Methods to Enhance Beneficial Metabolite Production in Probiotics

Improved efficacy of probiotics can be achieved by using different strategies, including the optimization of production parameters. The impact of fermentation parameters on bacterial physiology is a frequently investigated topic, but what happens during the formulation, i.e., the step where the lyoprotectants are added prior to freeze-drying, is less studied. In addition to this, the focus of process optimization has often been yield and stability, while effects on bioactivity have received less attention. In this work, we investigated different metabolic activities of the probiotic strain

Source

The bacterial strains of probiotics can be either nave or genetically modified in any way. When utilized in dietary supplements, they are referred to as "live microbiological ingredients," when used as a drug, they are known as "live biotherapeutic agents." Most probiotics are categorized into bifidobacterial and lactic acid bacterial strains. However, certain bacteria and yeasts are also classified as probiotics. Probiotics play critical roles in preventing and effectively treating various types of cancer (Faghfuri et al., 2024;Feizi et al., 2024). Probiotics and their pro-bioactive cellular materials offer numerous therapeutic benefits for the gastrointestinal tract, including the release of various enzymes and potential synergistic effects on digestion. Specific components of probiotic lactic acid bacteria can modulate immune responses, activate the reticuloendothelial system, enhance cytokine pathways, and regulate interleukins and tumor necrosis factors. The primary mechanisms through which probiotics exert anticancer and antimutagenic effects include the binding, degradation, ... Read More

Source

Metabiotics, a new generation of probiotics based on biologically active components (metabolites), are currently the subject of interest and study in the scientific community. This is a more advanced and promising form of probiotic preparations, among the properties of which high bioavailability, safety, and 'versatility in use are especially noted. The article presents a study of the antagonistic activity and biofilm formation of opportunistic strains of microorganisms under the influence of metabolites of probiotic microorganisms grown on 'various nutrient media and in different physical states. The objectives posed during the study answer questions about the biological activity of probiotic microorganisms grown on different nutrient media and in various physical states. The data obtained will form the basis for further research of active components that allow obtaining a clinical effect and will also help formulate an approach to developing the most effective ready-made forms of metabiotics. The place of research is the microbiological laboratory of the Testing Center of the Testi... Read More

Source

Probiotics are a kind of active microorganisms that are beneficial to the host by colonizing in the human body and changing the composition of the flora in a certain part of the host. The organic acids, special enzymes and actinomycins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have special physiological functions. LAB can regulate the normal flora of gastrointestinal tract and maintain the microecological balance, so as to improve gastrointestinal function, increase food digestibility and biotiter, reduce serum cholesterol, control endotoxin, inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria in intestinal tract, and improve body immunity. This paper studied the existence mode and influencing factors of probiotics and took LAB as an example to mainly describe the research progress of LAB in probiotics, discussed the mechanism of probiotics to maintain the ecological balance of intestinal flora, summarized the impact of probiotics on human body, and aimed at various problems and deficiencies faced by the probiotic industry at present. Some suggestions on the future research direction are put forwa... Read More

Source

Abstract In recent decades, consumers, manufacturers, and researchers have been more interested in functional foods, which include probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics. Probiotics are live microbes that, when regulated in enough quantities, provide health benefits on the host, while the prebiotics are substrates that host microorganisms selectively use. Postbiotics are metabolites and cell-wall components that are beneficial to the host and are released by living bacteria or after lysis. Postbiotic dietary supplements are more stable than probiotics and prebiotics. Many bioactivities of postbiotics are unknown or poorly understood. Hence, this study aims to present a synopsis of the regular elements and new developments of the postbiotics including health-promoting effects, production, conceptualization of terms, bioactivities, and applications in the field of food safety and preservation. Postbiotics aid in bio preservation and the reduction of biofilm development in food due to their organic acids, bacteriocins, and other antibacterial activities. The present study examines the ... Read More

Source

Probiotics can exert direct or indirect influences on various aspects of health claims by altering the composition of the gut microbiome and producing bioactive metabolites. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of

Source

Probiotics are dietary supplements which contain live microorganisms, mostly different bacterial species that inhabit gut of host and ultimately benefit that host. The current investigation was done to explore the growth-promoting effects of four locally isolated probiotics strains L. paracasei, L. paracaseii, L. delbrueckii and L. rhamnosus. In this regard, 108 colony-forming units (CFU) were administered to the mice of experimental groups for 30 days. Upon administering probiotics, it was observed that the Lactobacilli species had a positive impact on body weight. The group that received L. rhamnosus exhibited the most significant increase, with a 76.53 % improvement over the control group (P < 0.05). Positive effects on somatic indices of different organs including spleen, thymus, kidneys, heart, liver, and lungs were also observed. In addition to all of these, the increases in the number of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle fibers and their cross-sectional area (CSA) up to 40.70 % and 28.94 % respectively in L. rhamnosus group as compared with the control group. In the L. rh... Read More

Source

Probiotics are increasingly used as starter cultures to produce fermented dairy products; however, few studies have investigated the role of probiotics in milk fermentation metabolism. The current study aimed to investigate whether adding Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Probio-M8 (Probio-M8) as a starter culture strain could improve milk fermentation by comparing the physico-chemical characteristics and metabolomes of fermented milks produced by a commercial starter culture with and without Probio-M8. Our results showed that adding Probio-M8 shortened the milk fermentation time and improved the fermented milk texture and stability. Metabolomics analyses revealed that adding Probio-M8 affected mostly organic acid, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism in milk fermentation. Targeted quantitative analyses revealed significant increases in various metabolites related to the sensory quality, nutritive value, and health benefits of the probiotic fermented milk, including 5 organic acids (acetic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid), 5 essential amino acids ... Read More

Source

Because of the positive effects that probiotics have on human health, their use in pharmaceutical formulations and the development of functional foods have become increasingly widespread. The use of functional foods, such as probiotic foods, has become a mainstream trend in modern dietetics. To be effective, the health benefits of probiotic foods require that the viability of the probiotic bacteria is preserved not just during the production process and the shelf life of the product but also while the product is being digested by the consumer's digestive system. The health of the human host is substantially impacted by the microbial environment that is found in the human digestive tract. Some of the strains that make up this microbial community are referred to as "probiotics," and they are taken in their live form for the purpose of promoting health benefits and protecting the mucosal layer of the gut from invaders, which in turn strengthens the immune system. This community of microbes is responsible for a wide variety of processes, including the regulation of metabolic activities, ... Read More

Source

Probiotics are living microorganisms that when administered in appropriate quantities bring health benefits to the host. Probiotics products have been developed in the form of dairy products, dietary supplements, fermentation and enzyme preparations or other biological agents, and the global probiotics industry is growing at a rate of 15% to 20% per year. The clinical application of probiotics is becoming more and more extensive, especially in bacteriostasis, treatment of intestinal diseases, neonatal diseases and immune diseases, as well as in lowering blood pressure, lowering blood lipids, anti-aging, anti-tumor and central nervous system diseases. Metagenin refers to the bioactive compounds beneficial to health produced in the fermentation process of probiotics. Metagenin has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immune regulation, antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-hypertension, hypidemia, liver protection, promoting wound healing and other biological activities, which has broad prospects in the development of new health functional food. This topic will be used for the method of investi... Read More

Source

The emergence and exploration of new disciplines and technologies have provided new ideas and opportunities for probiotic science and industry development. The interaction between diet and intestinal flora has become a new target for human health regulation. Recently, probiotic supplements have received increasing attention as an important tool to modulate the gut microbiota (Brito Sampaio, Fusco, de Brito Alves, Leite de Souza, 2022). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are powerful probiotics in the intestinal tract that can participate in metabolic regulation by directly or indirectly influencing the inhibition or activation of the signaling pathways. LAB can synthesize a variety of active metabolites, producing short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, enzymes, organic acids and antibacterial peptides. These metabolites can regulate the intestinal epithelium's barrier function and provide health benefits to the host. Studies have found that probiotics have a variety of biological activities (Leite de Souza, de Brito Alves, Fusco, 2022; Brito Sampaio et al., 2022). However, their application is s... Read More

Source

Probiotics are viable microorganisms that provide beneficial health effects when consumed in adequate quantity by the host. Immunomodulation is one of the major beneficial effects of probiotics that is a result of the colonization of probiotic microorganisms in the gut, their interaction with the intestinal cells, production of various metabolites and by-products. The last few years have displayed an increasing number of studies on non-viable probiotics (paraprobiotics) and microbial by-products (postbiotics) that prove beneficial to human health by providing positive immune responses even in the inactivated form. The increasing number of research studies compare the effects of viable and non-viable probiotics, their by-products, and metabolites. This review focuses on the ability of different types of paraprobiotics and postbiotics to modulate the immune system. A majority of paraprobiotics are developed from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. The postbiotic components that modulate the biological reactions include lipoteichoic acids, bacteriocins, short-chain fatty acids, p... Read More

Source

With the emphasis on intestinal health, probiotics have exploded into a vast market potential. However, new scientific evidence points out that the beneficial health benefits of probiotics are not necessarily directly related to viable bacteria. However, the metabolites or bacterial components of the live bacteria are the driving force behind health promotion. Therefore, scientists gradually noticed that the beneficial effects of probiotics are based on bacteria itself, metabolites, or cell lysates, and these factors are officially named postbiotics by the ISAPP. Postbiotic components are diverse and outperform live probiotics in terms of technology, safety, and cost due to their good absorption, metabolism, and organismal distribution. Postbiotics have been shown to have bioactivities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and immunomodulation. Moreover, numerous studies have revealed the significant potential of postbiotics for disease treatment. This paper first presents the production and classification of postbiotics with examples from lacti... Read More

Source

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are one of the promising group of Gram-positive bacteria, highly applicable as biorefineries and used for their capability to metabolize a vast variety of substrates into more economically valuable food components and pharmaceutical precursors. They are highly considerable as a starter culture for fermentation process in order to produce different fermented food products with more nutritional value and digestibility. Lactic acid bacteria are more significant groups of probiotic organisms to maintain as well as restore the gut microflora inpatients who are distressed from diarrhea. Under fermentation conditions, LAB have the ability to synthesis numerous metabolites, such as antioxidants, lactic acid, reuterin, bacteriocins, reutericyclin, vitamins, and other biometabolites that make LAB highly potential at a biotechnological level. LAB-mediated fermented food products have some antitumor effects and the biosynthesized metabolites such as propionic, lactic, and acetic acid possess antifungal properties. By keeping this view, in this study, the most metabolic... Read More

Source

Probiotics are increasingly used in the fermentation industry owing to their probiotic properties. However, most previous studies of milk fermentation are based on single-strain fermentation or focused on interactions between the starter strains without considering the role of probiotics in the microbial ecosystem. Thus, in this study, we compared the differences in the fermented milk metabolomes of single-strain fermentation with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PC-01 (PC-01) versus dual-strain fermentation with both PC-01 and a probiotic, Bifidobacterium adolescentis B8589 (B8589), with the aim of revealing the metabolic effect of adding B8589 in the milk fermentation process. Although co-fermenting with B8589 did not influence the growth of PC-01, non-targeted metabolomics revealed significant changes in the dual-strain fermented milk metabolomes, characterized by increased levels of amino acid metabolites. Targeted metabolomics analysis confirmed that, by adding B8589 as the co-fermentation culture, the level of -aminobutyric acid increased by seven times; and the contents of acetat... Read More

Source

The normal growth and reproduction activities of probiotics have beneficial effects on the human body: regulating the human intestinal flora, promoting digestion and absorption, forming a barrier to protect the intestinal mucosa, reducing blood sugar and cholesterol, enhancing human immunity, scavenging free radicals to delay aging, etc. In addition, the active metabolites secreted by it also play an important role in the human body: decomposing cholesterol to produce acids to inhibit pathogenic bacteria, breaking down fats to produce short-chain fatty acids to promote the self-regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal cells, and metabolizing macromolecular substances (proteins, polysaccharides) to produce nutrients (amino acids, monosaccharides). And it is also widely used in food processing, human health and aquaculture. Probiotics also play an important role in food processing, where can change the pH value of food, extend the shelf life of food, improve the flavor of food, as a substitute for additives and increase the nutritional value of food. Although the traditional concept is t... Read More

Source

Probiotics are the beneficial microorganisms, catalase negative which restore microbial balance inside the gut of humans as well as animals. Lactobacillus the earliest probiotic that have the beneficial impact on health. These Good Microorganisms can be obtained not only from various non-dairy products but also from processed dairy products like. Another economically viable method is microencapsulation for preserving probiotics and the stability is improved by glucose. Even the vitamins manufacturer the probiotic bacterial agents. The health benefits of probiotics include increased immunological responses, relief of lactose intolerance symptoms, therapy for diarrhea, reduction in serum of cholesterol, production of vitamin, anticarcinogenic. Probiotics play a wide range in the host body (e.g., decreasing illnesses and stress, enhancing immunity, modulation of gut microbiota, nutritional assistance, improving quality of water, etc.). So, the positive effects of probiotics help to boost animal feed value and growth and improve aquaculture breeding and hatching rates. Probiotics can l... Read More

Source

The probiotics market is one of the fastest growing segments of the food industry as there is growing scientific evidence of the positive health effects of probiotics on consumers. Currently, there are various forms of probiotic products and they can be categorized according to dosage form and the site of action. To increase the effectiveness of probiotic preparations, they need to be specifically designed so they can target different sites, such as the oral, upper respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts. Here we review the characteristics of different dosage forms of probiotics and discuss methods to improve their bioavailability in detail, in the hope that this article will provide a reference for the development of probiotic products.

Source

Bacteria in the human gut play a significant role in the host's metabolic functions. These bacteria's metabolites have an impact on the host's physiology and health. The gut flora is subjected to a multitude of environmental factors, including way of life, strain, antibiotics, host genetics, and diseases. When a disease pathogenesis occurs, the intestinal microbial composition changes which results in a diseased state. This stage is caused by bacterial pathogen colonization in the intestinal environment. Probiotic strains can be injected into the intestinal environment to treat the pathological condition. Medicinal compounds produced by probiotic strains include amino acids, vitamins, bacteriocins, enzymes, immunomodulatory compounds, and Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs). This review describes latest proofs of the effect of bioactive components produced by probiotic bacteria on food and host wellbeing while having no impact on good bacteria sharing the same niche.

Source

Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics can alleviate metabolic syndrome by altering the composition of the gut microbiota. Live combined Enterococcus faecium and Bacillus subtilis has been indicated to promote growth and reduce inflammation in animal models. However, the modulatory effects of live combined B. subtilis R-179 and E. faecium R-026 (LCBE) on human microbiota remain unclear. The current study examined the growth of these two strains in the presence of various oligosaccharides and assessed the effects of this probiotic mixture on human and murine gut microbiota in vitro and in vivo. Oligosaccharides improved the growth of E. faecium R-026 and B. subtilis R-179 as well as increased their production of short-chain fatty acids. E. faecium R-026 or B. subtilis R-179 co-incubated with Bifidobacterium and Clostridium significantly increased the number of the anaerobic bacteria Bifidobacterium longum and Clostridium butyricum by in vitro fermentation. Moreover, LCBE significantly reduced plasma cholesterol levels in mouse models of hyperlipidemia. LCBE combined with galacto-oligo... Read More

Source

The research on probiotic microorganisms is an extremely active field with impact not only on human and animal health but also on food and pharmaceutical industries. Although the concept of probiotics is not new, different terms and properties have been explored to understand their health benefits to consumers. In this chapter, the concepts of para and postbiotics have been addressed, together with their health benefits and plausibility to be incorporated into food products. The technological aspects associated to probiotics' production have been presented, considering the methods for production at large scale, storage, rehydration, industrial processing and composition of food matrices, food shelf-life, and passage through the gastrointestinal tract. Likewise, non-traditional applications of probiotics, para and postbiotics in biotherapeutics are shown, including immunomodulation, relationship with obesity, antibiotic replacers, and use in diabetic disease, cancer and in psychiatric disorders. All these health benefits and applications support innovative industrial perspectives in t... Read More

Source

The core advantage of probiotics is to ensure a quantitative and qualitative balance between commensal, opportunistic and conditionally pathogenic bacteria of the microflora. Another function is to neutralize the activity of pathogenic intestinal flora coming from contaminated food and the environment. The positive effect of probiotics on the processes of digestion, the course of food allergies, candidiasis, and dental caries has been confirmed. Probiotic microorganisms such as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum synthesize B vitamins, increase the efficiency of the immunological system, and enhance the absorption of macro- and micronutrients. Probiotic microorganisms synthesize a number of enzymes such as esterase, lipase and coenzymes A, Q, NAD and NADP. Some products of probiotic metabolism may also exhibit antibiotic (acidophilus, bacitracin, lactacin), anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties. Prebiotics are food substances that selectively stimulate the growth and biological activity of representa... Read More

Source

Functional foods, in particular probiotics and prebiotics have gained popularity within the past decades as they are regarded as major players in human intestinal microbiota management. Probiotics are live organisms quite important in colonic metabolization of prebiotics for the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), among other metabolites in order to improve the lumen and gut health, for the purpose of improving the host well-being. This chapter describes the importance of probiotics and prebiotics as functional foods, as well as their mechanisms of action. The chapter is peaked at recommendations meant for health promotion, social life and financial empowerment.

Source

In this study, the effects of single probiotics Lacticaseibacillus casei CGMCC1.5956 ( L. casei 56) and Levilactobacillus brevis CGMCC1.5954 ( L. brevis 54) and their combination on the quality of yogurt as fermented milk were investigated. The main finding was that binary probiotics might promote L. brevis 54 to produce l -glutamic acid and pyruvic acid thereby enhancing probiotic growth and antioxidant capacity. Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and biosynthesis of amino acids might be considered the main reasons for the binary probiotics promoted the growth of L. brevis 54. A total of 65 volatile flavor substances were identified, including carbonyl compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, and acids. Differences in the metabolic profiles and pathways of volatile and nonvolatile flavor substances between single and binary probiotic bacteria were identified by metabolomics. A mapping of the action of single and binary probiotic flora was provided, which could guide the development of yogurt with unique flavor, high probiotic content, and strong antioxidant capacity. Effect of single p... Read More

Source

The effect of a probiotic on gut microbiota depends not only on the species of microorganism but specifically on the strain. In human beings, as in other animals, specific probiotics have been associated with numerous beneficial properties, which include weight modulation (gain or loss), immune modulation, and prevention of many disorders such as lactose intolerance, cardiovascular diseases, and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Streptomyces are an essential group of soil bacteria in the Actinomycetes family. They are related to producing a wide range of secondary metabolites known for their beneficial effects on human health. However, according to the human microbiome analysis, a lower prevalence of Streptomyces genus exists than in other non-human microbiomes. This difference can be associated with current lifestyles. In this article, we review the benefits associated with different compounds produced by Streptomyces, with a particular focus on the production of exopolysaccharides, antibiotics, and other secondary metabolites and the potential innovative use of Streptomyces spp. as ... Read More

Source

The interaction between probiotics and prebiotics is essential in maintaining the host immune system. Prebiotics are food for probiotics, and their constant supply to the gut ensures the viability of probiotics and production of various beneficial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids that modulate the immune response. The beneficial effects of probiotics and prebiotics are dependent on their mutual presence in the gut. The combination of probiotics and prebiotics enhances their mutual effect and termed as synbiotics. Synbiotics play a vital role in maintaining the host immune system and management of various ailments and infectious diseases. Various benefits associated with synbiotics are maintenance of gut microflora, increase in mucus production, production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and production of various antimicrobial metabolites. Various delivery systems have been used for the delivery of probiotics and prebiotics; however, food serves as an ideal system for delivery of probiotics and prebiotics. Synbiotics also play an important role in reducing the incidence of hea... Read More

Source

The performance of probiotic bacteria and their metabolites in the control and treatment of various cancers has been shown by a number of clinical studies. Among probiotic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria are well known for their beneficial role in colonic health, where they also exert anticarcinogenic effects. These beneficial bacteria can inhibit the occurrence of cancer by (1) lowering PH, (2) reducing the level of pro-carcinogenic enzymes, (3) enhancing cell proliferation by inhibiting normal cell apoptosis and by promoting cell differentiation and cytoprotective activities, (4) suppressing inflammation-induced cell apoptosis, (5) enhancing innate immunity, (6) promoting various gut homeostasis, and (7) displaying antioxidant activity. Several research findings showed that probiotic metabolites (postbiotics) can regulate cell proliferation in colorectal cancer and might be considered a therapeutic alternative for treating chemoresistant colorectal cancer. These metabolites including short-chain fatty acids, exopolysaccharides, vitamins, bacteriocin, H2O2, etc. are known to be invol... Read More

Source

For a long time, probiotics have been classified as safe microorganisms that can promote health through the immune system regulation, pathogen inhibition, or metabolites synthesis, among others. Recently, probiotic secondary metabolites, known as postbiotics, have gained interest due to their potential beneficial effects in humans like the prevention or treatment of diseases such as diabetes, inflammatory diseases, neurological disorders, or cancer. A wide range of compounds can be defined as postbiotic metabolites, such as vitamins, amino acids, or antimicrobial compounds, which required specific physicochemical conditions to be produced. Due to the health benefits related to probiotics and postbiotics, the food industry is under continuous evolution in order to obtain novel fermented foods that can satisfy the current market demand. For that purpose, encapsulation techniques are necessary to preserve the functionality of probiotics and postbiotics during the production and storage process, and thus be able to achieve their therapeutic objective.

Source

The purpose of this work is to review data on the biological effectiveness of probiotics, their mechanisms of action, and the prospects for the development of new-generation preparations. Scientific and practical justification of symbiotic drugs of a new generation metabiotics as a continuation of the probiotic concept is given. The authors discuss the literature data and their own results, which allow them to propose new approaches to the creation of symbiotic drugs. The authors scientifically substantiate the main scientific provisions of the probiotic concept for the development of new-generation symbiotic drugs: study of aspects of the cultivation of the metabolic probiotic B. bifidum strain No. 1 in appropriate nutrient media; determination of the quantitative and qualitative composition of metabolites in the probiotic producer; scientific and practical substantiation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the experimental probiotic suspension as a biologically active additive; the effect of probiotic suspension on the metabolism, the formation of microbiocenosis a... Read More

Source

Microbiota has an effective health promoting role which is ingested through fermented functional foods, specifically probiotic microorganisms. They are now being administered orally which in turn serves the purpose of potent alternative medication for intestinal disorders by replacing antibiotics. Most frequently used probiotics are Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. For much other therapeutic usage new probiotic strains are being modified to understand their mechanism of action and to strengthen them further through bioengineering. Metabolic engineering shows pathway for modulation of the organisms metabolism so that the maximum amount of desired metabolites can be extracted through genetic manipulations. This chapter concentrates mainly on modifying the genes of probiotic bacteria and their importance in health and wellness.

Source

In this review authors discuss modern condition of treatment and prophylaxis of human metabolic diseases associated with microecological imbalance of intestinal symbiotic microbiota. Now the most frequently for these aims various probiotic nutrient additives and functional fermented foods prepared on the basis of living bacteria have been used. Unfortunately such probiotics have not possessed the real effectiveness and are not completely safe. Instead of traditional commercially available living probiotics the authors suggest to use novel microecological means (metabiotics) that are structural components of probiotic bactrerial strains, and/or their metabolites and/or signaling molecules with known chemical structure. Metabiotics can optimize hostspecific physiological, regulator, metabolic and/or hormone/behavior functions and reactions. Metabiotics possess some advantages in future personalized medicine because they have exact chemical structure, well dosed, safe and long shelflife.

Source

Probiotics have attracted growing interest in recent decades due to their multiple health benefits. The synergistic relationship between probiotics and prebiotics can enhance the production of metabolites called postbiotics, which are gaining increasing importance because of their beneficial functions in the gastrointestinal tract and their influence on different organs and tissues. Notable among the postbiotics is gamma-aminobutyric acid, which plays an essential role in the prevention of neural disease, type 1 diabetes, cancer, immunological disorders and asthma. Generally, gamma-aminobutyric acid is produced by lactic acid bacteria, which under certain conditions can produce a high amount of this amino acid. The food industry has leveraged this capacity to develop functional foods enriched with gamma-aminobutyric acid.

Source

The bacteria residing in the gut environment do play a pivotal role in metabolic activities of the host. The metabolites produced by these bacteria affect the physiology and health of the host. The gut bacteria are exposed to environmental conditions where multiple factors such as lifestyle, stress, antibiotics, host genetics and infections have an influence on them. In case of pathogenesis of a disease, the gut bacterial composition is altered which leads to a diseased state. This stage is due to colonization of bacterial pathogens in the gut environment. The pathological condition can be alleviated by administering probiotic strains into the gut environment. The probiotic strains produce therapeutic molecules such as amino acids, vitamins, bacteriocins, enzymes, immunomodulatory compounds and short-chain fatty acids. This review discusses recent evidences of the impact of bioactive molecules produced by probiotic bacteria and their mechanism of action in the gut environment to maintain homeostasis and health of the host without any effect on beneficial bacteria sharing the same nic... Read More

Source

The article is mainly devoted to such representatives of gut microbiota as lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria, with minor accent on less frequently used or new probiotic microorganisms. Positive effects in treatment and prevention of diseases by different microbial groups, their metabolites and mechanisms of action, management and market of probiotic products are considered.

Source

Milk represents the archetypal probiotic food, which nature has provided to human beings. With an increase in human life expectancy, and the exponential growth of health-care costs, strategies are being continuously proposed to tackle new challenges through the development of effective, cheap, and accessible remedies such as probiotic and symbiotic foods. Recent studies confirm the beneficial effects of food with added live microbes (probiotics) in the modulation of various physiological functions to prevent chronical diseases. The mechanisms of action are variable, mainly by improving the microintestinal balance of the indigenous microflora and production of metabolic by-products at intestinal level. Alternative carriers of probiotics in beverages are proposed to meet the needs of health-conscious consumers. Nondairy-based probiotic, prebiotic, and symbiotic products are designed to overcome disadvantages of dairy products. Complementary approaches to thrive probiotics are concepts related to prebiotics and symbiotics, as a means to promote the proper environment for the survival an... Read More

Source

Probiotics (Pro-life live entities) provide the health and well being with multitude of beneficial effects on humans and animals (and relief against varied disorders). Probiotics may manage lactose intolerance, elevate immune profile, prevent colorectal cancers, reduce cholesterol and triglyceride profile, lowering blood pressure and inflammatory process. They also prevent osteoporosis, allergic reactions and help suppress H. pylori infections and other pathological manifestations.&#x0D; Microbial metabolites (even in the absence of live entities) may exert (analogous) effects on signal pathways and barrier functions. Such substances are referred as Postbiotics (the plain metabolic byproduct of probiotics, bioactive manifestations in the host). Generally, postbiotics include secondary metabolites such as bacteriocins, organic acids, ethanol, acetaldehyde, reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such metabolites are inhibitory against pathogenic strains of different broad spectrum drug resistant microbial groups (MDR, XDR etc). Postbiotics are safe, apathogenic which may resist hydrolysi... Read More

Source

Probiotic bacteria are increasingly marketed in supplements and in foods. In order to ensure their functionality (effectiveness), the focus has traditionally been to simply maintain cell viability. However, the bioactive metabolites that are specifically the result of probiotics (probioactives), are increasingly being identified. Thus, ensuring the presence of the probioactives in the products will contribute to health functionality. It is argued that improving the functionality of probiotics can be achieved by adapting fermentation technologies in order to produce high levels of probioactives in the supplements or in fermented foods. Also, probiotics will need to demonstrate multiple benefits in foods, including delaying spoilage.

Source

An increasing number of studies has shown that dietary probiotics exert beneficial health effects in both humans and animals. It is well established that gut microbiota play a pivotal role in regulating host metabolism, and a growing number of studies has elucidated that probiotics positively interfere with gut microbiota. Accumulating evidence shows that probiotics, through their metabolic activity, produce metabolites that in turn contribute to positively affect host physiology. For these reasons, probiotics have shown significant potential as a therapeutic tool for a diversity of diseases, but the mechanisms through which probiotics act has not been fully elucidated yet. The goal of this review was to provide evidence on the effects of probiotics on gut microbiota changes associated with host metabolic variations, specifically focusing on feed intake and lipid and glucose metabolism. In addition, we review probiotic interaction with the gut microbiota. The information collected here will give further insight into the effects of probiotics on the gut microbiota and their action on ... Read More

Source

Poorly formulated probiotic supplements intended for oral administration often fail to protect bacteria from the challenges of human digestion, meaning bacteria do not reach the small intestine in a viable state. As a result, the ability of probiotics to influence the human gut microbiota has not been proven. Here we show how (i) considered formulation of an aqueous probiotic suspension can facilitate delivery of viable probiotic bacteria to the gut and (ii) quantitate the effect of colonisation and proliferation of specific probiotic species on the human gut microbiota, using an in-vitro gut model. Our data revealed immediate colonisation and growth of three probiotic species in the luminal and mucosal compartments of the proximal and distal colon, and growth of a fourth species in the luminal proximal colon, leading to higher proximal and distal colonic lactate concentrations. The lactate stimulated growth of lactate-consuming bacteria, altering the bacterial diversity of the microbiota and resulting in increased short-chain fatty acid production, especially butyrate. Additionally,... Read More

Source

A new powerful probiotic product (PP) with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity was developed. The concentration of metabolites in PP is much higher than found in nature due to the use of special fermentation technology. PP evokes an obvious pharmacological reaction at the cellular level, via an increase in intracellular calcium in various cells and tissues, thereby stimulating intracellular signaling mechanisms. The most pronounced effects of PP are normalizing microbiota, boosting the immune system, and normalizing the number and function of blood cells, especially lymphocytes. When PP was used in highly concentrated form and with various routes of mucosal administration, its efficacy was comparable to modern pharmaceutical drugs, but with no side effects and no signs of toxicity. PP can be an ideal candidate for prophylaxis of devastating diseases. Further research is needed to assess its efficacy and safety, including well-designed clinical trials.

Source

Probiotics are said to confer a number of health benefits on the host through their varied mechanisms of action in the human GIT. But a number of limitations exist with use of live probiotics. We are yet to be sure about the optimal dosage of probiotics, their specific mode of action, duration of the beneficial effects and the nature of the final results. The metabolic substances elaborated by probiotics and or their structural components, popularly called as metabiotics are said to provide more precise results in the above said aspects. These substances are said to possess better absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion abilities compared with classic probiotics based on live microorganisms. Hence use of metabiotic products may provide a more precise approach for treatment of pathological conditions associated with the imbalance of host microbiota.

Source

Restricted by research techniques, the probiotic-derived changes in the microbiome and microbial metabolites correlated with the potential prevention of hyperlipidaemia have remained undiscovered. In the present research, a metagenomic approach was applied to describe Lactobacillus plantarum HNU082 consumption-derived changes in the intestinal microbiome and their correlation with the occurrence and development of hyperlipidaemia. Principal coordinate analysis based on UniFrac distances indicated that the intestinal microbiota was profoundly altered in the hyperlipidaemia group, and probiotic consumption regulated the bias in the intestinal microbial structure in hyperlipidaemia. Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia and Faecalibacterium were significantly increased in the probiotic group, and the genera Clostridium, Natranaerovirga and Odoribacter were significantly increased in the hyperlipidaemia group. Further analysis based on metabolic pathways revealed that pyruvate metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, propanoate metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis were enriched in t... Read More

Source

Probiotics are living microorganisms that confer beneficial effects to human health when supplied in adequate amounts. In fact, they promote digestion and uptake of dietary nutrients, strengthen intestinal barrier function, modulate immune response, and enhance antagonism towards pathogens. Probiotic bacteria exhibiting well-established healthy features and available on the market, also as components of functional foods, belong to lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. In recent years, proteomics drastically innovated the way to analyze metabolic and molecular processes involved in cell physiology. In this light, the most significant results of proteomic studies focused on the investigation of molecular strategies responsible for probiotic action, are summarized in the present chapter.

Source