Plant Based Probiotic Delivery System

Encapsulating probiotics using denatured plant proteins like pea or mung bean proteins to improve survival and stability compared to dairy-based encapsulation. The method involves treating denatured plant protein suspensions with a calcium salt bath to polymerize at weakly acidic pH. This forms a matrix to encapsulate probiotics. The probiotic suspension is combined with the protein suspension, treated to form microdroplets, then cured in the calcium bath to solidify. Alternatively, spray englobing can be used. The plant protein coating improves probiotic survival during encapsulation compared to dairy whey.

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Biodegradable, partially-open, hollow reservoirs for controlled release of additives and microorganisms. The reservoirs have a biodegradable polymeric material and an opening area of 0.25-50% of the surface area. They can encapsulate a variety of additives, including microorganisms, and release them in a controlled manner. The reservoirs can be used in applications such as bioremediation, plant growth, agriculture waste decomposition, pest control, fertilizers, and cosmetics.

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A method for preparing porous starch (PS) with controlled pore size and morphology for encapsulating probiotics. The method involves combining ultrasonic gelatinization, ethanol precipitation, and convective drying to form PS with nanoscale pores. The PS is then used to encapsulate probiotics through adsorption, with the amylose-to-amylopectin ratio controlling pore size. The encapsulated probiotics exhibit improved retention rates under various environmental conditions.

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Abstract Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host when administered in adequate amounts. Currently, seven genera are used for their probiotics potential. Strains having the desired characteristics are associated with plenty of health benefits. Recent literature shows that different plant and vegetable oils are associated with probiotics. Other reports indicated their various aspects. For instance, the effect of probiotics on plant-based oil, edible oil, probiotics, the use of oils for probiotics encapsulation, etc., are documented. It is also reported that probiotics from vegetable sources and plant oil have some advancements, such as vegetarian and lactose-intolerant people using them. The multidimensional association between probiotics and vegetable oils attracts researchers to explore it. This research area is growing fast, but more limited research data is needed. Hence, this literature study was performed to identify the relationship, pros, and cons and provide recent insight into the literature for the researchers. Materials were collected by... Read More

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A dormant state encapsulated probiotic core-shell particle for external skin application, comprising a carrier particle core, a probiotic layer, a prebiotic layer, a polymer layer, and a dissolvable protective layer. The probiotic layer contains a dormant probiotic species that can be activated upon contact with a releasing medium, forming a synthetic biofilm on the skin surface. The particle is designed to survive in commercial skincare products and maintain viability during storage, enabling long-term skin health benefits through modulation of the skin microbiome.

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Biodegradable microcapsules for encapsulating agrochemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. The microcapsules are made by a process where plant proteins are dissolved in a specific solvent mixture, formed into a hydrogel, and then dried to create the microcapsules. The plant proteins are chosen that have low solubility in water at neutral pH. This prevents the capsule contents from leaching out. The encapsulated agrochemicals are released over time as the capsules degrade in the environment. The plant protein shell also protects against degradation during storage. The microcapsules can be suspended in water for spraying onto crops. The process involves specific solvent ratios and protein modifications to optimize capsule formation and stability.

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Microencapsulating sensitive materials like probiotics to safely and efficiently deliver them to target locations like the gut. The encapsulation involves a core material like probiotics surrounded by an oil layer and then a solidifying lipid layer. The core is suspended in oil, then contact with molten lipid to form a solid shell. This provides a stable, tolerant microcapsule for delivering sensitive materials like probiotics through harsh conditions like stomach acid and moisture. The capsules have high viability and retention of the core material after storage and distribution.

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Research has identified certain bio-based products, such as probiotics, as alternatives to antibiotics for use in animal feed. They are capable of controlling, preventing or minimizing the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by pathogenic bacteria. To isolate Pediococcus spp. and assess its technological properties for possible probiotic development, maize and pearl millet were used. The cereals were steeped and wet milled after 48 h of fermentation. The milled cereals were kneaded into dough for 24 h, after which a 10% slurry was prepared for tenfold serial dilution to enumerate the LAB by employing pour plate techniques using MRS Agar. Based on the cell morphology of the isolated bacteria, eight isolates (four from maize and four from millet) that were selected for identification using MALDI-TOF MS showed that five were Pediococcus pentosaceus (P. pentosaceus), one was Pediococcus acidilactici, and two did not match any organism. Subsequently, the six isolates were labeled as MZ1, MZ2, MZ3, MZ4 for the maize isolate and MLT5 and MLT7 for the millet isolate. The six Pediococc... Read More

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Abstract Probiotics are valuable microorganisms effective in reducing malnutrition-related infections in children. In this work, a collection of lactobacilli strains representative of traditional Andean fermented beverages was in vitro screened for their capability to survive the gastrointestinal transit, to adhere to the intestinal epithelium and to compete under simulated conditions of the child gut microbiota. The results allowed the selection of the riboflavin overproducing strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CECT 9435 based on its good rate of survival under in vitro gastrointestinal conditions when included in a food matrix representing the fortified food supplement Incaparina. The strain also showed good adhesion to HT29 cells producing mucus and outstanding performance in E. coli competition for the adhesion to this epithelial cell line. L. plantarum CECT 9435 gut performance was also evaluated in the child intestinal microbiota simulated in a dynamic gut model (BFBL simulator). The viability of the probiotic candidate in the gut conditions was high during the 7-day interven... Read More

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Biodegradable microcapsules for encapsulating fragrances and flavors in a sustainable way. The microcapsules are prepared by coacervating a lipophilic phase containing fragrance or flavor oils with a plant-based protein hydrogel. The hydrogel acts as the capsule matrix and has a silicon-coating. The coacervates are then dried to form stable biodegradable microcapsules. The plant protein hydrogel encapsulation and silicon coating provide mechanical stability and diffusion barrier properties. The biodegradable microcapsules can be used in consumer products like fabrics and hair care to release fragrances over time. The plant protein hydrogel is a sustainable alternative to synthetic polymers for microencapsulation.

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Probiotics are beneficial microbes that have a beneficial effect on humans as well as animals. Despite their advantages, probiotics face viability challenges during storage and while passing through the upper gastrointestinal tract. This study was designed to develop an encapsulated system of Saccharomyces boulardii (SB) probiotics to overcome challenges with oral administration and develop a colon-targeted delivery system. Pectin and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose encapsulated microbeads of probiotics: polymer ratio (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) were prepared using the ionotropic gelation technique and then coated with Eudragit S 100 and cellulose acetate phthalate. They were then evaluated for efficacy and compared for bead size, flow properties, entrapment efficiency, percent yield, swelling index, mucoadhesive ness, in vitro release and viability of probiotics. The microencapsulated probiotics showed higher viability in the colon as compared to gastric and intestinal environments. Hence, microencapsulation is a potential delivery system for the administration of viable probiotics

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Lactobacillus plantarum FNCC-0461 is a lactic acid bacteria isolated from "dadih" a traditional Indonesian food that has potential as a probiotic. Probiotics can show health benefits if they can maintain cell viability of at least 7 log CFU in the distal ileum and colon. However, most probiotics are not resistant to the extreme conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic encapsulation in the form of pectin-based colon targeted pellets is a promising delivery system to overcome probiotic viability problems due to the gastrointestinal tract extreme conditions and can assist release to specific target site in colon. Pellets was produced by extrusion-spheronization method using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), lactose and pectin. Optimization of spheronization process was carried out by varying the spheronization speed and time while the optimization of pellets formula was carried out by varying the concentration of total pectin and the type of coating polymer (cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) or shellac). The morphology, particle size, moisture content, micromeritic properties... Read More

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Probiotics have attracted great interest from many researchers due to their beneficial effects. Encapsulation of probiotics into biopolymer matrices has led to the development of active food packaging materials as an alternative to traditional ones for controlling food-borne microorganisms, extending food shelf life, improving food safety, and achieving health-promoting effects. The challenges of low survival rates during processing, storage, and delivery to the gut and low intestinal colonization, storage stability, and controllability have greatly limited the use of probiotics in practical food-preservation applications. The encapsulation of probiotics with a protective matrix can increase their resistance to a harsh environment and improve their survival rates, making probiotics appropriate in the food packaging field. Cellulose has attracted extensive attention in food packaging due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, environmental friendliness, renewability, and excellent mechanical strength. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the main types of cellu... Read More

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A method for producing crosslinked dried microparticles containing encapsulated live microorganisms via a single-step spray-drying process. The method involves combining a microbial solution containing a crosslinkable polymer, protective agents, and microorganisms with a crosslinking agent solution, and then subjecting the combined solutions to spray-drying using a co-axial nozzle. The resulting microparticles have a crosslinked polymeric matrix that protects the encapsulated microorganisms from environmental stressors and acidic conditions, enabling targeted delivery to the human intestine.

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Core-shell microcapsules for encapsulating hydrophobic materials like perfume oils in a stable and eco-friendly way. The microcapsules have a composite shell made of a plant-based coacervate and a polymer. The coacervate contains a plant protein polyelectrolyte. The composite shell provides chemical stability in challenging media like consumer product bases, as well as good olfactive performance when triggered. The microcapsules can be made by emulsifying the hydrophobic material, then inducing interfacial polymerization to form the shell.

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Plant probiotic bacteria are a versatile group of bacteria isolated from different environmental sources to improve plant productivity and immunity. The potential of plant probiotic-based formulations is successfully seen as growth enhancement in economically important plants. For instance, endophytic

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The microbiota at different sites in the body is closely related to disease. The intake of probiotics is an effective strategy to alleviate diseases and be adjuvant in their treatment. However, probiotics may suffer from harsh environments and colonization resistance, making it difficult to maintain a sufficient number of live probiotics to reach the target sites and exert their original probiotic effects. Encapsulation of probiotics is an effective strategy. Therefore, probiotic delivery systems, as effective methods, have been continuously developed and innovated to ensure that probiotics are effectively delivered to the targeted site. In this review, initially, the design of probiotic delivery systems is reviewed from four aspects: probiotic characteristics, processing technologies, cell-derived wall materials, and interactions between wall materials. Subsequently, the review focuses on the effects of probiotic delivery systems that target four main microbial colonization sites: the oral cavity, skin, intestine, and vagina, as well as disease sites such as tumors. Finally, this re... Read More

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Synbiotics have shown various beneficial effects in inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, infectious disorders, and diarrheal illnesses. However, the delivery of probiotics to the host intestine is challenging owing to the poor survivability and viability of probiotic bacteria during the gastric transit, and poor stability at the highly acidic pH of the stomach. The oral delivery of probiotics in combination with prebiotics can achieve the targeted delivery of probiotics toward the intestine. The deliveries of synbiotics through suitable particulate carriers can also be useful to improve the encapsulation efficiency, viability, stability, and performance of probiotics. In addition, these particulate carriers also help to control the release of probiotics at the target site (intestine). This chapter discusses the synbiotics and various particulate carriers in synbiotics delivery along with multiple case studies. Further, the synbiotics in clinical trials and regulatory aspects of synbiotics are also highlighted.

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Abstract The search for probiotic candidates is an area that accompanies the world trend of development of novel probiotic strains and new products. In recent years, unconventional sources of potential probiotic bacteria have been studied. Furthermore, nowadays there has been a growing interest in non-dairy probiotic products and fermented plant-based foods, which has led to the development of probiotic foods currently being presented as a research priority for the food industry. The aim of this work was to evaluate the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers. The results proved that the selected isolated LAB strains exhibited a high survival rate in the simulated gastrointestinal treatment, with non-hemolytic nor DNAse activity and antibiotic sensitivity. The isolated strains also showed antimicrobial activity against pathogen microorganisms, due to their acidification capacity. The molecular identification of the bacilli strains showed a high similarity with the genus Lentilactobacillus and, within this g... Read More

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Probiotics serve a very important role in human health. However, probiotics have poor stability during processing, storage, and gastrointestinal digestion. The gellan gum (GG) is less susceptible to enzymatic degradation and resistant to thermal and acidic environments. This study investigated the effect of casein (CS)-GG emulsions to encapsulate Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CICC 6002 (L. plantarum CICC 6002) on its storage stability, thermal stability, and gastrointestinal digestion. L. plantarum CICC 6002 was suspended in palm oil and emulsions were prepared using CS or CS-GG complexes. We found the CS-GG emulsions improved the viability of L. plantarum CICC 6002 after storage, pasteurization, and digestion compared to the CS emulsions. In addition, we investigated the influence of the gellan gum concentration on emulsion stability, and the optimal stability was observed in the emulsion prepared by CS-0.8% GG complex. This study provided a new strategy for the protection of probiotics based on CS-GG delivery system.

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A novel carrier comprised of ethanol- and alkali-modified cellulosic pomelo pith matrix coated with alginate was developed to improve viability while enabling gastrointestinal release of probiotics. Scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed the agricultural byproduct had a honeycomb-structured cellulose framework, enabling high loading capacity of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum up to 9 log CFU/g. Ethanol treatment opened up pores with an average diameter of 97 m, while alkali treatment increased swelling and porosity, with an average pore size of 51 m. The survival rate through the stomach was increased from 89.76 % to 91.08 % and 91.24 % after ethanol and alkali modification, respectively. The control group displayed minimal release in the first 4 h followed by a burst release. Both ethanol modification and alkali modification resulted in constant linear release over time. The release time was prolonged when decreasing the width of the pomelo peel rolls from 10 mm to 5 mm while keeping the volume of the peel constant. After 8 weeks of refrigerated storage, the cellulose... Read More

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Encapsulation was a promising method for protecting probiotics from extreme conditions during their passage through the gastrointestinal tract and delivering probiotics to specific sites in the colon for colonization. Various dosage forms have been used in recent years to encapsulate probiotics to maintain cell viability during processing, storage, and through the digestive tract to provide health benefits. However, research related to the encapsulation of probiotics as the dosage forms for colon-targeted delivery systems was still quite limited to conventional dosage forms due to the sensitivity of probiotics to extreme conditions during the process. This review focuses on various types of dosage forms that are used in colon-targeted delivery systems for commonly used probiotic bacteria. In this review, we discussed the limitations of the current dosage forms used in probiotic encapsulation, along with the latest advancements in colon-targeted delivery systems for probiotic products. This review also covers future perspectives on the potential dosage forms that can effectively maint... Read More

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Probiotics are gaining increasing attention due to their significant benefits to the host. Despite their potential advantages, probiotic dosage forms have not been extensively studied, primarily because of their poor survival through the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic tablets emerge as a promising delivery system utilized in nutritional products to supplement the natural intestinal flora. These tablets possess the capability to deliver live, functional bacteria in sufficiently large quantities, ensuring effectiveness, and providing protection against the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal and biliary tract environment, thereby ensuring in vivo protection and maintaining viability during preparation. Various adverse effects that impact the effectiveness of probiotics are associated with preparation methods and user factors. This review primarily focuses on probiotic tablets, delving into factors influencing the existence of microorganisms and the development of formulations for probiotic tablets.

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Biodegradable microcapsules for encapsulating fragrances and flavors in consumer products like cosmetics, foods, and cleaning agents. The microcapsules are made by emulsifying lipophilic fragrance or flavor components in a plant-based protein solution, then gelating the protein to encapsulate the oils. This allows encapsulating volatile fragrances and flavors using natural proteins without crosslinking. The microcapsules have biodegradable shells made solely from plant proteins that can release the fragrance or flavor upon contact.

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Biomaterial for preventing bacterial infections using entrapped probiotics in bacterial cellulose. The biomaterial is made by culturing cellulose-producing bacteria along with probiotics, then incubating the cellulose matrix in a medium suitable for probiotic growth but not cellulose-producing bacteria. This entraps the probiotics in the cellulose matrix. The probiotics are alive and metabolically active in the matrix. The matrix severely inhibits growth of pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The biomaterial can be used to coat food products, pack medical devices, or treat wounds to prevent infection.

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Encapsulation of probiotics in food-grade Pickering emulsions using ferulic acid-functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a protective matrix. The emulsions are stabilized by CNCs with shellac, which form a stable, pH-responsive barrier against gastric and intestinal environments. The CNCs' antioxidant properties enhance probiotic cell viability during emulsification, storage, and passage through the digestive system. The shellac-based coating provides a biocompatible and biodegradable barrier that prevents cell lysis, while the CNCs facilitate emulsion stability. The emulsions can be formulated with probiotics, providing a controlled release of beneficial compounds in the intestinal lumen.

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Oral delivery of drugs and vaccines using microcapsules made of denatured plant proteins. The microcapsules protect the payload during stomach transit and release it in the intestine. The capsules are formed by encapsulating the drug or vaccine in an oil-in-water emulsion, then spraying it onto a fluidized bed of denatured plant protein. The protein coagulates around the droplets to form microcapsules. Calcium salts can be added to polymerize the protein. The microcapsules are dried and size reduced to form microparticles. The denatured plant protein matrix protects the payload during stomach acid, then breaks down in the intestine.

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A probiotic encapsulation system for Lactobacillus using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) technology, comprising gum arabic (GA) composite fibers or capsules with polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), whey protein concentrate (WPC), or maltodextrin (MD) as the matrix. The system exhibits enhanced stability and bioavailability of Lactobacillus under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, with PVOH/GA fibers achieving the highest encapsulation rate and survival rate. The GA composite fibers/capsules demonstrate improved resistance to osmotic stress, high-temperature, and high-humidity conditions, maintaining viability and metabolic activity after 28-day storage.

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Probiotics play a pivotal role to reduce gastrointestinal problems by exerting a drastic effect on various pathogenic microflora of the colon.Lactobacillus reuteri CECT-925 loaded beads were prepared by emulsion containing sodium alginate and sesame seed oil.Encapsulation was done by spraying emulsion into a 0.5% solution of calcium chloride.Microencapsulated probiotics incorporated guava juice was assessed for physicochemical analysis at the 15-day interval for 60 days.The juice was tested for probiotics viability, titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids and organoleptic properties.In the control sample, viable counts of encapsulated probiotics were reduced from 7.68 to 1.96 log10 CFU/ml while in T1, T2 and T3 the initial numbers 7.39, 7.7 and 7.87 were reduced to 5.97, 6.87 and 6.02 log10 CFU/ml respectively at the termination of the storage period.However, pH and sensory scores decreased while total soluble solids and titratable acidity increased.Results indicated that microencapsulation by sodium alginate in combination with sesame oil retained the viability of Lactobacillus... Read More

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A composition for improving survival of Bifidobacterium probiotics during gastrointestinal passage, comprising a Poaceae or Leguminoseae plant fiber with an insoluble fraction of 40-80% (w/w) and a Bifidobacterium probiotic. The plant fiber, such as corn fiber or pea cell wall fiber, provides a protective effect against gastric and duodenal conditions, enabling the probiotic to reach the large intestine in greater numbers and with improved viability. The composition can be used as a medical food for preventing or treating conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic enteropathy, and atopic dermatitis.

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Food-grade hydrogels containing probiotics that can be 3D printed and freeze-dried to create shelf-stable products. The hydrogels are formed from a mixture of hydrogel precursors, including gelatin and alginate, that are crosslinked and then 3D printed into desired shapes. The printed hydrogels are then freeze-dried to create a stable product that can be stored for extended periods while maintaining the viability of the encapsulated probiotics.

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Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that can improve human health. However, probiotics are susceptible to adverse effects of processing and storage, and their viability decreases during their passage through the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, encapsulation processes are being developed to improve probiotic survival. This review highlights the fundamentals of the encapsulation process to produce encapsulated probiotics. It also discusses the experimental variables that impact the encapsulation efficiency of probiotics and their viability under storage conditions and under gastrointestinal conditions (in vitro and in vivo). Probiotic encapsulation provides a higher viability to microorganisms, leading to the development of new dairy and nondairy probiotic foods without altering their physical and sensorial properties that can improve human health.

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Probiotics are good microbes that have the potential to improve the health of host when administered in proper quantity. They help to prevent and treat gastro-intestinal problems, allergies, colon cancer, diabetes, inflammation and enhance immunity. However, the applications of probiotics are limited because of their poor viability during the time of processing, storage as well as delivery in the gastro-intestine tract. So, in order to overcome these limitations of probiotics, probiotic delivery systems have received much attention. This review targeted the different types of polymers that are employed as a carrier system for probiotic delivery system because of their excellent properties including biodegradability, less toxicity and biocompatibility which helps to prolong the viability of strains of probiotic in harsh conditions of gut system of host.

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The role of probiotics in maintaining healthy gut ecology, as well as their association with a variety of diseases, is not only well established but also well explained. It is critical to discover methods and construct systems that can help reduce viability losses presented during production, storage, and administration via different routes, viz., oral and topical including vaginal to get the most out of probiotic therapy. The encapsulation of live probiotic strains in a carrier material to (1) protect and extend their viability during storage, (2) present them in a convenient consumable form, and (3) facilitate appropriate germination on site of application is top priority for both the industry and the scientific community at the moment. The selection of relevant encapsulation techniques and materials depends on two major factors, viz., nature of the probiotic to be encapsulated and the site of action. Presently, it is endeavored to introduce readers with different case studies focusing on the delivery of probiotic bacteria to different target sites for a variety of ailments. Effort... Read More

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This research studied the viability of probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) encapsulated in the internal aqueous phase (W1) of a water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) emulsion system, with the help of gelation and different gelling agents. Additionally, the physicochemical, rheological, and microstructural properties of the fabricated emulsion systems were assessed over time under the effect of W1 gelation. The average droplet size and zeta potential of the control system and the systems fabricated using gelatin, alginate, tragacanth gum, and carrageenan were 14.7, 12.0, 5.1, 6.4, and 7.3 m and - 21.1, -34.1, -46.2, -38.3, and -34.7 mV, respectively. The results showed a significant increase in the physical stability of the system and encapsulation efficiency of L. plantarum after the W1 gelation. The internal phase gelation significantly increased the viability of bacteria against heat and acidic pH, with tragacanth gum being the best gelling agent for increasing the viability of L. plantarum (28.05% and 16.74%, respectively). Apparent viscosity and rheological prop... Read More

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Due to several factors, the demand for plant-based cheese has increased. However, formulating products with characteristics similar to cheese made with animal milk is still a challenge for researchers and industries. Here we will describe the process of obtaining probiotic pea cheese, probiotic tofu, probiotic soy-based cream cheese, and probiotic chickpea petit suisse cheese.

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The need for a broader range of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics to improve the activity and functioning of gut microbiota has led to the development of new nutraceuticals formulations. These techniques majorly depend on the type of the concerned food, inclusive factors i.e. application of biotic components, probiotics, and synbiotics along with the type of encapsulation involved. For improvisation of the oral transfer mode of synbiotics delivery within the intestine along with viability, efficacy, and stability co-encapsulation is required. The present study explores encapsulation materials, probiotics and prebiotics in the form of synbiotics. The emphasis was given to the selection and usage of probiotic delivery matrix or prebiotic polymers, which primarily include animal derived (gelatine, casein, collagen, chitosan) and plant derived (starch, cellulose, pectin, alginate) materials. Beside this, the role of microbial polymers and biofilms (exopolysaccharides, extracellular polymeric substances) has also been discussed in the formation of probiotic functional foods. In this ... Read More

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Probiotics are considered to have the potential to be beneficial to health when consumed in adequate amounts. Maintaining excellent probiotic activity during food storage and gastrointestinal transport is a key challenge. In this study, a stable water-in-water (W/W) Pickering emulsion consisting of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and dextran (DEX) was constructed. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were used as the solid stabilizers of the emulsion. The obtained emulsions had excellent long-term stability with no phase separation within 60 days. In addition, the pH and ionic strength had little influence on the stability performance of the emulsions. The W/W Pickering emulsion system was applied to the probiotic encapsulation, and the emulsion was microencapsulated by spray drying technique. The microscopy images showed that Lactobacillus plantarum tended to be enriched in the dispersed phase of W/W Pickering emulsions. The viable cell content of obtained microcapsules was 2.22 1010 CFU/g after spray drying. Furthermore, the viable cell content in emulsion microcapsules was 3.38 ... Read More

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This study focused on developing novel compositions for the simultaneous delivery of probiotics and phenolic bioactives. These novel compositions were generated by biosorption of phenolic-rich plant extracts produced using jabuticaba peel, guaran seed, and pure catechin in three probiotic strains using vacuum-assisted and passive incubations. Vacuum-assisted biosorption using jabuticaba peel in 25% of ethanol solution (JP25%) provided the maximum loading of phenolic compounds (PC), around 9 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g of cells in less than 5 min without significantly influencing probiotic cell viability. In contrast, the total phenolic content of probiotic cells loaded with guaran seed extract (GSE) and catechin solution ranged between 3.5 and 5 mg GAE/g of cells. The PC content of probiotic cells using vacuum-assisted biosorption was around 24 fold higher than that obtained via passive biosorption for 24 h. The biosorption of PCs in probiotic cells was also confirmed by multiphoton microscopy. The viability of freeze-dried cells at 25 C up to 30 days loaded with plant extr... Read More

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The main objective of this study was the encapsulation of probiotics in date pit beads and their subsequent release in the human intestine. The beads were formed using the gravitational dripping technique, and an in-vitro protocol was used to test the digested beads and the release of viable probiotic cells. For the three date varieties, Raziz, Naghal, and Khadrawy, it was found that 0.10 g of date pit powder per 0.20 g of sodium alginate in the solution mixture, namely, a ratio of (0.5:1), resulted in the highest desired viable probiotic cells: log10 5.8, 5.3, and 4.7 CFU/ml, respectively. Conversely Naptit Saif required the least amount of date pit powder in the mixture to obtain the highest viable probiotic cells of log10 6.2 CFU/ml. Thus, the use of date pit powder showed excellent results in terms of encapsulating beneficial probiotics and delivering them to the target organ of the body. Moreover, the encapsulation technique has been approved as a protective procedure for the survival of probiotics in the intestine as the resulting number of bacteria in free cells was zero, impl... Read More

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A double-layer coating strategy for protecting probiotics from the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract and enhancing their intestinal colonization. The coating comprises an outer layer of a pH-responsive, time-delayed degradable polymer that protects the probiotic during stomach transit, and an inner layer of an adhesive tannin that promotes prolonged retention in the intestine. The coating enables selective release of the probiotic in the small or large intestine, where it can exert beneficial effects on the host microbiota.

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Probiotic bacteria are widely used to prepare pharmaceutical products and functional foods because they promote and sustain health. Nonetheless, probiotic viability is prone to decrease under gastrointestinal conditions. In this investigation, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum spp. CM-CNRG TB98 was entrapped in a gelatinpoly (vinyl alcohol) (GelPVA) hydrogel which was prepared by a green route using microbial transglutaminase (mTGase), which acts as a crosslinking agent. The hydrogel was fully characterized and its ability to entrap and protect L. plantarum from the lyophilization process and under simulated gastric and intestine conditions was explored. The GelPVA hydrogel showed a high probiotic loading efficiency (>90%) and survivability from the lyophilization process (91%) of the total bacteria entrapped. Under gastric conditions, no disintegration of the hydrogel was observed, keeping L. plantarum protected with a survival rate of >94%. While in the intestinal fluid the hydrogel is completely dissolved, helping to release probiotics. A GelPVA hydrogel is suitable for a probio... Read More

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Probiotics are known as the live microorganisms which upon adequate administration elicit a health beneficial response inside the host by decreasing the luminal pH, eliminating the pathogenic bacteria in the gut as well as producing short chain fatty acids (SCFA). With advancements in research; probiotics have been explored as potential ingredients in foods. However, their use and applications in food industry have been limited due to restrictions of maintaining the viability of probiotic cells and targeting the successful delivery to gut. Encapsulation techniques have significant influence on increasing the viability rates of probiotic cells with the successful delivery of cells to the target site. Moreover, encapsulating techniques also prevent the live cells from harsh physiological conditions of gut. This review discusses several encapsulating techniques as well as materials derived from natural sources and nutraceutical compounds. In addition to this, this paper also comprehensively discusses the factors affecting the probiotics viability and evaluation of successful release and... Read More

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A delivery system for active ingredients such as probiotics, enzymes, and vitamins that utilizes oleogels to encapsulate and protect the ingredients during storage and digestion. The oleogels are formed by combining a wax, oil, and oleogelator, which creates a semisolid network that traps the active ingredients. The oleogels demonstrate improved stability and viability of encapsulated probiotics compared to conventional delivery systems, maintaining at least 7 log CFU/mL of viable cells over extended storage periods.

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Compositions and products comprising a probiotic entrapped or encapsulated in a matrix of protein and carbohydrate from a single species of organism, and methods of producing the same. The compositions promote health in a subject by delivering a probiotic to the subject, and can be used to treat and prevent microbial dysbiosis, inflammation, and diabetes. The compositions can also be used to promote growth or feed efficacy in livestock.

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Microencapsulated probiotic comprising a stasis pod containing a freeze-dried probiotic and adjuvant, surrounded by a nutrient-rich carrier and a protective barrier layer. The microcapsule provides sustained release of live probiotics in aqueous-based compositions, such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, without compromising viability. The encapsulation technology enables delivery of beneficial bacteria to the skin and mucous membranes, promoting skin health and barrier function, while also providing antimicrobial properties against pathogens.

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A method for producing a pure plant-based microbial culture using dietary fibers and polysaccharides from fruits and vegetables as a carrier and preservative. The method involves crushing plant materials, extracting juice, sterilizing the juice, culturing microbes on the plant-derived fibers, and freeze-drying the resulting culture. The culture is designed to promote intestinal colonization and survival of beneficial microbes, while inhibiting harmful bacteria.

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A method for loading microorganisms onto pre-synthesized nanocellulose biomaterials, comprising incubating the nanocellulose with an osmotically effective solution, loading the microorganisms into the nanocellulose, and freeze-drying the loaded material. The method enables the creation of stable, probiotic-loaded nanocellulose products for topical applications, such as skin and mucous membrane treatments, that can be stored for extended periods and rapidly rehydrated for use.

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Encapsulating bioactive agents like probiotics in heteropolymer particles using cross-linking of proteins and phenolic compounds. The encapsulation involves contacting the bioactive agent with the heteropolymer, induced phase separation to get dispersed heteropolymer particles containing the bioactive agent. The heteropolymer is formed by cross-linking a protein with phenolics. The protein contains aromatic amino acids like tyrosine. The polymer phase separates from or complexes with the heteropolymer. This allows encapsulating the bioactive agent by phase separation. The heteropolymer protects the encapsulated bioactive agent from the environment.

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Considering the increasing consumer demand for vegan and vegetarian health foods, different vegetables have been already exploited to produce non-dairy probiotic foods. In addition to being rich in bioactive compounds, sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.), also known as rock samphire, represents a valuable candidate in the production of probiotic-enriched foods, and, to the authors' knowledge, it has not yet been explored as carrier for probiotics. Hence, the present study was aimed at evaluating the survival of a commercially available probiotic formulation, SYNBIO, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IMC 509 in an artificially acidified, pasteurized sea fennel preserve in brine during a refrigerated storage of 44 days. Despite slight reductions in the microbial loads, at the end of the storage, both the probiotic formulations showed loads higher than 7.0 Log CFU g-1 of sea fennel or mL-1 of brine, above the recommended administration dose to exert beneficial health effects. Thus, acidified sea fennel sprouts in brine represent a potential vehicle for probiotics delivery to humans.

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