3D Printing based Encapsulation Techniques

A method for encapsulating postbiotics using three-dimensional printing to create targeted delivery forms. The method involves depositing a postbiotic composition in a specific texture, shape, and size determined by the intended site of action, using techniques such as selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, binder jetting, or ink jetting. The composition can be mixed with a binder, such as chitosan, to facilitate encapsulation. The resulting encapsulated postbiotics can be designed to release their beneficial metabolites in a controlled manner, providing targeted therapeutic effects.

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A system and method for three-dimensional food printing of bioactive compounds encapsulated in food-grade biopolymer-based hydrogels. The method involves preparing a bio-ink composition comprising a predetermined concentration of a food-grade biopolymer, extruding the bio-ink composition from a three-dimensional food printing system to form a porous hydrogel, and freeze-drying the hydrogel to create encapsulated particles. The system enables precise control over particle size, porosity, and encapsulation efficiency, and can be used to print complex structures with multiple layers and materials.

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Double-network hydrogel particles for 3D printing, comprising two independent polymer networks: a first network formed by click chemistry between norbornene and tetrazine functionalized polyacrylamide, and a second network formed by ionic crosslinking of alginate. The particles can be precisely manipulated and assembled into complex 3D structures through digital assembly of spherical particles (DASP) printing.

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A structure material for additive manufacturing comprising a biocompatible polymer, a solvent, at least 10 million cells/mL, and a polymerization inhibitor, enabling high-fidelity reproduction of patient-specific organic shapes and improved quality control of geometric fidelity in 3D bioprinting applications.

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Double-gel system comprising an oleogel around a hydrogel, containing probiotic cells and prebiotic dietary fibers, for protecting probiotics from environmental degradation and delivering them to the gut. The system maintains probiotic viability during storage and passage through the gastrointestinal tract, while preventing degradation during processing. The oleogel phase provides structural support, while the hydrogel phase maintains probiotic viability. The system enables controlled release of probiotics in the colon environment, where they can colonize and interact with complex microbiota.

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A 3D printing system for creating engineered living materials by printing dense bacterial colonies in a hydrogel matrix support. The system uses a bioprinter to inject bacterial colonies into a hydrogel bath, where they are cured with UV light to form a 3D printed biohybrid material. The hydrogel matrix provides structural support for the colonies while allowing for nutrient diffusion, enabling the growth of complex bacterial structures in three dimensions.

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Bioactive compounds (BCs) provide numerous health benefits by interacting with one or more components of living tissues and systems. However, despite their potential health benefits, most of the BCs have low bioaccessibility and bioavailability, hindering their potential health-promoting activities. The conventional encapsulation techniques are time-consuming and have major limitations in their food applications, including the use of non-food grade chemicals, undesired sensory attributes, and storage stability issues. A cutting-edge, new technique based on 3D printing can assist in resolving the problems associated with conventional encapsulation technologies. 3D food printing can help protect BCs by incorporating them precisely into three-dimensional matrices, which can provide (i) protection during storage, (ii) enhanced bioavailability, and (iii) effective delivery and controlled release of BCs. Recently, various 3D printing techniques and inks have been investigated in order to create delivery systems with different compositions and geometries, as well as diverse release patterns... Read More

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Introducing specific strains of probiotics into the gut microbiome is a promising way to modulate the intestinal microbiome to treat various health conditions clinically. However, oral probiotics typically have a temporary or limited impact on the gut microbiome and overall health benefits. Here, we reported a 3D printed cellulose-derived spiral tube-like scaffold that enabled high efficacy of the oral delivery of probiotics. Benefiting from the unique surface pattern, this system can effectively extend the retention time of loaded probiotics in the gut without invading nearby tissues, provide a favorable environment for the survival and long-term colonization of loaded probiotics, and influence the intestinal ecosystem as a dietary fiber after degradation. We demonstrate Roseburia intestinalis -loaded scaffold exerts noticeable impacts on the regulation of the gut microbiome to treat various gut-related diseases, including obesity and inflammatory bowel disease; thus, we provide a universal platform for oral delivery of probiotics.

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A diet-reducing capsule containing multi-nutrient microspheres for weight loss and nutritional supplementation. The capsule comprises microspheres encapsulating probiotics, prebiotics, vitamins, and minerals, which are protected from gastric acid and bile salts by an enteric coating. The microspheres are attached to a hydrogel matrix that provides a stable environment for nutrient release. The capsule shell is modified with laser-punched holes to accelerate gastric juice dissolution and timed nutrient release. The capsule promotes satiety, supports gut health, and provides essential nutrients for weight management.

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A method for preparing cell-laden collagen-gellan gum interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogel using 3D-bioprinting, comprising preparing two bioinks with adequate shear-thinning properties, depositing the first bioink on a support media, depositing the second bioink into the first bioink, and crosslinking the gellan gum by adding a crosslinking agent. The method enables the fabrication of complex hydrogel structures with precise temperature control, overcoming limitations of conventional 3D printing techniques. The resulting hydrogel can be used as an artificial skin graft for wound treatment, offering a promising alternative to traditional skin substitutes.

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A bio-ink for 3D printing and bioprinting that eliminates the need for photoinitiators, comprising photocrosslinkable conjugates of hyaluronic acid and gelatin with a bifunctional photoreactive linker. The linker, consisting of umbelliferone and a triethylene glycol spacer, enables crosslinking upon UV exposure, forming a solid hydrogel structure without the use of toxic photoinitiators. The bio-ink exhibits suitable rheological properties for extrusion and maintains cell viability after encapsulation and crosslinking.

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Microencapsulating sensitive materials like probiotics to safely and efficiently deliver them to target locations like the gut. The encapsulation involves a core material like probiotics surrounded by an oil layer and then a solidifying lipid layer. The core is suspended in oil, then contact with molten lipid to form a solid shell. This provides a stable, tolerant microcapsule for delivering sensitive materials like probiotics through harsh conditions like stomach acid and moisture. The capsules have high viability and retention of the core material after storage and distribution.

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An increased demand for natural products nowadays most specifically probiotics (PROs) is evident since it comes in conjunction with beneficial health effects for consumers. In this regard, it is well known that encapsulation could positively affect the PROs' viability throughout food manufacturing and long-term storage. This paper aims to analyze and review various double/multilayer strategies for encapsulation of PROs. Double-layer encapsulation of PROs by electrohydrodynamic atomization or electrospraying technology has been reported along with layer-by-layer assembly and water-in-oil-in-water (W

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The application of probiotics is limited by the loss of survival due to food processing, storage, and gastrointestinal tract. Encapsulation is a key technology for overcoming these challenges. The review focuses on the latest progress in probiotic encapsulation since 2020, especially precision engineering on microbial surfaces and microbial-mediated role. Currently, the encapsulation materials include polysaccharides and proteins, followed by lipids, which is a traditional mainstream trend, while novel plant extracts and polyphenols are on the rise. Other natural materials and processing by-products are also involved. The encapsulation types are divided into rough multicellular encapsulation, precise single-cell encapsulation, and microbial-mediated encapsulation. Recent emerging techniques include cryomilling, 3D printing, spray-drying with a three-fluid coaxial nozzle, and microfluidic. Encapsulated probiotics applied in food is an upward trend in which "classic probiotic foods" (yogurt, cheese, butter, chocolate, etc.) are dominated, supplemented by "novel probiotic foods" (tea, p... Read More

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A 3D printable biocompatible polymer ink (photoink) that enables spatially controlled dual protein motifs for co-culture functionality. The photoink contains a biocompatible polymer with covalently bonded peptides, such as PEG-norbornene, that can be selectively patterned within 3D-printed scaffolds to mimic native cell-matrix interactions. This allows for the creation of complex vascular topologies that support endothelial cell attachment, spreading, and barrier development, with potential applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

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A probiotic microcapsule preparation method that produces uniform microcapsules with controlled particle size, high encapsulation efficiency, and resistance to gastric acids and high temperatures. The method involves coating probiotic bacteria with a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution containing a coating material, followed by lyophilization. The resulting microcapsules exhibit improved survival ratios and stability compared to conventional methods.

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A method for producing core-shell microparticles using bacterial cellulose (BC) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) for encapsulating bioactive cargos. The method involves grafting PHAs onto BC through an acylation reaction, followed by coaxial electrospraying to form spherical particles with a BC-PHA core and a PHA shell. The particles can be used for controlled release of bioactive substances.

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Probiotics have attracted great interest from many researchers due to their beneficial effects. Encapsulation of probiotics into biopolymer matrices has led to the development of active food packaging materials as an alternative to traditional ones for controlling food-borne microorganisms, extending food shelf life, improving food safety, and achieving health-promoting effects. The challenges of low survival rates during processing, storage, and delivery to the gut and low intestinal colonization, storage stability, and controllability have greatly limited the use of probiotics in practical food-preservation applications. The encapsulation of probiotics with a protective matrix can increase their resistance to a harsh environment and improve their survival rates, making probiotics appropriate in the food packaging field. Cellulose has attracted extensive attention in food packaging due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, environmental friendliness, renewability, and excellent mechanical strength. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the main types of cellu... Read More

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A 3D bioprinted probiotic delivery system for localized and sustained release of beneficial bacteria to treat bacterial infections. The system comprises a bioink containing a biocompatible polymer matrix and live probiotic cells, which are printed into a three-dimensional structure that releases the probiotics over an extended period. The system can be used to treat infections such as periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis by delivering probiotics directly to the affected site.

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Personalized three-dimensional (3D) printed foods rich in probiotics were investigated. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lp), as a representative of probiotics, was used to investigate the 3D printing of probiotic-rich dysphagia foods. Here, whey protein isolate nanofibrils (WPNFs) were coated and anchored on bacterial surfaces via biointerfacial supramolecular self-assembly, providing protection against environmental stress and the 3D printing process. The optimized composite gels consisting of High acyl gellan gum (0.25 g), whey protein isolate (1.25 g), fructooligosaccharides (0.75 g), Lp-WPNFs-Glyceryl tributyrate emulsion ( = 40%, 3.75 mL) can realize 3D printing, and exhibit high resolution, and stable shape. The viable cell count is higher than 8.0 log CFU/g. They are particularly suitable for people with dysphagia and are classified as level 5-minced & moist in the international dysphagia diet standardization initiative framework. The results provide new insights into the development of WPNFs-coating on bacterial surfaces to deliver probiotics and 3D printed food rich in probi... Read More

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Personalized three-dimensional (3D) printed foods rich in probiotics were investigated. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lp), as a representative of probiotics, was used to investigate the 3D printing of probiotic-rich foods. Here, for the first time, whey protein isolate nanofibrils (WPNFs) were coated and anchored on bacterial surfaces via biointerfacial supramolecular self-assembly, providing protection against environmental stress and the 3D printing process. The optimized composite gels consisting of HG (0.25 g), WPI (1.25 g), FOS (0.75 g), Lp-WPNFs-GTB emulsion (=40%, 3.75 mL) can realize 3D printing, and exhibit high resolution, smooth surface, and stable shape. The viable cell count is higher than 8.0 log CFU/g. They are particularly suitable for people with dysphagia and are classified as level 5 in the IDDSI framework. The results provide new insights into the development of WPNFs-coating on bacterial surfaces via biointerfacial supramolecular to deliver probiotics and 3D printed food rich in probiotics.

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This study aims to utilize 3D printing technology to prepare functional chocolates with high viability of probiotics. Firstly, we used raw starches as different amylose/amylopectin ratios for preparing novel porous carriers to encapsulate probiotics. Then the formed pores of porous starches were identified by SEM and BET, and their encapsulation capacities of lpl were compared (with HPPS3:1 showing the best behavior) based on the survival rate and gastrointestinal simulation system. Then HPPS3:1-lpl capsule was applied in 3D printed chocolate, with optimization of adding levels for the shaping property. Probiotic viability were also compared. The results showed that the surviving amount of probiotics (107 CFU/g) in HPPS3:1-lpl@choc was much higher than that in lpl@choc (102 CFU/g) after in-vitro digestion test, among which HPPS3:1-lpl@choc15 had the best shaping property. This research provides a new strategy for utilizing porous starch carrier to encapsulate probiotics for melting 3D printing of chocolate as personalized design.

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Considering promising capabilities of probiotics (PRO) in different sectors, their novel applications are dependent on the development of emerging technologies like three dimensional (3D) printing. Production of innovative foods and personalized medicine/health care with customized PRO in terms of strains and dosage or using biomaterial constructs and microbial biofilms will be possible by integration of this strategy with beneficial viable microorganisms. Currently there is no comprehensive review on the 3D printed (3DP) PRO products and their promising applications. Accordingly, this review highlights the latest advancements in PRO applications using 3D-printing systems, advances in novel food structures, new therapeutic development, and functions/interactions that affect different aspects of the 3DP product. Innovative formulations for the available PRO products, development of novel PRO categories like PRO baked goods, production of shelf-stable products under post-processing treatments, and combined applications of phytochemicals with PRO to enhance personalized nutrition, textu... Read More

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The intake of probiotics offers various health benefits; however, their efficacy depends on the maintenance of viability during industrial processing and digestion. Probiotic viability can be compromised during encapsulation, freeze-drying, storage, and digestion, necessitating multiple coatings. This complicates production and raises costs. In this study, CaCO

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3D printing (3DP) technology is an innovative additive manufacturing technique. 3DP technology has witnessed significant adoption across the food industry. The recent upsurge in living standards and the growing emphasis on healthcare have spurred the evolution of functional foods, marking a significant trend in the culinary landscape. This paper undertakes a comprehensive review of existing literature on 3DP food to elucidate the advancements in functional food applications within the realm of 3D printing. The objective is to delve into the progress, mechanisms, challenges, and unresolved issues surrounding the integration of functional food in 3DP technology. The burgeoning popularity of functional foods signals a transformative shift in the food industry. We summarized the utilization of functional proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, small molecule substances (minerals and vitamins), and probiotics in 3DP foods. The relevant mechanism is also explained. It is widely used in the elderly, children and swallowing patients by its personalized customization and soft texture. However, persi... Read More

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Three-dimensional printing is one of the emerging technologies that is gaining interest from the pharmaceutical industry as it provides an opportunity to customize drugs according to each patient's needs. Combining different active pharmaceutical ingredients, using different geometries, and providing sustained release enhances the effectiveness of medicine. One of the most innovative uses of 3D printing is producing fabrics, medical devices, medical implants, orthoses, and prostheses. This review summarizes the various 3D printing techniques such as stereolithography, inkjet printing, thermal inkjet printing, fused deposition modelling, extrusion printing, semi-solid extrusion printing, selective laser sintering, and hot-melt extrusion. Also, discusses the drug relies profile and its mechanisms, characteristics, and applications of the most common types of 3D printed API formulations and its recent development. Here, Authors also, summarizes the central flow of 3D food printing process and knowledge extension toward personalized nutrition.

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An increased demand for natural products nowadays most specifically probiotics (PRO) is evident since it comes in conjunction with beneficial health effects for the consumers. In this regard, it is well known that encapsulation could affect positively the PRO's viability throughout food manufacturing and long-term storage. This paper aims to analyze and review various multilayer strategies for encapsulation of PRO. Double-layer encapsulation of PRO by electro-hydrodynamic atomization or electrospray technology has been reported along with layer-by-layer assembly and water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double emulsions to produce multilayer PRO-loaded carriers. Finally, their applications in food products are presented. The resistance (cover material) and viability of (PRO) to mechanical damage, during gastrointestinal transit and shelf life of these trapping systems are also described. The PRO encapsulation in double and multiple-layer coatings combined with other technologies can be examined to increase the opportunities for new functional products with amended functionalities ... Read More

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The present study aimed to enhance the survivability of the encapsulated biocomposites of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AB6-25 and Saccharomyces boulardii T8-3C within the gastrointestinal system (GIS) and during storage period. AB6-25 and T8-3C were individually co-encapsulated using either lactobionic acid (LBA) in Na-alginate (ALG)/demineralized whey powder (DWP) or solely potential probiotics in ALG microcapsules. Free probiotic cells were utilized as the control group. Both microcapsules and free cells underwent freeze-drying. The encapsulation and freeze-drying efficiency of core materials were evaluated. The protective effect of encapsulation on the probiotics was examined under simulated GIS conditions and during storage at either 25 C or 4 C. Additionally, the microcapsules underwent analysis using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Encapsulation and freeze-drying processes were carried out efficiently in all groups (88.46 %99.13 %). SEM revealed that the microcapsules possessed a spher... Read More

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In the current study, taro starch was extracted and used for the encapsulation of probiotics to prolong their viability under stressed conditions. Taro starch and sodium alginate were used as wall materials for the encapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Probiotic bacteria were encapsulated by the extrusion method, and obtained microbeads were subjected to various morphological, molecular, and structural characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ;(FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Furthermore, the viability of free and encapsulated probiotics was also accessed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in the food model (cheddar cheese). Average size microcapsules ranged from 6.16 0.05 mm to 5.28 0.03 mm. The encapsulation efficiency for taro and sodium alginate was recorded as 86.27% log CFU/g and 81.78% log CFU/g respectively. SEM micrographs exhibited entrapment of probiotics in wall materials. The surface of capsules was-irregular spherical structure FTIR spectra revealed broad characteristic peaks at... Read More

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Preparing microbial microcapsules and synthesizing microbial flora using microcapsules to isolate and control interactions between different microbial species. The method involves encapsulating bacteria in microcapsules made by cross-linking chitosan with tripolyphosphate using electrospraying. This isolates the encapsulated bacteria while allowing nutrient and metabolite transport. Co-culturing the microcapsules forms a synthesized microbial flora with controlled composition and isolation between species.

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A probiotic encapsulation system for Lactobacillus using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) technology, comprising gum arabic (GA) composite fibers or capsules with polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), whey protein concentrate (WPC), or maltodextrin (MD) as the matrix. The system exhibits enhanced stability and bioavailability of Lactobacillus under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, with PVOH/GA fibers achieving the highest encapsulation rate and survival rate. The GA composite fibers/capsules demonstrate improved resistance to osmotic stress, high-temperature, and high-humidity conditions, maintaining viability and metabolic activity after 28-day storage.

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A 3D scaffold for culturing biological cells in a controlled, three-dimensional architecture that can be perfused with a nutrient solution. The scaffold features a colonization chamber for cells, a canal-type vessel for nutrient delivery, and a separation region that allows nutrient diffusion. The scaffold is produced using a lithographic 3D printing method that enables precise control over the scaffold's architecture and properties. The scaffold can be colonized with various cell types, including endothelial cells, and can be used to create tissue or organ models for research and development.

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In Chapter Unavailable , our colleagues presented the latest advances in the use of electrospinning for the processing of food components, particularly probiotics. As the last chapter of Section III, we will introduce another emerging engineering technique three-dimensional (3D) printing in food applications. Research in 3D food printing has grown exponentially in recent years, which has led to increasing industry adoption of the technology for its advantages in minimizing food waste, automating production, and personalizing meals. 3D food printing uses soft ingredients that are automatically deposited using a layer-by-layer build process to form pre-specified edible shapes. However, producing desirable shapes that satisfy consumer expectations for nutrition, texture, and taste remains challenging. In this chapter, we will describe and provide examples in recent research concerning four key design phases for successful 3D food prints: (i) material preparation; (ii) printing parameters; (iii) food mechanics; (iv) consumer validation. The design approach applies to diverse material... Read More

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Food-grade hydrogels containing probiotics that can be 3D printed and freeze-dried to create shelf-stable products. The hydrogels are formed from a mixture of hydrogel precursors, including gelatin and alginate, that are crosslinked and then 3D printed into desired shapes. The printed hydrogels are then freeze-dried to create a stable product that can be stored for extended periods while maintaining the viability of the encapsulated probiotics.

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Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that can improve human health. However, probiotics are susceptible to adverse effects of processing and storage, and their viability decreases during their passage through the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, encapsulation processes are being developed to improve probiotic survival. This review highlights the fundamentals of the encapsulation process to produce encapsulated probiotics. It also discusses the experimental variables that impact the encapsulation efficiency of probiotics and their viability under storage conditions and under gastrointestinal conditions (in vitro and in vivo). Probiotic encapsulation provides a higher viability to microorganisms, leading to the development of new dairy and nondairy probiotic foods without altering their physical and sensorial properties that can improve human health.

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A 3D printing method for creating biocompatible scaffolds with precise spatial and temporal control of growth factor delivery. The method involves encapsulating growth factors in microspheres and combining them with a matrix material suitable for 3D printing. The microspheres and matrix material are then heated and dispensed through a needle to form micro-sized fibers containing the growth factors. This approach enables the creation of scaffolds with integrated microchannels, mechanical stability, and controlled growth factor delivery to guide tissue regeneration.

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A method for 3D bioprinting structures on superhydrophobic surfaces that contain hydrophilic lines or surfaces. The method involves depositing a hydrophilic material onto a superhydrophobic surface in a defined pattern, followed by extruding a biocompatible medium containing biologically-relevant materials onto the hydrophilic area. The bioprinted structure is then incubated at physiological temperatures to polymerize the medium.

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3D Printing is an innovative technology within the pharma and food industries that allows the design and manufacturing of novel delivery systems. Orally safe delivery of probiotics to the gastrointestinal tract faces several challenges regarding bacterial viability, in addition to comply with commercial and regulatory standpoints. Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-4036 (Lr) was microencapsulated in generally recognised as safe (GRAS) proteins, and then assessed for robocasting 3D printing. Microparticles (MP-Lr) were developed and characterised, prior to being 3D printed with pharmaceutical excipients. MP-Lr showed a size of 12.3 4.1 m and a non-uniform wrinkled surface determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Bacterial quantification by plate counting accounted for 8.68 0.6 CFU/g of live bacteria encapsulated within. Formulations were able to keep the bacterial dose constant upon contact with gastric and intestinal pH. Printlets consisted in oval-shape formulations (15 mm 8 mm 3.2 mm) of ca. 370 mg of total weight, with a uniform surface. After the 3D printing process... Read More

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There is an emerging need for food with specific functionality and nutrition. This work investigated the feasibility of developing 3D printed custard cream co-enriched with probiotics, hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactives. The effect of EGCG and resveratrol on survival of probiotics encapsulated in 3D printed custard cream during storage, heating, and simulated gastrointestinal conditions were investigated. The addition of bioactives and probiotic coacervates didn't exhibit great influence on the emulsion structure, gel-like rheological behavior and great printing properties of the resulting custard cream samples. The cell survival of encapsulated probiotics in the custard cream with bioactives was prominently increased during storage at 4 C as well as under heating at 63 and 75 C. The co-encapsulation of probiotics, EGCG and resveratrol in the custard cream improved the viability of probiotic in the gastrointestinal tract. There was only a 0.85 log and 1.52 log loss of probiotic viability in the custard cream after digestion in simulated gastric and small intestinal digestion co... Read More

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Abstract: Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are two types of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that are increasing in frequency and incidence worldwide, particularly in highly industrialized countries. Conventional tablets struggle to effectively deliver anti-inflammatory drugs since the inflammation is localized in different areas of the colon in each patient. The goal of 3D printing technology in pharmaceutics is to create personalized drug delivery systems (DDS) that are tailored to each individual's specific needs. This review provides an overview of existing 3D printing processes, with a focus on extrusion-based technologies, which have received the most attention. Personalized pharmaceutical products offer numerous benefits to patients worldwide, and 3D printing technology is becoming more affordable every day. Custom manufacturing of 3D printed tablets provides innovative ideas for developing a tailored colon DDS. In the future, 3D printing could be used to manufacture personalized tablets for UC patients based on the location of inflammation in the co... Read More

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Probiotics provide several benefits for humans, including restoring the balance of gut bacteria, boosting the immune system, and aiding in the management of certain conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and lactose intolerance. However, the viability of probiotics may undergo a significant reduction during food storage and gastrointestinal transit, potentially hindering the realization of their health benefits. Microencapsulation techniques have been recognized as an effective way to improve the stability of probiotics during processing and storage and allow for their localization and slow release in intestine. Although, numerous techniques have been employed for the encapsulation of probiotics, the encapsulation techniques itself and carrier types are the main factors affecting the encapsulate effect. This work summarizes the applications of commonly used polysaccharides (alginate, starch, and chitosan), proteins (whey protein isolate, soy protein isolate, and zein) and its complex as the probiotics encapsulation materials; evaluates the evolutions in microencapsulation techno... Read More

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Since the appearance of the 3D printing in the 1980s it has revolutionized many research fields including the pharmaceutical industry.The main goal is to manufacture complex, personalized products in a low-cost manufacturing process on-demand.In the last few decades, 3D printing has attracted the attention of numerous research groups for the manufacturing of different drug delivery systems.The drug delivery systems are sub-grouped into tablets, capsules, orodispersible films, implants, transdermal delivery systems, microneedles, vaginal drug delivery systems, and micro-and nanoscale dosage forms.Since the 2015 approval of the first 3D-printed drug product, the number of publications has multiplied.In our lecture, we focused on summarizing the technologies and the requirements of 3Dprinting.Different possibilities of the wide application field of 3D printing are also presented.In the last part of our talk, we will give

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The role of probiotics in maintaining healthy gut ecology, as well as their association with a variety of diseases, is not only well established but also well explained. It is critical to discover methods and construct systems that can help reduce viability losses presented during production, storage, and administration via different routes, viz., oral and topical including vaginal to get the most out of probiotic therapy. The encapsulation of live probiotic strains in a carrier material to (1) protect and extend their viability during storage, (2) present them in a convenient consumable form, and (3) facilitate appropriate germination on site of application is top priority for both the industry and the scientific community at the moment. The selection of relevant encapsulation techniques and materials depends on two major factors, viz., nature of the probiotic to be encapsulated and the site of action. Presently, it is endeavored to introduce readers with different case studies focusing on the delivery of probiotic bacteria to different target sites for a variety of ailments. Effort... Read More

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Sustained vaginal administration of antibiotics or probiotics has been proposed to improve treatment efficacy for bacterial vaginosis. 3D printing has shown promise for development of systems for local agent delivery. In contrast to oral ingestion, agent release kinetics can be fine-tuned by the 3D printing of specialized scaffold designs tailored for particular treatments while enhancing dosage effectiveness via localized sustained release. It has been challenging to establish scaffold properties as a function of fabrication parameters to obtain sustained release. In particular, the relationships between scaffold curing conditions, compressive strength, and drug release kinetics remain poorly understood. This study evaluates 3D printed scaffold formulation and feasibility to sustain the release of metronidazole, a commonly used antibiotic for BV. Cylindrical silicone scaffolds were printed and cured using three different conditions relevant to potential future incorporation of temperature-sensitive labile biologics. Compressive strength and drug release were monitored for 14d in sim... Read More

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A double-layer coating strategy for protecting probiotics from the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract and enhancing their intestinal colonization. The coating comprises an outer layer of a pH-responsive, time-delayed degradable polymer that protects the probiotic during stomach transit, and an inner layer of an adhesive tannin that promotes prolonged retention in the intestine. The coating enables selective release of the probiotic in the small or large intestine, where it can exert beneficial effects on the host microbiota.

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Microcapsules for probiotics that enhance their survival and stability in food products through multiple encapsulation layers. The microcapsules contain a probiotic powder or probiotic mud core encapsulated by a hydrophobic wall material, with multiple layers of encapsulation forming a multi-layered protective barrier. This multi-layered coating structure provides enhanced protection against environmental factors such as moisture, enzymes, and gastric acid, while maintaining the probiotic's viability and functionality.

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3D printing technology has been applied in bioprinting to fabricate three-dimensional matrices to upload living cells, biomaterials, and active ingredients, thus protecting the encapsulated active compounds. Food-grade, protein-based hydrocolloids such as gelatin, collagen, and carrageenan have been used as bioprinting materials and thickening/gelling agents commonly used in the food industry; however, the research of this area is still in its infancy. The objective of this series of studies was to investigate the feasibility of developing a 3D printed, hydrocolloid-based delivery system for active ingredients in the areas of food and pharmaceutical applications. Hydrogels were prepared using alginate and gelatin (A/G) with total solids (w/w%) of 3%, 5%, and 7% at A/G ratios of 1/2, 1/1, and 2/1. The 3D printability was assessed by flow ramp test and frequency sweep. After 3D printing, freeze-drying was conducted to solidify and dehydrate the hydrogels. Hydrogels with formulations of 3% A/G 1/2, 5% A/G 1/1, and 7% A/G 2/1 demonstrated shear-thinning flow behavior, and viscoelasticity... Read More

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A delivery system for active ingredients such as probiotics, enzymes, and vitamins that utilizes oleogels to encapsulate and protect the ingredients during storage and digestion. The oleogels are formed by combining a wax, oil, and oleogelator, which creates a semisolid network that traps the active ingredients. The oleogels demonstrate improved stability and viability of encapsulated probiotics compared to conventional delivery systems, maintaining at least 7 log CFU/mL of viable cells over extended storage periods.

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Microencapsulated probiotic comprising a stasis pod containing a freeze-dried probiotic and adjuvant, surrounded by a nutrient-rich carrier and a protective barrier layer. The microcapsule provides sustained release of live probiotics in aqueous-based compositions, such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, without compromising viability. The encapsulation technology enables delivery of beneficial bacteria to the skin and mucous membranes, promoting skin health and barrier function, while also providing antimicrobial properties against pathogens.

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