Oxygen Resistant Biodegradable Packaging

Biodegradable polymer composition for packaging applications that provides a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics. The composition is a blend of biodegradable polymers like polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), and polybutylene succinate (PBS) along with fillers like cellulose fibers and calcium carbonate. The blend is designed to achieve optimal mechanical strength, flexibility, and biodegradability for packaging applications like food, beverage, personal care, agriculture, and industrial packaging. The use of biodegradable polymers significantly reduces environmental footprint compared to petroleum plastics, the composition is made from renewable resources, and the inclusion of fillers and plasticizers makes it economically viable.

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A biodegradable polymer composition for packaging applications, comprising 40-75% aliphatic-aromatic polyester, 0-15% polyhydroxyalkanoate, 0-15% starch or starch derivatives, and 0-15% plasticizer, wherein the plasticizer is a linear or branched polyether-polyol with a specific molecular weight range. The composition exhibits improved processability, mechanical properties, and odor neutrality compared to conventional starch-based bioplastics.

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Biodegradable gas barrier film comprising a substrate layer and a gas barrier layer, where the gas barrier layer contains 40-60% poly(glycolic acid) relative to the total volume of the gas barrier layer. The gas barrier layer has a thickness between 0.38 and 4.89 microns and exhibits excellent gas barrier properties through mutual complementation of the gas barrier layer and the substrate layer. The gas barrier layer can be formulated with various polymers, including poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), to enhance its gas barrier performance.

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A biodegradable laminate and film for forming inorganic vapor deposition films, comprising a base layer, a vapor-deposited film, and a resin layer in this order. The resin layer contains a first aliphatic polyester resin (A) with a specific molecular structure that provides high surface tension and low surface roughness, enabling excellent adhesion to the vapor deposition film. The resin layer is formed from a composition comprising the aliphatic polyester resin (A), optionally a polyhydroxyalkanoate (C), and other resins as needed. The laminate and film exhibit excellent biodegradability, including home compostability and marine biodegradability.

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Multi-layer packaging material for eco-sustainable and high-barrier food packaging, particularly for confectionery products. The packaging has a biodegradable base film made of bio-based polymers like PBS, PHA, or vegetable proteins. It also contains natural fillers like cellulose nanofibers and phyllosilicates. The fillers improve barrier properties and mechanical strength. The packaging has a heat-sealable barrier layer on the inside made of biodegradable polymers like PHBH and PBS. This provides excellent oxygen, water vapor, and aroma barrier while still allowing compostability and biodegradation. The multi-layer structure combines biodegradability, compostability, barrier properties, and mechanical strength for eco-friendly confectionery packaging.

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Multilayer barrier film for packaging applications with high oxygen barrier and transparency. The film has alternating layers of an aliphatic polyester resin and a butenediol vinyl alcohol copolymer (BVOH) or an ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) resin. This combination provides both oxygen barrier and transparency compared to using just polyester layers. The film can be made by alternately extruding and laminating the resins, then biaxially stretching and heat setting the stack.

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Biodegradable multilayer packaging film with improved properties like barrier, transparency, tear strength, and shelf life. The film has an inner layer of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) sandwiched between two outer layers of biodegradable aliphatic aromatic polyester (BioAEP). The outer layers contain antifogging agents to prevent moisture buildup. The film structure provides good barrier, transparency, and shelf life stability while also being biodegradable.

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Biodegradable barrier film for packaging applications that has improved oxygen barrier properties and transparency compared to existing biodegradable films. The film is made by alternately laminating layers of an aliphatic polyester like polylactic acid and a polyvinyl alcohol. This structure provides both oxygen barrier and transparency. The layers are melt extruded, alternated, and then biaxially stretched and heat set to form the film.

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A food-grade multilayer film for flexible packaging of semi-liquid products, particularly for pouches and doypacks, that combines barrier properties with mechanical performance. The film comprises a cellulose-based barrier layer on the outer surface and a bio-based Poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) layer on the inner surface, with both layers integrated into a single, food-grade multilayer structure. The film achieves superior barrier properties, including oxygen transmission and water vapor transmission rates, while maintaining mechanical integrity and biodegradability. This innovative multilayer design enables the creation of flexible packaging that meets the demands of semi-liquid products while maintaining their integrity and shelf life.

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Food spoilage driven by microbes exacerbates our existing problems, besides food insecurity and financial loss. Consequently, one of the significant obstacles to safeguarding food from external pollutants is adequate packaging and preserving its calibre. Food has traditionally been packaged in plastic, which has limited recyclability and harms the environment. The manufacturing of plastic packaging materials depends significantly on fossil fuels. The extraction and processing of these finite resources contribute to environmental degradation. This not only endangers the environment but also presents hazards to human health, as toxins from plastics can infiltrate the food chain. Integrating biodegradable elements into food packaging supports a wider effort to optimize packaging processes for greater efficiency and environmental responsibility. The practicality of biodegradable packaging extends across diverse aspects, covering environmental gains, the conservation of resources, reduction in waste, and consideration of consumer preferences. Biodegradable elements, commonly sourced from ... Read More

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Packaging materials are crucial components in pharmaceutical products, serving multiple functions beyond mere containment. They protect drugs from environmental factors such as light, moisture, and oxygen, thereby preserving their stability and efficacy. Various materials are employed in pharmaceutical packaging, including glass, plastics, metals, and flexible laminates, each with specific properties suited to different drug formulations and dosage forms. Primary packaging, which comes into direct contact with the drug, requires careful selection to ensure compatibility and stability. Secondary and tertiary packaging provide additional protection and facilitate handling and distribution. The choice of packaging material considers factors such as moisture permeability, light transmission, gas barrier properties, and chemical inertness. Child-resistant and tamper-evident features are incorporated to enhance safety and prevent misuse. Environmental concerns have led to increased focus on sustainable packaging solutions, including recyclable and biodegradable materials. Innovative packag... Read More

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Home compostable articles comprising polylactic acid (PLA) are produced by blending PLA with biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic polyesters derived from aliphatic C6-C18 dicarboxylic acids, aromatic dicarboxylic acids, and aliphatic C2-C10 diols. The aliphatic-aromatic polyesters improve the home compostability of PLA, enabling the production of compostable articles that meet industrial composting standards. The blend can be processed using conventional techniques such as extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding to produce a wide range of articles, including packaging materials, tableware, and agricultural products.

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Conventional passive packaging plays a crucial role in food manufacturing by protecting foods from various external influences. Most packaging materials are polymer-based plastics derived from fossil carbon sources, which are favored for their versatility, aesthetic appeal, and cost-effectiveness. However, the extensive use of these materials poses significant environmental challenges due to their fossil-based origins and persistence in the environment. Global plastic consumption for packaging is expected to nearly triple by 2060, exacerbating the ecological crisis. Moreover, globalization has increased access to a diverse range of foods from around the world, heightening the importance of packaging in providing healthier and safer foods with extended shelf life. In response to these challenges, there is a growing shift to eco-friendly active packaging that not only protects but also preserves the authentic qualities of food, surpassing the roles of conventional passive packaging. This article provides a comprehensive review on the viability, benefits, and challenges of implementing ... Read More

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Biodegradable packaging material with improved oxygen and fat/oil barrier properties. The packaging material uses a biodegradable polymer composite layer made of specific layers: a central barrier layer of vinyl alcohol polymer, adhesion promoter layers made of predominantly vinyl alcohol polymer on both sides, a sealable layer, and an outer substrate layer. This composite structure provides both oxygen barrier and fat/oil resistance while being biodegradable. The vinyl alcohol polymer in the barrier layer reduces oxygen permeability, and the adhesion promoter layers enhance adhesion.

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Biodegradable polymeric compositions for packaging consumer goods like food, clothing, and household items that are predominantly home compostable. The compositions contain a blend of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and other biodegradable polymers like polyesters and cellulose esters. The PHAs provide biodegradability, while the other polymers enhance properties like strength and barrier. A nucleating agent is added to improve processing. The blended compositions can be used in home composting systems to biodegrade along with food waste.

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Oxygen barrier material comprising a biodegradable support layer and a biodegradable second coating layer, where the support layer is made from cellulose-containing natural fibers and the second coating layer is made from polybutylene succinate. The biodegradable layers are extruded onto the support layer, forming a barrier laminate with excellent oxygen barrier properties.

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A biodegradable oxygen barrier material comprising a support layer with a first coating layer and a second coating layer applied by extrusion coating. The first coating layer contains a biodegradable binding agent, preferably polyvinyl alcohol, and the second coating layer is a biodegradable polymeric material. The material exhibits improved oxygen barrier properties and can be used in packaging applications.

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Barrier layer for packaging that provides better oxygen and water barrier properties compared to traditional metal foil barriers. The barrier layer has a base layer made of polyolefin or degradable polymer, and an additional layer on top made of polyvinyl alcohol with metal oxides or non-metal oxides. This improves gas barrier performance while maintaining water barrier capability. The base layer can have a separate section with a different polymer to further enhance water barrier. The oxide layers can be stacked with the base layer instead of forming metal oxides on the base layer. This avoids the cost and process issues of forming metal oxides directly on the base layer.

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Biodegradable film with high barrier properties and low noise level, comprising a blend of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) resins, wherein the PHA resin contains 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3-HH) repeating units and is present in an amount of 10-30 wt% based on the total weight of the PLA and PHA resins. The film is produced by melt-extruding the resin blend, stretching the resulting sheet, and heat-setting the stretched film.

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Biodegradable multilayer film for environmentally friendly packaging that is biodegradable in soil and sea, has excellent barrier properties to oxygen and moisture, and can be easily produced. The film has a biodegradable resin layer made of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers, sandwiched between a substrate layer and a barrier layer. The PHA resin has a heat-sealing strength of 0.5-15 kgf/15 mm. The film has low water vapor and oxygen transmission rates, enabling long-term barrier protection. The barrier layer uses an ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) resin instead of non-biodegradable materials like aluminum or nylon. The film structure allows biodegradability in natural environments without harming the environment, while maintaining barrier properties and lifespan for packaging.

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Biodegradable multilayer composite packaging material that balances biodegradability with barrier properties like oxygen and water vapor resistance. The composite has at least two layers, one made of a specific biodegradable polyester (aliphatic polycondensate A) and the other a biodegradable polymer B. The polyester layer improves barrier properties while the biodegradable B layer enables biodegradability. The composite can further have additional layers like a wax layer or nonwoven fibers.

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Multilayer structure comprising at least three layers with specific polymer compositions that enhance barrier properties, including oxygen gas barrier properties, while maintaining mechanical strength and lamination properties. The structure features a tie layer comprising a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) polymer with more than 30 mol % lactide, a barrier layer comprising a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) polymer with at most 30 mol % lactide, and a base layer comprising polylactide (PLA) polymer. The tie layer provides adhesion between layers while the barrier layer offers enhanced gas barrier properties, including oxygen barrier properties. The combination of these polymer compositions enables the structure to maintain gas barrier properties while maintaining mechanical integrity.

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Biodegradable food packaging article with improved barrier properties achieved by using a barrier label that adheres to the food contact surface of the body during molding. The label is made of a biodegradable support containing a polyhydroxyalkanoate and an aliphatic/aromatic polyester coating. This label significantly reduces THF migration compared to when the label is not used. The body contains a biodegradable diacid-diol polyester with 1,4-butylene dicarboxylate units. The label adhesion is done via in-mold labeling for the food contact surface. This biodegradable packaging is suitable for industrial or home composting.

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Biaxially oriented PHA-rich composite film for food packaging that achieves improved processability, mechanical properties, heat sealability, and compostability through selective modification of a biodegradable polymer core. The film comprises a core layer comprising PHA resin and non-PHA modifier, with a modifier having a glass transition temperature of Tg ≤ 60°C. The modifier is incorporated into the core layer at an amount of more than 50 wt % of the total weight, while the core layer itself contains PHA resin with a PHA content greater than 50 wt %. The film is processed in a tenter frame process and simultaneously oriented in machine and transverse directions.

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A biodegradable and recyclable barrier paper laminate for flexible packaging applications, comprising a biodegradable paper layer, a biodegradable primer layer, an inorganic barrier layer, and a biodegradable polymeric sealing layer. The laminate provides improved barrier properties against moisture, oxygen, and grease while maintaining biodegradability and recyclability. The biodegradable polymeric sealing layer enables heat sealing, while the biodegradable primer layers enhance adhesion between the paper and barrier layers. The laminate is suitable for packaging applications requiring moisture, oxygen, and grease barriers, such as sachets, pouches, and bags.

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A recyclable paper barrier laminate for flexible packaging applications, comprising a recyclable paper layer, a water-soluble lamination layer, a water-dispersible barrier layer, and a water-soluble sealing layer. The laminate is made by applying a water-soluble polymeric composition to the paper layer, followed by a water-dispersible nanoplatelet layer, and finally a second water-soluble polymeric composition. The laminate provides improved barrier properties against moisture, oxygen, and grease, while maintaining recyclability and biodegradability.

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Degradable multilayer composite film for food packaging made from biodegradable polymers like polybutyrolactam (PA4), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polyester biodegradable polymers. The film has an oxygen barrier layer of PA4, an adhesive layer of PVA, and a moisture barrier layer of the biodegradable ester polymer. This layered structure provides oxygen and moisture barrier properties needed for food packaging. The PA4-PVA-ester layers are formed by solution casting and assembly. The PVA adhesion layer helps bond the layers together due to hydrogen bonding between the PA4 and ester polymer chains. This prevents delamination and improves film performance.

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Preparing high-barrier biodegradable packaging films with good mechanical properties. The films are made by extrusion blowing a composite of polyglycolic acid (PGA) and poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) at specific ratios. The PGA provides barrier properties against oxygen and water vapor, while the PBSA adds toughness. The PBSA is dispersed in fibrous form within the PGA matrix by optimizing extrusion blowing conditions. This improves the mechanical strength and barrier properties compared to films made by press molding or low-rate extrusion blowing.

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In today's world, packaging is omnipresent and crucial since it surrounds, enriches, and safeguards the products we purchase from the time of processing and manufacturing through storage and selling to the final customer. It is practically impossible to think of more than a handful of items that are offered in an unpackaged state, thus the significance of packaging barely needs to be emphasized. Because it provides a variety of advantages over plastic made from petroleum resources, bio-based food packaging is being utilized more frequently. Bio-based packaging makes a variety of contributions to the preservation of packaged food, depending on the characteristics of the material employed in production. Future food is anticipated to rely heavily on biotechnology to address key issues, maintain integrity, and actively avoid food spoiling. Food packaging using nanobiotechnology is discussed in this chapter. The use of bio-based packaging can replace conventional packaging made of environmentally hazardous, nonbiodegradable plastic polymers.

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With the increasing awareness of the harmful effects of plastics on the environment, the demand for biodegradable packaging materials is growing.

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Polyester-based packaging material with high gas barrier properties for food preservation. The material comprises a thermoplastic polyester and a polyether additive that provides improved oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier compared to the polyester alone. The polyether additive is present in a concentration range of 0.3-15% by weight. The polyester can be PET, PBT, or a copolymer. The polyether additive is a polyalkylene glycol like PEG, PTMEG, or PEO. The composition allows recyclable packaging with high gas barrier without adding oxidizable additives or metals.

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Subject. Packaging materials made from biodegradable plastics used for packaging dairy products, as well as the technological properties of these materials that allow their use. Purpose. To justification of the feasibility of using biodegradable packaging materials, in particular bioplastics, for packaging milk and dairy products. Methods. During the research, a systematic approach was used to research factual materials, in particular scientific and scientific-practical literature, regulatory legal acts, regulatory documents and the like; abstract-logical approach to the synthesis of research results and the formulation of conclusions. Results. The dairy industry uses biodegradable plastics; bio-based materials derived from renewable resources that can be used for dairy products with a limited shelf life. Biodegradable materials must protect the dairy product from environmental influences and ensure that quality is maintained during transportation and storage. In this sense, mechanical and barrier properties regarding oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, light and odors are important. You ... Read More

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A method for producing a food-grade paper material with water vapor and oxygen barrier properties, comprising treating at least one surface of a paper substrate with a dispersion containing a polymer resin-based binding phase and a PVOH- and/or SiO2-based dispersed phase. The treated paper material exhibits OTR and WVTR values below 1 cc/m2/day at 23°C and 50% RH, is heat-sealable, and maintains printability characteristics.

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Biodegradable and recyclable barrier paper laminate for flexible packaging applications, comprising a biodegradable paper layer, a biodegradable primer layer, an inorganic barrier layer, and a biodegradable polymeric sealing layer. The laminate provides improved barrier properties against moisture, oxygen, and grease while maintaining biodegradability and recyclability. The biodegradable polymeric sealing layer is formed using a water-borne biodegradable polymeric composition that can be applied using various methods, including aqueous coating and extrusion. The laminate can be produced using a multi-step process involving application of the biodegradable polymeric composition, primer layer, and inorganic barrier layer, followed by drying and lamination.

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Composite material for manufacturing barrier layers with improved barrier properties for packaging applications. The composite contains Polyhydroxyalkanoate, polylactic acid, modified layered silicate, polyalkylene carbonate, and an auxiliary agent. The composite is extruded or injection molded into barrier layers for packaging materials like films and boxes. The composite's barrier properties can reduce fluid penetration compared to pure Polyhydroxyalkanoate. The modified layered silicate and polyalkylene carbonate improve barrier properties.

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Biodegradable retort food pouch made from multiple layers that are biodegradable and/or compostable. The pouch structure includes a heat-sealable layer, a barrier layer, an optionally included nylon layer, and a printed layer. The heat-sealable layer contains biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates. The barrier layer has aluminum and/or biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates. The printed layer contains biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates and/or cellulose. This allows the entire pouch to be biodegradable and compostable.

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Robust method for manufacturing barrier-coated paper or cellulose-based substrates suitable for packaging oxygen-sensitive products like food. The method involves coating the paper at high line speeds of 300 m/min or higher using roll coating techniques like reverse rotogravure. The coating steps are: (1) applying a thin defect-free barrier coating of gas barrier polymer like PVOH, (2) followed by a vapor deposition coating of a thin barrier polymer like EVOH. The resulting barrier-coated paper has good oxygen barrier properties without needing thick coatings or aluminum foil. It can be used to make laminated packaging materials for long-term aseptic storage of liquid foods without oxygen ingress.

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Biodegradable packaging materials with enhanced gas barrier properties that replace traditional petroleum-based polymers. The materials incorporate biocarbon-based fillers in combination with conventional biodegradable polymers, achieving superior oxygen and water barrier performance. The biocarbon fillers, derived from renewable biomass sources, provide enhanced oxygen barrier properties compared to conventional oxygen scavengers, while maintaining high water barrier performance. The materials exhibit excellent gas barrier properties, making them suitable for applications requiring high oxygen and water barrier performance, such as food packaging and pharmaceutical applications.

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Laminate for food packaging and lids that balances gas barrier, adhesive strength, and biodegradability. The laminate has a gas barrier layer made from a modified starch with high amylose content (45% by mass or more) and a water-soluble polymer. This layer is adjacent to a substrate. The laminate has a high biodegradability (80% or more) when tested. The modified starch with high amylose content provides good gas barrier properties. The water-soluble polymer helps adhesion between the barrier layer and substrate. The biodegradable laminate is suitable for food packaging and lids that can break down in composting conditions.

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Compostable flexible packaging films and bags that disintegrate quickly when composted. The films have a sandwich structure with an inner layer made of water-soluble modified PVOH surrounded by two outer layers made of starch-based biopolymers. The outer layers resist water vapor and oxygen permeation. This protects the inner layer from disintegration when exposed to moisture, allowing the entire film to compost rapidly. The compostability is triggered by the inner layer disintegrating when composted.

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Polybutylene succinate (PBS)-based copolymers that are easily decomposed by compost or the like. The copolymer is derived from a sebacic acid component, a succinic acid component, and a sebacic acid component.

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Biodegradable laminating film for packaging applications like food containers that can be composted after use. The film has a unique layer structure that improves biodegradability while maintaining adhesion to substrates like paper. The film has an adhesive layer (A) and a biodegradable layer (B) made of aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic polyesters. The biodegradable layer has specific compositions of dicarboxylic acids, terephthalic acid, diols, chain extenders, and branching agents to balance biodegradability and compatibility with the adhesive layer. The film can be used to coat substrates like paper for food packaging that can be composted after use.

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Biodegradable laminating film for packaging applications, comprising a 0.5-7 μm thick adhesive layer A and a 5-150 μm thick biodegradable polyester layer B. Layer B is composed of an aliphatic polyester and/or aliphatic-aromatic polyester, with the latter containing 30-70 mol % of a C6-C12 dicarboxylic acid. The film exhibits improved biodegradability, home compostability, and adhesion to paper substrates, making it suitable for flexible packaging applications.

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Reducing oxygen levels in packaged products to extend shelf life by incorporating carbohydrates like sugars into the packaging materials themselves. The sugars scavenge oxygen as it permeates the package walls. This provides a uniform oxygen level throughout the package compared to sachets or additives. The sugars can be entrained in polymers, films, or coatings. They scavenge oxygen in response to moisture, so adding water can enhance scavenging. This allows using common materials like polyethylene film for food packaging that can be scavenged instead of specialized oxygen barrier films.

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A multi-layer packaging film structure for food and consumer products that is biodegradable and compostable. The structure includes a barrier web with a core layer, skin layer, and sealant layer, all of which are made from biodegradable polymers such as poly(3-hydroxypropionate). The barrier web exhibits low oxygen permeability and good heat seal properties, making it suitable for packaging applications. The structure is home compostable and can be used in place of traditional petroleum-based packaging materials.

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Degradable modified atmosphere packaging container with a BOPLA film lid and base that can be heat sealed together. The container body has a BOPLA surface layer on the top of a composite base layer made of a degradable polymer. This allows the container to be made entirely of degradable materials since the BOPLA layer can be heat sealed with BOPLA film for the lid. The composite base layer provides strength and degradability for the container body. The BOPLA surface layer prevents contamination of the contents by the degradable base layer.

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Biodegradable and compostable bags for food products that improve durability and presentation while reducing environmental impact compared to traditional plastic bags. The bags are made from a continuous laminate that combines a bioplastic film with paper layers. The bioplastic film provides barrier properties to prevent moisture and gas transfer, while the paper layers provide durability, strength, and barrier to electrostatic charge. This allows the bioplastic film to be covered by paper layers, reducing exposed surface for moisture and gas transfer, improving product shelf life. The paper also provides a barrier to electrostatic charge that improves bag handling and welding compared to bioplastic alone.

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To preserve the environment and to prevent the damage caused by packaging materials, the development of biodegradable, organic, and nano-active films for packaging is progressively being accentuated. As the demand for getting fresh and preservative-free food is increasing, an improved level of clarity and stability for consumers about the packaging is required. Presently, oxygen scavengers are used in the form of films, sachets, powders, or as part of the packaging material itself along with other means of preservation such as the use of chemicals, reduced water activity, pH, multilayer composite material, and or vacuum or modified packaging. Today's current demand increases their incorporation directly into the packaging material rather than being a part of the food itself. The present review, therefore, is based on the availability of types of natural sources of oxygen scavenging systems like antioxidants, and nano iron, and their possible scope of use in the food packaging industry.

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The contribution of plastic packaging in food is substantial, but issues associated with its biodegradability and recycling initiates major concerns for environment and human health thus necessitating substitution of conventional synthetic plastics with bio-based packaging materials. Studies have demonstrated economic competition of bio-based materials with synthetic plastics because of their biodegradability, wide availability, excellent barrier and mechanical properties. These materials can be commercialized on a large scale but still somehow are under-investigated in many areas. Moreover, some of the influencing factors including confusion between bio-based and biodegradability pose a significant challenge on evolution of bio-based packaging. Therefore, the review focuses on bio-based packaging materials derived from various renewable resources like biomass, microorganisms and microalgae involving their possible food packaging applications along with required development in multiple regions for proper utilization of offered advantages in the food packaging market.

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A biodegradable and compostable packaging film for perishable goods that combines a light-permeable base structure made from Mater-Bi bioplastics with a barrier layer comprising aluminum, aluminum oxide, or silicon oxide to provide enhanced protection against water vapor and atmospheric gases.

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