Additives for Enhancing Properties of EPS

Coating fluid, non-combustible insulation board, and preparation method to improve flame retardancy and insulation performance of building insulation boards. The method involves coating a special fluid onto expanded polystyrene (EPS) particles before molding into an insulation board. The coating fluid contains a flame retardant, emulsion, gum, titanium dioxide, and water. This coating provides flame resistance without compromising insulation properties. Grouting material is then filled into the insulation board's pores to increase strength. The coated EPS, grouted insulation board has lower heat conductivity, better flame retardancy, and higher strength than conventional insulation boards.

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A building assembly using expanded polystyrene (EPS) components that can be quickly and affordably constructed while providing durability and energy efficiency. The assembly involves cutting EPS blocks with a hot wire to create components that fit together like puzzle pieces. The EPS components can be rotated and joined with splines to bridge gaps between them. Magnesium oxide (MgO) sheets are added to the EPS for strength and durability. This allows making walls, floors, and roofs from EPS blocks using a hot wire cutter. The spline connection technique enables joining the EPS components together.

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Refrigerator with insulation using modified nanoparticles in the foam to improve thermal insulation while maintaining the foam's ability to expand and cure. The foam contains nanoparticles with a hydrophobic outer layer and a hydrophilic inner layer. The hydrophobic outer layer prevents particle separation during foam curing. The hydrophilic inner layer bonds to the foam matrix. This fixes the nanoparticles in the foam without clumping or separating. This refines the pore structure to reduce thermal conductivity while maintaining foam expansion and strength. The nanoparticle content is 0.01-0.5 vol % of the foam.

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A thermoplastic resin composition for foam molding that allows foam injection molding of articles with uniform cell size and improved surface appearance. The composition contains specific components like an aromatic polycarbonate, a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, a tetrafluoroethylene polymer, and optionally other additives. The tetrafluoroethylene polymer with high molecular weight inhibits gas escape during foam expansion, resulting in stable foam moldability and uniform cell structure.

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High internal phase emulsion (HIPE) foams with improved compression modulus by adding cellulose nanoparticles to the oil phase during foam formation. The cellulose nanoparticles are modified with chemical groups like acetic anhydride or hexyl isocyanate. The modified nanoparticles increase the compression modulus of the resulting HIPE foam compared to unmodified nanoparticles. The compression modulus of the HIPE foam can range from 20 to 400 kPa. The modified cellulose nanoparticles provide reinforcement to the polymer struts in the HIPE foam structure, enhancing mechanical properties like compression.

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Isocyanate-based construction boards with improved insulation properties at low temperatures. The boards contain a foam made with pentane blowing agent and a blowing agent additive with a solubility parameter above 17 MPa−0.5. This additive improves the insulation R-value at 40°F compared to 75°F median temperatures. The additive enhances the R-value when combined with pentane blowing agent in the foam.

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Polymer foams, particularly those prepared using supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO 2 ), are extensively utilized in diverse applications like thermal insulation and packaging due to their lightweight efficient properties. However, the effectiveness of ScCO foaming is often limited by low cell density large size, mainly resulting from insufficient nucleation control inadequate gas management. In this study, hollow metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) (HZIF8) were introduced as effective nucleating agents assisted polystyrene (PS) foaming. Owing unique structure high internal surface area, HZIF8 significantly enhances adsorption storage capacity, thereby improving efficiency during process. The results show that incorporating into PS increases (up 1.4 10 9 cells cm 3 ) decreases average size (to 8.6 m) under optimal conditions (13.8 MPa, 100 C). Compared conventional ZIF8 nanoparticles, facilitates more CO uptake, leading a finer microcellular morphology, stable foam expansion, enhanced mechanical These demonstrate potential MOFs creating highperformance wi... Read More

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Hollow particles with improved weight reduction and heat insulation properties for use in resins, coatings, and molded bodies. The hollow particles have a shell containing a resin and a single hollow interior. The particles are produced by dispersing a monomer mixture in water, allowing phase separation, and polymerizing the monomers. The particles are then dried at low temperatures to remove the internal solvent. This prevents solvent volatilization during processing while avoiding solvent-induced shell degradation. The hollow particles have specific particle size, circularity, and density ranges.

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Abstract The influence of silica levels and gamma irradiation exposure on static dynamic mechanical characteristics recycled expanded polystyrene (rEPS) /sugarcane bagasse fibers (BF) nanocomposite was examined. (SiO 2 NPs) nanoparticles were incorporated at varying loading 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 parts per hundred plastic (php) subjected to two doses irradiation (100 200 kGy). Infrared spectroscopy, xray diffraction, surface morphology, energydispersive spectroscopy analyses conducted examine the prepared SiO NPs. incorporation NPs within rEPS/BF (10 php BF as constant content) nanocomposites radiation up 100 kGy led significant improvement in tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural storage modulus. loaded with 7.5 exhibited greatest showing a 170% enhancement relative unirradiated sample. SEM analysis confirmed that filler welldistributed throughout polymer matrix upon irradiation. These findings indicate resultant may be beneficial for advanced industrial applications because its enhanced physicomechanical characteristics. Highlights Composites utilizing rEPS created.... Read More

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Durable hollow particles that resist deformation like rupture or denting during processing and use. The hollow particles are manufactured by expanding heat-expandable microspheres. The microspheres have a thermoplastic resin shell containing a thermally gasifiable blowing agent. They also contain an organic silicon compound that exists below or on the shell surface. The organic silicon compound helps resist deformation when the microspheres expand into hollow particles.

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Flame retardant nucleating compositions and formulations for polystyrene foam that achieve excellent flame retardancy and recyclability while maintaining foam quality. The compositions contain phosphorus compounds with oxidation state less than 5, which do not melt or soften in polystyrene molds during processing and have a decomposition temperature range of more than 240°C. These compounds, such as aluminum hypophosphite and ammonium salt of 10-hydroxy-9, 10-dihydri-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide, exhibit dual effects of flame retardancy and nucleation control, enabling the production of polystyrene foams with low density and very low halogen content.

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Flame-retardant expandable polystyrene with enhanced mechanical properties and improved flame retardancy, achieved through a novel combination of a specific polyethylene wax with enhanced flame retardant properties and a controlled surfactant system. The wax exhibits high viscosity at 140°C and acid value, while the surfactant system maintains optimal dispersal of the flame retardant, ensuring stable flame retardant performance. The surfactant system also enables controlled foam formation during processing, preventing collapse and deformation. The combination provides improved mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and foam stability compared to conventional flame retardant formulations.

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A flame-retardant expanded polystyrene composite material for storage and transportation boxes that combines enhanced thermal insulation, moisture resistance, and fire safety properties. The material comprises flame retardant smoke suppressant, physical foaming agents, and specific additives that work together to achieve superior performance in fire retardancy, foaming, and corrosion resistance. The material's unique combination of flame retardant smoke suppressant, physical foaming agents, and specific additives enables optimal performance in storage and transportation applications while maintaining the material's structural integrity and dimensional stability.

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A modified expandable polystyrene (EPS) foaming material that combines the benefits of polystyrene with enhanced performance characteristics. The material comprises a blend of modified polystyrene, nucleating agent, and foaming agent, with a specific formulation optimized for high-end packaging applications. The material achieves improved performance, including enhanced sound absorption, shock absorption, heat preservation, and filtration capabilities, while maintaining its characteristic softness. The material is prepared through a single-step extrusion process, enabling cost-effective production while minimizing waste generation. The material contains colorants to achieve a consistent color finish.

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Flame retardant composition for expanded styrene resin, a flame retardant expanded styrenic resin composition, and an extrusion molded product thereof that provides enhanced flame retardancy and heat resistance in expanded styrene foams. The composition comprises zinc-modified hydrotalcite, specifically a zinc-modified hydrotalcite with a specific composition, and a flame retardant additive. The zinc-modified hydrotalcite acts as a base layer, while the flame retardant additive enhances the foam's thermal stability and fire resistance.

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Organic-inorganic hybrid expanded polystyrene particles with enhanced flame retardancy and thermal insulation properties. The particles combine the insulating properties of expanded polystyrene with the flame retardant performance of organic and inorganic materials. The hybrid particles achieve improved flame retardancy through the controlled incorporation of expanded graphite and flame retardant materials, while maintaining the insulating properties of the polystyrene core.

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Expanded polystyrene (EPS) product that degrades within 2-3 years through controlled microbial degradation, enabling rapid recycling and biodegradation. The product is produced by combining polystyrene with a controlled amount of additives, such as zinc ferrite, mixed metal oxide, or zinc stearate, which catalyze the degradation process. The additives are specifically designed to enhance the microbial degradation of EPS while maintaining its structural integrity. The resulting product is both recyclable and biodegradable, offering a significant environmental advantage over traditional EPS products.

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High-strength expandable polystyrene filled resin for insulation applications, comprising modified polystyrene, flame retardants, and foaming agents. The resin combines the thermal insulation properties of expanded polystyrene with the enhanced mechanical strength and flame retardancy of modified polystyrene, achieved through the addition of flame retardants and foaming agents. The formulation provides improved performance characteristics for insulation applications, particularly in high-temperature environments.

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Foamed polystyrene composite material with enhanced tensile creep resistance and flame retardancy, achieved through a novel preparation method. The composite comprises a polystyrene matrix with a specific weight ratio of polypropylene mesh fibers, phenolic resin, rock wool fibers, polytetrafluoroethylene fibers, and a hardening wax-modified polyethylene wax. The composite material demonstrates superior tensile creep resistance and flame retardancy compared to conventional foamed polystyrene composites, while maintaining excellent water resistance and durability.

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Foamable polystyrene for thermal insulation boards with improved thermal conductivity. The foamable polystyrene is prepared through suspension polymerization with low-emissivity additives during the polymerization process. The resulting foamable polystyrene exhibits reduced thermal conductivity compared to conventional polystyrene, enabling enhanced thermal insulation performance in building insulation applications. The foamable polystyrene can be processed into insulation boards through a molding process, achieving high-performance insulation while maintaining cost advantages.

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Polystyrene foam material with improved flame retardancy and thermal insulation properties through a novel composition that enhances the foam's density and mechanical properties while maintaining its thermal performance. The material comprises a modified polystyrene matrix with specific additives, including magnesium oxide, ethyl diethyl phosphate, cyclopentane, and neopentane, which are precisely balanced to achieve the desired properties. The composition is prepared through a controlled process that incorporates these additives into the polystyrene matrix, resulting in a foam material with superior flame retardancy and thermal insulation performance compared to conventional polystyrene foams.

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Flame retardant composition for coating expanded polystyrene to produce a flame-retardant expanded polystyrene foam. The composition combines a flame retardant with a thermosetting resin and a dispersant to achieve uniform flame retardancy across the expanded polystyrene core. The composition also includes a lubricant and a preservative to enhance foam stability. The flame retardant composition is formulated with a specific balance of flame retardant materials, including copper pentachlorophenol, zinc-2-pyridine thiol oxide, and tetrachloro isophthalo nitril, and a dispersant to improve coating dispersion and stability.

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A method for preparing high-performance expanded polystyrene insulation with enhanced antibacterial properties and improved thermal insulation performance. The method involves incorporating copper nanocrystal containing a long carboalkenyl group onto the polystyrene backbone during emulsion polymerization, which not only provides antibacterial properties but also enhances the material's mechanical strength and brittleness. This integrated approach enables the creation of polystyrene insulation with superior thermal insulation performance while maintaining its mold resistance.

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Expanded polystyrene foam with enhanced non-combustibility through a novel ceramic nanoporous body that combines flame retardancy with improved thermal insulation properties. The ceramic body, comprising hydrogen adsorbed in a specific nanoporous structure, is applied to polystyrene beads before foam molding. The resulting foam exhibits superior flame retardancy while maintaining thermal insulation performance compared to conventional formulations. The ceramic body enhances the foam's non-combustible properties through its unique adsorption characteristics, while the polystyrene beads provide structural integrity. The combination enables the production of lightweight, flame-resistant expanded polystyrene foam panels that meet stringent safety standards without compromising thermal performance.

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Semi-non-combustible insulation material with enhanced flame retardancy achieved through the controlled incorporation of graphene oxide in expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation. The material combines the conventional EPS with a precisely formulated additive containing graphene oxide, which is strategically blended with the EPS to achieve optimal flame retardancy. The optimized formulation balances the performance of the graphene oxide with the thermal stability of the EPS, resulting in a material with superior non-combustibility compared to conventional insulation materials.

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A flame-retardant expanded styrene resin composition that combines a bromine-based compound with zinc oxide to achieve high thermal stability and improved flame retardancy. The composition comprises a styrene resin, a bromine compound with tertiary carbon atoms, zinc oxide, and a foaming agent. The bromine compound, such as tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromo-2-methylpropyl ether), provides excellent thermal stability while the zinc oxide enhances flame retardancy. The composition achieves flame retardancy equivalent to or better than traditional bromine-based compounds while maintaining high thermal stability and recyclability of the styrene-based foam.

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Foamable resin composition with enhanced thermal insulation properties and improved foaming characteristics. The composition comprises a heat insulating material that lowers thermal conductivity of the foam, while a flame retardant compound provides both thermal insulation and flame retardancy. The flame retardant is a carbon-based compound with high thermal stability, enabling effective flame retardancy without compromising foaming properties. The composition is formulated to achieve both thermal insulation and flame retardancy through a single-step process, eliminating the need for separate flame retardant additives.

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Flame-retardant EPS foam for radiation crosslinking that combines the benefits of EPS with enhanced thermal stability. The foam comprises a flame-retardant core of pentaerythritol, ammonium polyphosphate, maleic anhydride, polypropylene, and pentaerythritol, which undergoes controlled cross-linking and radiation cross-linking processes to achieve improved thermal resistance. The foam is prepared through a multi-step process involving quantitative mixing of the core components, cross-linking agents, and radiation cross-linking accelerators, followed by processing and extrusion into a sheet. The sheet undergoes multi-stage stretching under vacuum negative pressure before being molded into a finished product.

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Flame-retardant expanded styrene-based resin composition for molded foam applications, comprising a styrene-based resin, a flame retardant, a zinc fatty acid, a heat stabilizer, and a foaming agent. The composition contains a styrene-based resin, a flame retardant comprising phenol bis(2,3-dibromo-2-methylpropyl ether) and a bromine-containing flame retardant other than the phenol bis(2,3-dibromo-2-methylpropyl ether), and a zinc fatty acid, and a heat stabilizer, and a foaming agent. The flame retardant is tetrabromobis A flame-retardant expanded styrene resin composition comprising phenol bis(2,3-dibromo-2-methylpropyl ether) and a bromine-containing flame retardant other than the phenol bis(2,3-dibromo-2-methylpropyl ether), and the flame retardant is provided.

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Polystyrene foams with improved blowing agent solubility and retention, achieved through the incorporation of glycerol tristearate (GTS) and other additives. The compositions contain polystyrene, a blowing agent, and an additive selected from glycerol tristearate (GTS), mineral oil, epoxidized soy oil, epoxidized polybutadiene, or combinations thereof. The GTS additive enhances blowing agent solubility in polystyrene, while the mineral oil additive improves foam density and mechanical properties. The compositions enable the production of low-density polystyrene foams with enhanced insulation properties and superior mechanical performance compared to conventional foams.

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Flame-retardant foamed polystyrene profile with enhanced fire resistance, thermal insulation, and impact strength. The profile combines modified polystyrene with expanded graphite, talc, flame retardant, carbon black, and CO2 blowing agent. The methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose dispersant is incorporated to improve product dispersion and impact performance. The profile achieves superior fire resistance and thermal insulation properties while maintaining high impact strength, making it suitable for applications requiring both fire protection and insulation capabilities.

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A method for producing expandable polystyrene (EPS) through a single-step process that eliminates the need for high-pressure water treatment and expensive equipment. The method involves a novel combination of polystyrene polymerization and graphite additive blending, followed by extrusion and cutting into pellets. The graphite additive enhances thermal conductivity while maintaining the structural integrity of the polystyrene. This single-step process enables the production of colored and black EPS products without the environmental concerns associated with traditional suspension methods.

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Flame retardant mixtures containing brominated vinylaromatic-diene block copolymers (Br-SBC) for use in polymer blends, particularly in expanded polystyrene (EPS) and XPS foams. The mixtures contain a controlled proportion of Br-SBC (50-99.5 wt.-%) and a diene polymer (50-99.5 wt.-%), with the Br-SBC content being higher. The Br-SBCs are prepared through a selective bromination process that minimizes the formation of tertiary bromo units, resulting in a stable and homogeneous reaction solution. The Br-SBCs enhance the thermal stability and oxygen index of the resulting foam, enabling standard fire tests with enhanced insulation properties.

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Foamed polystyrene resin composition and products that achieve superior thermal insulation properties through controlled carbon dioxide foaming. The composition comprises a polystyrene resin, a supercritical carbon dioxide foaming agent, and a flame retardant system. The foaming agent is precisely controlled to produce a uniform, stable foam structure that maintains its thermal insulation properties over time. The flame retardant system, comprising bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate), resorcinol tetraphenyl diphosphate, and other additives, enhances the material's fire resistance while maintaining its thermal insulation performance.

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High-performance thermal flame retardant foamed polystyrene material for building insulation and decorative substrates, comprising a foamed polystyrene matrix with enhanced flame retardancy properties. The material combines the thermal insulation benefits of polystyrene with the flame retardancy of a flame retardant additive, achieved through a proprietary foaming process that incorporates the additive into the foam structure. The resulting material offers superior thermal performance, flame retardancy, and recyclability compared to conventional polystyrene foams.

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Expandable polystyrene insulation material with enhanced performance through a novel combination of polystyrene and a proprietary additive system. The material combines the thermal insulation properties of polystyrene with the flame retardant and waterproof characteristics of a flame retardant additive system. The additive system comprises a combination of aminomethyl benzoate, paratoluene acetic acid, acid emulsion, and alkyd resin. This additive system provides improved flame retardancy, thermal insulation, and water resistance, enabling the material to meet the stringent requirements of building insulation applications while maintaining its structural integrity.

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A flame retardant masterbatch for foamed polystyrene that achieves improved cell uniformity and enhanced flame retardancy through a novel manufacturing process. The masterbatch comprises a concentrated flame retardant composition, a lubricant, an antioxidant, a nucleating agent, and a silicone oil. The masterbatch is produced by mixing the flame retardant components with a lubricant, antioxidant, and nucleating agent in a controlled mixing process. The resulting masterbatch is then converted into polymer pellets through extrusion, ensuring uniform dispersion of the flame retardant components. This masterbatch formulation provides a high-performance flame retardant solution for foamed polystyrene applications while minimizing processing conditions and maintaining polymer properties.

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Flame retardant pre-expanded polymer materials for foamed articles that achieve improved flame resistance and mechanical properties without compromising moldability or surface appearance. The materials contain a specific combination of nitrogen-free phosphorus-containing compounds and hindered amines, with a weight ratio of 1:20 or better, and are produced through controlled expansion processes. The resulting foamed articles exhibit enhanced flame retardancy, improved cushioning and energy absorption, and maintain their non-dripping and non-ignition properties during processing.

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Modified expandable polystyrene rubber with enhanced flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and cost-effectiveness. The modified material comprises an expanded polystyrene core, boric acid as a flame retardant, liquid silicone rubber as a toughening agent, talcum powder as a filler, chlorinated polyethylene as an impact modifier, and ethylene bis-stearic amide as a dispersant. The formulation achieves improved flame retardancy, high impact strength, and hardness while maintaining a cost-effective composition.

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A flame retardant foam insulation composition that combines the benefits of expanded polystyrene (EPS) with graphite and red phosphorus. The composition comprises a modified EPS/Graphite/Red Phosphorus blend, where graphite and red phosphorus are added to the EPS to enhance its mechanical properties while graphite provides excellent flame retardancy. The phosphorus encapsulates in the graphite matrix, creating a synergistic effect that significantly improves the overall performance of the insulation material.

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Flame retardant for expanding polystyrene foams that achieves high fire resistance without halogenated compounds. The flame retardant contains a phosphorus compound of the formula (I) or hydrolysates thereof, combined with sulfur compounds, particularly elemental sulfur, as a synergistic flame retardant. The phosphorus compound enhances the fire resistance of the polystyrene foam while maintaining its structural integrity. The combination provides a reliable, non-flammable, and high-quality fire-resistant material for expanding polystyrene foams.

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Flame retardant pre-expanded polymer materials for foamed articles, particularly for vehicle and building applications, that achieve improved flame resistance and mechanical properties without compromising moldability or surface appearance. The materials contain a novel phosphorus-free flame retardant system comprising phosphinic acids, nitrogen-free organo-phosphorous compounds, and carbon black, which provides enhanced flame retardancy through synergistic interactions. The system is incorporated into pre-expanded polymer particles that can be molded into foamed articles through in-mold foaming or extrusion-foaming processes. The resulting foamed articles exhibit superior flame resistance, cushioning, and energy absorption properties compared to conventional foamed materials, while maintaining excellent moldability and surface appearance.

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Expanded polystyrene-based resin particles with melamine cyanurate on their surface, which exhibit improved mechanical properties, hardness, and static resistance without compromising their cushioning and heat insulation characteristics. The particles incorporate a rubber-like latex that forms a durable, melamine cyanurate-based coating on their surface, while maintaining their expanded polystyrene structure. This composition enables the production of expanded polystyrene-based resin products with enhanced performance characteristics.

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Volume-reducing agent for expanded polystyrene (EPS) that enables efficient recycling through a novel combination of mechanical and chemical processes. The agent, comprising a water-soluble organic compound, selectively dissolves and swells EPS, allowing it to be easily removed through water treatment. This approach eliminates the need for complex processing steps and conventional foaming agents, enabling rapid and cost-effective recycling of EPS.

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A flame-retardant foam composition that combines a styrene-based resin with a flame retardant containing tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2,3-dibromo-2-methylpropyl ether) and zinc-modified hydrotalcite. The flame retardant composition achieves a flame index of 26.0 or higher through the combination of the styrene-based resin and the flame retardant, which is formulated with zinc-modified hydrotalcite and a zeolite. The composition is produced through an extrusion process where the flame retardant is added to the styrene resin, which is then extruded into a foam through a spinneret. The resulting foam exhibits improved thermal stability compared to conventional flame-retardant foams.

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A heat-resistant fire retardant expandable polystyrene with enhanced thermal stability and flame retardancy. The material comprises a specific blend of styrene, phenolic resin, polypropylene, water, peroxide, and additives, with the peroxide content optimized for enhanced thermal resistance. The formulation combines these components with a proprietary foam-enhancing agent to create a material with superior thermal performance and fire retardant properties.

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A high-performance, flame-retardant expandable polystyrene composition for building insulation that combines superior thermal resistance with enhanced fire safety. The composition comprises a unique blend of granular components, including graphite, carbon black, and other flame retardants, which are precisely mixed and cooled to form a uniform pellet. This pelletized material exhibits exceptional thermal insulation properties, including low thermal conductivity and excellent dimensional stability, while also demonstrating enhanced fire resistance. The composition can be formulated into various forms, including hollow glass balls, to provide additional fire protection.

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High-performance expandable polystyrene with enhanced toughness and thermal insulation properties, achieved through a novel combination of additives and processing conditions. The material comprises a specific ratio of styrene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, high-density polyethylene, and various additives, including calcium phosphate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and anti-foaming agents. The preparation involves a specific temperature and pressure profile that combines the benefits of high-density polyethylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer in the reaction vessel, followed by controlled addition of peroxide dibenzoyl, benzoic acid, and titanium dioxide. The resulting material exhibits superior thermal insulation properties, enhanced mechanical durability, and improved resistance to aging and degradation compared to conventional expandable polystyrene.

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Halogen-free flame retardant and impact polystyrene with enhanced fire resistance and mechanical properties. The composition comprises a synergistic flame retardant-antioxidant-lubricant system that provides superior flame retardancy, thermal stability, and impact resistance compared to conventional halogenated flame retardants. The system is incorporated into polystyrene through a novel formulation approach that combines flame retardant properties with antioxidant and lubricant functions. The resulting material exhibits improved performance in standard flammability tests and maintains its mechanical properties under impact conditions, making it suitable for applications requiring both flame retardancy and impact resistance.

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Flame-retardant coating composition for expanded polystyrene foam that maintains superior flame retardancy and mechanical properties. The composition comprises purified expanded graphite, aluminum hydroxide, a water-soluble binder, and magnesium hydroxide and red clay. The binder is formulated from a blend of polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and purified water, with an emulsifier added to enhance dispersion. The composition is formulated to maintain uniform coating film formation and prevent graphite particle aggregation, ensuring consistent flame retardancy performance.

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