oil (CPSO)-lubricated M50 steel and Si 3 N 4 friction pairs were investigated herein. Ball-on-disk experimental results show that the lubrication performance of CPSO varies significantly with temperature. Below 150 C, coefficient of friction (COF) remains at 0.130.15 after the short running-in stage (600 s), while the COF in the running-in stage is 0.20.3. At 200 C and above, the running-in time is much longer (1,200 s), and the initial instantaneous maximum COF can reach 0.5. Under this condition, the COF gradually decreases and finally stabilizes at around 0.160.17 afterwards. This phenomenon is mainly due to the different thickness of boundary adsorption film. More importantly, the wear rate of M50 steel increases significantly with t... Read More

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The non-renewability and and non-biodegradability of petroleum based lubricants as well as the environmental impacts their waste contributes to the environment has caused the search for a substitute for precursor of lubricant formulation. The food security issue has caused major concerns on how vegetable oil could replace petroleum based product lubricants. This paper reports the feasibility studies of kinematic viscosity, friction and wear properties of treated used cooking palm oil as precursor for development of new bio-lubricant. The treated used cooking palm oil displayed a comparable value of kinematic viscosity of 43.6cSt, coefficient of friction of 0.126 and 122m which is almost similar to the value of fresh cooking palm oil. Treated used cooking palm oil is seen to be a suitable candidate for precursor of bio-lubricant formulation, However, some additives may need to be added as to increase the tribological properties for treated used cooking oil to be used as a bio-lubricant.

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In this study, the thermo-oxidative stability and tribological behavior of bio-based lubricant samples synthesized from castor oil using isoamyl alcohol were evaluated. Initially, the compositional and physicochemical properties of the obtained samples were assessed using the 1H NMR, FTIR and ASTM methods. Oxidative stability of the samples was evaluated using the Rancimat method at 110 C under air flow. The final biolubricant sample (BL2), obtained after esterification, epoxidation and oxirane rings opening reactions, presented an oxidation stability time (OST) of 14.3 h. The thermal stability was also evaluated by thermogravimetry (TG) from the mass variations under inert and oxidative atmosphere. BL2 showed higher thermal stability compared to the other samples, demonstrating higher decomposition temperatures in both inert (339.04 C) and oxidative (338.47 C) atmospheres, for a mass loss of 50%. The tribological properties of the samples were evaluated using a four-ball tribometer configuration. The BL1 and BL2 samples exhibited lower friction coefficients than the mineral oil s... Read More

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A lubricant made from vegetable oil that self-generates a friction film during use, comprising 86 wt% vegetable oil, 10 wt% synthetic fatty acid triglyceride, 3.6 wt% surfactant, and 0.4 wt% antioxidant. The lubricant exhibits improved load-bearing capacity and wear resistance compared to mineral oil-based lubricants, while being environmentally friendly due to its plant-based composition.

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Lubricating oil composition with improved processability and reduced environmental impact, comprising a base oil derived from biomass and an oily agent selected from esters and alcohols, with a measured bio-based content of 20% or more. The composition may further include a phosphoric ester and a polyalkylene glycol, and exhibits enhanced lubricating properties and compatibility with mechanical components.

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Bio-lubricant composition made from waste cooking oil using an animal-based biochar as a catalyst and adsorbent. The biochar is used to purify the waste oil, followed by esterification to convert free fatty acids into methyl esters, epoxidation to stabilize the triglycerides, and hydroxylation to increase viscosity. The resulting bio-lubricant has a viscosity between 40-200 centipoise and is substantially free of free fatty acids.

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A biodegradable oil-resistant agent comprising a graft polymer obtained by modifying a bio-based material with a long-chain hydrocarbon group-containing polymer. The graft polymer exhibits excellent high-temperature oil resistance and is suitable for applications where oil resistance at high temperatures is required, particularly in food packaging materials.

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Industries, especially those related to transportation, have relied extensively on petroleum products for lubrication, raising serious questions about the security of the world energy supply in the future. Observed that the end-products might be released back into the environment, posing major environmental risks. As a result, bio-based products have attracted increasing interest as prospective replacement to mineral-based type due to their important role in resolving the issues of pollution. With renewability and biodegradability as their greatest points, bio-based lubricants have been discovered to offer superior lubricating qualities to those of traditional mineral lubricants but currently have some undesirable qualities that need to be improved based on the literatures. Therefore, this research objective is to showcase the potential of bio-lubricants, both in terms of their environmental benefits and for technical applications, based on studies that have been published over the years. Review of the natural oil's molecular structures, physio-chemical characteristics, and lubricati... Read More

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The traditional drilling fluid lubricants are seriously polluted and have biologically lethal toxicity to the ecological environment. They cannot be used for a long time in the drilling site and lack thermal stability. So, the replacement of traditional lubricants with new environmentally friendly lubricants has become one of the important research directions of drilling fluid lubricants in recent years. In this Review, we highlight the state of the research for an environmentally friendly drilling fluid lubricant. Using bio-oil, synthetic esters, amides, and polyols as raw materials, the configuration mechanism, lubrication performance, and field construction status of environmentally friendly lubricants for drilling fluids in China and abroad were reviewed. After analyzing the potential of lubricants in various countries' research, the development direction of environmentally friendly lubricants in the future is proposed, such as the modification of recycled vegetable oil, polysaccharides, alkyl glycosides, and nanometer material, for reference by relevant scholars.

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The paper concerns selected aspects of the application of coolinglubricating agents as well as methods and devices assigned to lubrication in hot die forging processes realized at elevated and high temperatures in the context of their effect on the quality of the forgings and the durability of the forging instrumentation. An analysis was made of the currently used lubricants and their properties and applications in selected industrial forging processes, and a review was conducted of the presently applied coolinglubricating systems and devices. The article also presents the authors own studies referring to the effect of the application of lubricating and cooling agents, the volume of the lubricant portion, the times and directions of its application, and other factors affecting tribological conditions. It also presents lubricating devices constructed based on the knowledge and experience of the authors. The elaborated systems, introduced into selected forging processes, make it possible to examine the effect of the volume and time-frequency of the applied lubricant dose on the wear... Read More

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Abstract: We have an increasing global need for bio lubricants that are safe for human and environmental use, easily biodegradable, and non-polluting. The friction and wear qualities of cotton seed blended lubricant as well as castor blended lubricant are compared and contrasted in this research using a Pin on disc wear testing Tribometer. In this research, we will look at the study's results and analyse their significance. Blended lubricants were created by combining cotton seed & castor based biodiesel with the basic lubricant SAE20W40 at volumetric ratios of 5, 10, 15, & 20%. Cotton seed and castor blended bio lubricants were tested for friction and wear at sliding velocities of 2.5 metres per second while subjected to weights of 50 N, 100 N, and 150 N. Wear might be slowed by as much as 15 percent by mixing in cotton seed biodiesel with the base oil, as has been shown. When this threshold is passed, wear increases at an ever-increasing pace. Castor oil blended lubricant performed best in wear tests when coupled with a base lubricant at a 5 and 10 percent castor oil blende... Read More

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Abstract The use of lubricants is commonplace when drilling with water-based drilling fluids. They are less frequently applied when drilling with non-aqueous fluids, as the oil-based drilling fluid is thought to impart a high lubricity. With increased reach of the wells, lubricants are also applied in non-aqueous fluids (NAF) to reduce torque and drag at high angle, for extended reach and horizontal wells to improve drilling efficiency. However, the performance of these lubricants in NAF at extended periods of elevated temperature at downhole conditions is often inconsistent, thought to be hampered by ineffective metal binding and hydrolytic instability of the lubricant molecule. This requires frequent re-dosing and therefore higher cost to maintain performance. In order to identify a better-performing lubricant, it was necessary to better understand the fundamentals of lubrication in a drilling fluid. For example, what portion of the well contributes most to torque and drag? What is the frictional regime that dominates the lubricity between a drill pipe and its contact points? Looki... Read More

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There is a critical need for engineers to move away from using conventional petroleum-based oils and lubricants in mechanical systems due to their environmental impact. As the first book dedicated to multifunctional bio-based lubricants, this reference text provides detailed coverage on all aspects of the field, including the need for these lubricants and their performance, the synthesis and design routes, and their valuable multifunctional properties. The environmental benefits and superior properties of these lubricants are covered. With sustainability as a key focus, the book raises awareness of the need to develop bio-based lubricants with a lower environmental footprint than traditional lubricants, covers methods for synthesising lubricants from waste plastics (an emerging technique) and discusses suitable techniques for their eventual disposal. Key features First research book dedicated to multifunctional bio-based lubricants. Provides detailed coverage on the performance, synthesis and design of these lubricants. Covers the environmental benefits and superior properties.... Read More

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A new generation of bio-based lubricants is presented, which fulfil the criteria of (1) a biorenewable raw material basis, (2) biodegradability, (3) suitability for fine-tuning of performance properties, and (4) an efficient catalytic preparation.

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Bio-lubricants are receiving increased interest due to their environmental advantages over petroleum-based analogues. This research demonstrates the evaluation and comparison of thermal and kinetic properties of bio-lubricants synthesized from naturally derived fatty acids. The oxidative stability of the vegetable oil-based bio-lubricants affects their storage stability and reusability. Five different types of bio-lubricants were previously synthesized from oleic acid, iso-oleic acid, and iso-stearic acid. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted in the presence of air and nitrogen. Comparative studies of the kinetic parameters under thermal decomposition of each synthesized product show that these bio-lubricants are thermally stable. The calculated activation energy showed that trimethylolpropane iso-oleic acid triester (TMP-IOA) was thermally stable with an average activation energy Ea = 188.4 kJ/mol in an inert environment (Under N2). In the oxidative environment (under air), trimethylolpropane iso-stearic acid triester (TMP-ISA) was found as the most stable bio-lubricant with an ... Read More

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Conventional petroleum-based lubricant resources are depleting rapidly, and their utilization severely threatens the environment. Environmental sustainability emphasizes the need for an alternative to petroleum resources. The lubricants play a significant role in machinery's adequate energy-saving performance. Therefore, the tribological aspects of machinery's maximum efficiency should be considered. The current study reviews the part of bio-lubricants towards environmental sustainability. This review has been conducted according to the PRISMA approach, where the sources of bio-lubricants, tribological performance, the role of additives and nanoparticles, benefits and disadvantages, production techniques, economic aspects, and future scope were explored and discussed. Bio-lubricants possess a better viscosity index, lubricity, biodegradability, and non-toxic and renewable nature than petroleum lubricants. However, lower thermo-oxidative stability and higher pour points due to moisture content require further improvements. Food security is another significant concern for bio-lubricant... Read More

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Lubricants play a very important role in multiple industries in minimizing wear and friction between two moving parts. Most lubricants are produced from petroleum oil which is poorly biodegradable and toxic in nature. Hence these lubricants are highly undesirable due to environmental hazards and the health and safety of the operator. Bio-Lubricants like Castor Oil have found a potential scope in research and are being used in various applications as a substitute for these chemical lubricants. This paper examines the Tribological Properties of developed Bio-Lubricants, prepared using Castor Oil and Neem Oil in a mixing ratio of 20%. Wear and Friction analysis has been carried out using Pin on Disc apparatus at varying loads, which has shown that the blend of Castor Oil as a base with 20% Neem Oil has promising properties, with around 70% reduction in wear rate at specific loads, hence showcasing a tremendous capacity for being used in maintenance applications. An overall reduction in wear and coefficient of friction was observed in the developed mixture, making it a potential environm... Read More

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Conventional petroleum-based lubricants have numerous environmental and toxic issues related to their disposal. As a result, there is a growing interest in developing innovative environmentally friendly oils as lubricants. A novel apricot oil-based bio-lubricant was developed in the present research work. Its tribological performance was analysed using a four-ball tester compared with SAE 40 oil and blends of SAE 40 and developed bio-lubricant. A four-ball testing method (ASTM D4172) is a test for determining the wear-preventative features of a lubricant. It was observed that the optimum blend of SAE 40 and bio-lubricant had shown better extreme pressure performance than apricot oil-based bio-lubricant and SAE 40 alone.

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Abstract This work investigated the temperature changes inside the bulk of lubricating greases under controlled high-shear stress conditions (250500 s 1 ). For this purpose, a newly developed temperature-measuring cell called Calidus was successfully tested. The temperature changes ( T ) have been related to the greases components (thickener, base oil-type, and composition) and the structural degradation of the lubricating greases. Furthermore, a theoretical approach was proposed for calculating the internal temperature change of lubricating greases during shear stress. All greases showed an internal temperature profile characterised by a sudden rise in T within the first 4 h from starting the test and subsequent T decay until it reaches the steady state value. Furthermore, it was found that greases C1 and C5, formulated with lithium and calcium soap, respectively, with different soap content (16.1 wt% and 9.7 wt%, respectively), but the same base castor oil, showed the highest value of the maximum T , c.a. 3.2 K, and the most drastic drop of T . These greases showed both... Read More

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In this chapter, we give the basic equations, numerical calculation method and program of one-dimensional and two-dimensional thermal hydrodynamic lubrication of non-Newtonian fluids. In these programs, viscosity of lubricant varying with temperature, and pressure is considered. However, for simplicity, we only consider the variation of viscosity of lubricant in the flow direction, but not in the film thickness direction. Furthermore, density of lubricant is also considered independent of pressure and temperature. Some examples are presented.

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Lubricants predominantly used to reduce friction and gain smooth functioning of a vehicle. Biodegradable lubricants are perceived to be alternative to mineral oil lubricants because of their properties and biodegradability. This review paper discusses the effect of biodegradable lubrication in term of emission performance, wear, friction and viscosity effect to the internal combustion engine using multiple types of biodegradable lubrications. Bench wear test was conducted using Yamaha, ET 950 to carry out the effect of the biolubricant in spark ignition (SI) engine. The bench test was conducted under several conditions: pressure, 3.0 MPa; sliding speed, 0.20 m/s; sliding stroke, 80 mm; room temperature, >25C. The second experiment were conducted with 100 percentage SAE 40, palm oil and palm oil (14%) + castor oil (86%) blend as its crankcase lubricant using four stroke compression ignition (CI) engine.A thermocouple was used to measure the parameters temperature every 5 minutesinterval with the engine operating for an hour under no load, 2.5 kg, 5 kg, and 7 kg load condition. Th... Read More

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The lubrication phenomenon is used to reduce friction and wear between two rubbed surfaces, such as in engine and cutting processes. Different oils such as mineral oil and synthetic lubricant are being used for this purpose. With the passage of time, the demand of energy will get higher and natural resources and mineral lubricants will be diminished. Furthermore, biodegradation of mineral oil is too slow, and it remains on the surface of earth for a long period of time, creating atmospheric pollution. To overcome this problem, bio lubricants are being used to reduce wear and friction due to their high biodegradability. In order to increase the lubrication capacity of castor oil, a 1 wt. % concentration of MoS2 nanoparticles was added to the base oil. Moreover, to stabilize the additives, 2 wt. % gum arabic and 1 wt. % Oleic acid (OA) were also added. Then, multiple tests, such as of physicochemical properties, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) of synthetic lubricant and conventional lubricant, were carried out before and after the operational... Read More

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Solid lubricants are described as solid materials of intentionally introduced or in situ formed on contact surfaces in relative motion for the purpose of lowering friction and wear and providing protection from damage. Solid lubricants and advanced self-lubricating materials are widely used in modern industries, especially in aerospace, aviation, automotive, metallurgy, materials forming, and machining industries, and have attracted great interest in lubrication applications under very severe circumstances such as elevated temperatures, heavy loads, ultrahigh vacuum, extreme radiation, strong oxidation, and chemical reactivity environments. Many efforts have been made to develop self-lubricating composites by a variety of material preparation techniques, which include powder metallurgy, physical/chemical vapor depositions, thermal spraying, electrodeposition, laser cladding, and additive manufacturing. Although several reviews on the development of high-temperature solid lubricants have been published, most of them only focus on a type of material, a specific process, or application.... Read More

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Lubricants predominantly used to reduce friction and gain smooth functioning of a vehicle. Biodegradable lubricants are perceived to be alternative to mineral oil lubricants because of their properties and biodegradability. This review paper discusses the effect of biodegradable lubrication in term of emission performance, wear, friction and viscosity effect to the internal combustion engine using multiple types of biodegradable lubrications. Bench wear test was conducted using Yamaha, ET 950 to carry out the effect of the biolubricant in spark ignition (SI) engine. The bench test was conducted under several conditions: pressure, 3.0 MPa; sliding speed, 0.20 m/s; sliding stroke, 80 mm; room temperature, >25C. The second experiment were conducted with 100 percentage SAE 40, palm oil and palm oil (14%) + castor oil (86%) blend as its crankcase lubricant using four stroke compression ignition (CI) engine. A thermocouple was used to measure the parameters temperature every 5 minutes interval with the engine operating for an hour under no load, 2.5 kg, 5 kg, and 7 kg load condition. T... Read More

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Castor oil is an environment-friendly lubricant with good biodegradability and renewable behavior. However, castor oil as a green lubricant has a few shortcomings, such as a low viscosity index and low oxidative stability due to the presence of unsaturated bonds. The temperature affects the lubrication performance of castor oil. In the present study, the lubrication performance and viscosity behavior of castor oil lubricating the friction pair of a steel ball and a nickeltitanium (NiTi) alloy disk were systematically investigated under different temperatures. The results show that the lubrication performance of castor oil is influenced by temperature due to the fact that the viscosity of castor oil varies with the temperature. The coefficient of friction (CoF) of castor oil is as super-low as 0.076 at a temperature of 40C, but is relatively high at other temperatures. The factors affecting the lubrication performance were investigated, and a possible antifriction mechanism is proposed in this study.

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Abstract The molecular structure of lubricating oil affects its lubrication properties, catalytic and hydrolytic stability, and anti-wear properties. Based on the idea of material genomics, researchers are trying to find the correlation between structural characteristics and functional performances of lubricating oil, but the correlation can only explore the influence weight of structural parameters on performance, it is also very important to research the influence mechanism. In this study, through quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations, (i) the spatial configurations of four typical ester lubricants with different chain length structures were studied, (ii) effects of active functional groups and charge distribution on the properties of the ester lubricants were discussed, and (iii) electronic transition and molecular orbital contributions were compared. The calculated results are expected to provide considerable support for theoretical research on the anti-wear and anti-oxidation mechanisms of ester lubricants and assist the rapid design, development and application of ... Read More

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Considerable research has been conducted in the past decade and a half regarding the bio-lubricants potential to replace mineral-based lubricants as mainstream lubricants such as engine oil, hydraulic oil, compressor oil, and metalworking oil. This study studied several bio-lubricants (rapeseed oil, palm olein, and soybean oil) and a mineral-based lubricant, SAE40. The bio-lubricants have better physiochemical, tribological characteristics and environmental friendly nature, and are promising to replace mineral-based lubricants. In this study, a journal bearing test rig (JBTR) was developed in order to investigate the effect of journal speed on the temperature of oil film with time. Additionally, the load-carrying capacity of bio-oils was tested against the mineral-based lubricant SAE40 by adding a load on the journal. For all three speeds, i.e., 1000, 1500, and 2000 rpm, the bio-lubricants recorded minimum temperature. At 1000 rpm, rapeseed oil recorded a 9.2% lower temperature than SAE40. Similarly, at 2000 rpm, rapeseed oil recorded a minimum temperature that was 2.5% lower than SA... Read More

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MoS2 based solid lubricants are extensively used in space applications, where the materials are exposed to large fluctuations of temperatures. Storage takes place in ambient conditions and so does testing, to test the mechanical systems in the harshest environments. In this work, the coatings were exposed to 40 C, 75 C and 250 C for 1 hour and cooled in air to determine the effect of exposure to increased temperature. It was confirmed that MoS2/Ti is thermally stable and not significantly affected by heat treatments. Pure MoS2 observes increased strain in the structure after exposure to 250 C, which is due to oxygen substitution that takes place in S vacancies, followed by oxide formation. Although coefficient of friction is not affected by heat treatments, wear is reduced due to increase in hardness.

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With the increasing awareness and concerns towards the detrimental impact of mineral-oil-based lubricants, a step forward is crucial to replace them with benign environment-friendly lubricants. Bio-lubricants, due to their intrinsic lubricant properties attributed to the presence of long chain fatty acids, have an immense potential to be utilised as green lubricants and could be promising substitutes for the mineral oil-based lubricants. In this work, the performance evaluation of three bio-lubricants (Cottonseed, Karanja, and Jatropha oils) is carried out by applying in strip drawing and deep drawing experiments. The strip draw tests are conducted to determine the coefficient of friction, whereas the effectiveness of the bio-lubricants in the deep drawing are examined evaluating the drawability, thinning, drawing load and surface finish. The obtained results are compared with a mineral-oil-based lubricant and a water soluble paste. All the three bio-lubricants are found to perform well in comparison to mineral-oil-based lubricant in terms of resulting friction coefficient, drawabili... Read More

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The molecular arrangement in the lubricating film will affect the friction coefficient. When using liquid crystal as a lubricant, various methods can be tried to adjust the arrangement of the liquid crystal molecules to actively control the lubrication effect. In this study, 5CB with a clearing point of 35C was used as a lubricant. By changing the temperature, the lubricating molecules in the contact area were switched between an ordered liquid crystal state and a disordered liquid state, and a friction coefficient that changed synchronously with the temperature was obtained. It provides new ideas for active control of lubrication in the fields of smart bearings and emergency braking.

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Abstract Lubrication is a procedure that involves the use of a chemical called lubricant to reduce wear on surfaces that are in relative motion with each other. It aids in the transmission of pressure created between opposing surfaces. Lubricants serve as anti-friction agents. They allow for flat-level operations by retaining superior machine functionality and reducing the likelihood of recurring breakdowns. In today's world, the price of crude oil is rising in tandem with the depletion of reservoirs (oil). As a result, protecting a pollution-free environment is a major responsibility. The focus of current research is on creating and using an ecologically friendly lubricant made from renewable resources. This paper discusses the preparation, characteristics, characterization advantages, and uses of vegetable oil-based non-edible lubricants. Chemical changes are required since vegetable oil-based lubricants have lower thermal and oxidative stability. The article explores the required chemical modification approaches for improving the properties of bio-lubricants. The characterization ... Read More

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Mineral oil resources are dwindling and the mineral-based lubricants are not compatible with the environment, and thus there is great interest in replacing them with bio-based lubricants. Automotive engines are an important application for bio-lubricants. In this context, this review investigates recent advances and research gaps in automotive-related applications of bio-based lubricants. The main objective of the current article is to review the tribological and thermophysical properties of nanoparticles in bio-oils, which could be used as a reference in the future development of bio-lubricants. The various nanomaterials, concentrations, surfactants, and mixing techniques have been presented. The key mechanisms which can result in superior tribological and thermal behavior of bio-lubricants are explained. Studies on the tribo-chemical reactions and between nano-additives and bio-oils are included in this review. It was reported that the tribological and thermophysical performance of bio-oils could be improved especially after adding nanomaterials according to the recent studies resu... Read More

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The basic purpose of a lubricant is to reduce friction between the surfaces. The use of eco-friendly lubricants has many advantages as they are biodegradable, non-toxic and derived from renewable sources, reducing the dependency on imported petroleum oil. Vegetable oils provide a number of benefits, including biodegradability and the required lubricity. Vegetable oils have a low oxidation stability due to their fatty acid composition, which needs to be improved by chemical modification methods and the addition of bio-additives. In the current study, transesterification of rice bran oil (RBO) was performed initially, followed by the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) a bio-additive, to the trans-esterified RBO (TRBO). This work conducted a preliminary investigation into the BSA's influence on TRBO's lubricating properties. The final modified oil's rheological, thermal, and oxidative stability were found to be improved, and it may be used as a base-stock for eco-friendly lubricant formulations.

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Abstract Polyolester lubricants have been used and developed for aviation gas turbine engines for many decades. The newest MILPRF23699 lubricant class, called enhanced ester (EE), provides the best combination of thermal stability, load carrying capability, boundary lubrication and compatibility with fluoroelastomer Orings. Two candidate EE Class formulations and one high thermal stability class formulation conforming to MILPRF23699G were evaluated for oil degradation with up to 3000 h of bearing operation. Lubricant degradation was studied using VIM VAR M50 bearings with M50 and silicon nitride balls under two operating conditions using two bearing test rigs. Oil degradation in terms of oxidation time, total acid number and viscosity was studied as a function of time with varying results for the three lubricants.

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Base oils make up the majority of the content of engine oils and substantially impact the overall performance of the finished lubricant product. The oxidative and thermal stability of the base oil are critical factors in defining the quality of automobile lubricating oil. Thus, it is critical to understand the degrading behavior of base oils and engine oils. The oxidative and thermal stability of several base oils and engine oil were thoroughly investigated in this study. Three distinct types of base oil (base 1, 2 and 3) and motor oil were produced and physically characterized. The samples were dried in a drying oven at atmospheric pressure and 150 for 24 h. The impact of heat treatment on the samples oxidative stability was investigated using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). The thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the samples thermal stability (TGA). The study was done in an inert atmosphere using nitrogen gas and a 10 min1 heating rate from 30 to 900 . The experimental results indicate that base oils and engine oil resisted oxidation since no ... Read More

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The chemical and physical properties of lubricants can alter during use. High temperatures may cause thermal autooxidation of the base oil, which could impact the performance of lubricant additives. Here, the effect of high temperature on the properties of n-hexadecane base oil is investigated. n-Hexadecane undergoes an irreversible transition from high to low boundary friction at 122134 C when heated in air. FTIR, UVvis and NMR spectroscopy indicate the presence of carbonyl- and hydroxyl-containing oxidation products (carboxylic acids, alcohols, esters, ketones and aldehydes). ATR-FTIR shows that iron carboxylates form exclusively inside and around the rubbed friction surface. QCM-D is used to investigate the adsorption of degradation products onto an iron(III) oxide surface and reveals that almost half the adsorbed mass is effectively irreversibly adsorbed.

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Globally, bio-lubricants are getting attention as these are sustainable, environment friendly, having good lubricity and can easily be extracted from vegetable oils. This study focused on the formulation of TMP based bio-lubricant from renewable cotton seed oil and measuring of its tribological characteristics to evaluate its potential for replacing petroleum-based lubricants. Coefficient of friction and wear for cylinder liner-piston ring combination was measured on HFRR and four-ball. SEM, EDX and surface morphology also described the wear nature and their surface roughness. SAE-40 was studied as a reference commercial lubricant for comparison purposes. It is concluded that pure cotton bio lubricant (CBL-100) gives good lubricity with low COF but higher wear than SAE-40. So, cotton bio lubricant with suitable anti-wear additives package has great potential to be used in global lubricant market instead of mineral based lubricants.

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There is a push toward using biobased lubricants due to their lower ecological impact. Unfortunately, despite some favorable properties, lipids have drawbacks, most notably oxidative stability and cold-flow properties, that hamper their use as high-quality lubricants. To overcome the drawbacks, researchers seek appropriate chemical modifications. In this chapter, we discuss hydrophosphonylation of lipids for obtaining better biobased lubricant reaction chemistry, analysis, and tribological properties of the product. The synthesized lipid phosphonates, especially from di-n-butyl phosphite, have better oxidative stability, good cold flow properties, low compressibility (high bulk modulus), and low traction. While the viscosity index is worsened (lowered), it is still acceptable. The phosphonates also showed good wear reduction in a four-ball tester, when used as additive. These properties indicate that phosphonates from lipids have potential as biobased lubricants, and especially as hydraulic fluids.

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