Multilayer Probiotic Encapsulation for Targeted Release

Lipid coated nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery with improved stability and efficacy in vivo. The nanoparticles have a monodisperse size and comprise a mesoporous silica core, a positively charged inner layer, and an outer negatively charged lipid bilayer. The inner layer has cationic groups for stability and the outer layer has anions for targeting and fusion. The lipid coating provides stability and targeted binding. The nanoparticles can contain therapeutic agents like drugs, DNA, or proteins loaded in the core or bilayer for targeted release.

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Microcapsules containing probiotic strains that can withstand the stresses of food preparation and storage, including high temperatures, pH variations, and digestive enzymes. The microcapsules incorporate a polymer shell that protects the probiotic microorganisms while maintaining their viability. The polymer shell is comprised of a copolymer of methacrylic acid and alginic acid, with a prebiotic component. This formulation enables the probiotics to colonize the intestinal environment without compromising their activity, making it ideal for food products that require probiotic preservation during processing.

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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is a type of probiotic that may benefit intestinal health. Recent advances in nanoencapsulation provide an effective strategy to protect them from harsh conditions via surface functionalization coating techniques. Herein, the categories and features of applicable encapsulation methods are compared to highlight the significant role of nanoencapsulation. Commonly used food-grade biopolymers (polysaccharides and protein) and nanomaterials (nanocellulose and starch nanoparticles) are summarized along with their characteristics and advances to demonstrate enhanced combination effects in LAB co-encapsulation. Nanocoating for LAB provides an integrity dense or smooth layer attributed to the cross-linking and assembly of the protectant. The synergism of multiple chemical forces allows for the formation of subtle coatings, including electrostatic attractions, hydrophobic interactions, , and metallic bonds. Multilayer shells have stable physical transition properties that could increase the space between the probiotic cells and the outer environment, thus delaying... Read More

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The selection of the encapsulation matrix is a preliminary stage that requires a rigorous methodological approach. Microencapsulation is the technique of choice for preserving the vitality of probiotic bacteria. Nowadays, the use of prebiotics, starch, gelatin and milk proteins as encapsulation matrices offers greater functionality. These components not only protect bacteria during food processing and storage, as well as gastrointestinal conditions, but also have their own health benefits. Knowledge of the adhesion phenomena between bacteria and the materials used for encapsulation is fundamental to understanding the structuring of matter. A better understanding of encapsulation mechanisms (process and formulation) and bacteriamatrix interactions will enable us to optimize the protection of probiotic bacteria in order to preserve their vitality and vectorize them to their site of action, where they will be able to exert their beneficial effect.

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A method for delivering active substances to the lower intestines of a mammal, comprising a capsule-in-capsule configuration where an acid-resistant inner capsule containing the active substance is encapsulated within an outer capsule. The inner capsule is prepared from a composition comprising gellan gum and a water-soluble film-forming polymer, with a gellan gum-to-polymer weight ratio of 4-15 parts per 100 parts of polymer. The outer capsule is prepared from a thermogelled HPMC composition or an acid-resistant HPMC composition. The capsule-in-capsule configuration enables targeted delivery of the active substance to the lower intestines, with a release amount 10-50 times greater than a single acid-resistant capsule.

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Microencapsulating sensitive materials like probiotics to safely and efficiently deliver them to target locations like the gut. The encapsulation involves a core material like probiotics surrounded by an oil layer and then a solidifying lipid layer. The core is suspended in oil, then contact with molten lipid to form a solid shell. This provides a stable, tolerant microcapsule for delivering sensitive materials like probiotics through harsh conditions like stomach acid and moisture. The capsules have high viability and retention of the core material after storage and distribution.

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Intestinal directional release microcapsules for delivering probiotics to the small intestine for improved efficacy. The microcapsules are designed to protect probiotics from stomach acid and release them in the intestines. They have a three-layer structure with an inner core of probiotics, an intermediate layer that dissolves in intestinal pH, and an outer layer that protects against stomach acid. The microcapsules can be added to foods like yogurt, milk tea, or acidic beverages.

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An increased demand for natural products nowadays most specifically probiotics (PROs) is evident since it comes in conjunction with beneficial health effects for consumers. In this regard, it is well known that encapsulation could positively affect the PROs' viability throughout food manufacturing and long-term storage. This paper aims to analyze and review various double/multilayer strategies for encapsulation of PROs. Double-layer encapsulation of PROs by electrohydrodynamic atomization or electrospraying technology has been reported along with layer-by-layer assembly and water-in-oil-in-water (W

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A heat and acid resistant probiotics microsphere for delivering live probiotics in thermally processed foods and beverages. The microsphere comprises a synbiotic core with a seed layer, probiotic microorganism, and binder, surrounded by an acid-resistant shell layer and a heat-resistant bilayer shell. The shell layers are designed to protect the probiotics from both high temperatures during processing and the acidic environment of the gastrointestinal tract, enabling the delivery of live probiotics in a wide range of food and beverage products.

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Microencapsulated microbial cultures with enhanced storage stability at elevated temperatures, comprising a microbial culture entrapped in a coacervate comprising a non-homogeneous encapsulation matrix with a high ratio of matrix material to core material, wherein the matrix material includes carbohydrates, proteins, and antioxidants. The microencapsulated cultures exhibit preserved viability over extended periods of storage at temperatures up to 37°C, enabling applications in products where refrigerated storage is not feasible.

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The application of probiotics is limited by the loss of survival due to food processing, storage, and gastrointestinal tract. Encapsulation is a key technology for overcoming these challenges. The review focuses on the latest progress in probiotic encapsulation since 2020, especially precision engineering on microbial surfaces and microbial-mediated role. Currently, the encapsulation materials include polysaccharides and proteins, followed by lipids, which is a traditional mainstream trend, while novel plant extracts and polyphenols are on the rise. Other natural materials and processing by-products are also involved. The encapsulation types are divided into rough multicellular encapsulation, precise single-cell encapsulation, and microbial-mediated encapsulation. Recent emerging techniques include cryomilling, 3D printing, spray-drying with a three-fluid coaxial nozzle, and microfluidic. Encapsulated probiotics applied in food is an upward trend in which "classic probiotic foods" (yogurt, cheese, butter, chocolate, etc.) are dominated, supplemented by "novel probiotic foods" (tea, p... Read More

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A probiotic granule comprising a core of probiotic bacteria coated with a single continuous layer of a hydrophobic solid dispersion containing a water-soluble polymeric stress absorber. The stress absorber is dispersed within a hydrophobic solid component such as fat, wax, or fatty acid, and provides mechanical protection and controlled dissolution of the granule. The granule enables prolonged survival of the probiotics during storage and passage through the gastrointestinal tract, and can be used in a variety of food products.

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The survivability of encapsulated and nonencapsulated probiotics consisting of

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Probiotics have attracted great interest from many researchers due to their beneficial effects. Encapsulation of probiotics into biopolymer matrices has led to the development of active food packaging materials as an alternative to traditional ones for controlling food-borne microorganisms, extending food shelf life, improving food safety, and achieving health-promoting effects. The challenges of low survival rates during processing, storage, and delivery to the gut and low intestinal colonization, storage stability, and controllability have greatly limited the use of probiotics in practical food-preservation applications. The encapsulation of probiotics with a protective matrix can increase their resistance to a harsh environment and improve their survival rates, making probiotics appropriate in the food packaging field. Cellulose has attracted extensive attention in food packaging due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, environmental friendliness, renewability, and excellent mechanical strength. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the main types of cellu... Read More

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A chitosan-Fe coating-based synbiotic microcapsule with gastric acid resistance and intestinal targeted release, prepared by encapsulating a mixed probiotic-prebiotic core material with a chitosan-Fe solution and freeze-drying protective agent. The microcapsule exhibits improved probiotic survival and intestinal targeting, overcoming limitations of conventional microencapsulation methods.

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A 3D bioprinted probiotic delivery system for localized and sustained release of beneficial bacteria to treat bacterial infections. The system comprises a bioink containing a biocompatible polymer matrix and live probiotic cells, which are printed into a three-dimensional structure that releases the probiotics over an extended period. The system can be used to treat infections such as periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis by delivering probiotics directly to the affected site.

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Functional foods or drugs based on probiotics have gained unprecedented attention and development due to the increasingly clear relationship between probiotics and human health. Probiotics can regulate intestinal microbiota, dynamically participating in various physiological activities to directly affect human health. Some probiotic-based functional preparations have shown great potential in treating multiple refractory diseases. Currently, the survival and activity of probiotic cells in complex environments in vitro and in vivo have taken priority, and various encapsulation systems based on food-derived materials have been designed and constructed to protect and deliver probiotics. However, traditional encapsulation technology cannot achieve precise protection for a single probiotic, which makes it unable to have a significant effect after release. In this case, single-cell encapsulation systems can be assembled based on biological interfaces to protect and functionalize individual probiotic cells, maximizing their physiological activity. This review discussed the arduous challenges... Read More

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An increased demand for natural products nowadays most specifically probiotics (PRO) is evident since it comes in conjunction with beneficial health effects for the consumers. In this regard, it is well known that encapsulation could affect positively the PRO's viability throughout food manufacturing and long-term storage. This paper aims to analyze and review various multilayer strategies for encapsulation of PRO. Double-layer encapsulation of PRO by electro-hydrodynamic atomization or electrospray technology has been reported along with layer-by-layer assembly and water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double emulsions to produce multilayer PRO-loaded carriers. Finally, their applications in food products are presented. The resistance (cover material) and viability of (PRO) to mechanical damage, during gastrointestinal transit and shelf life of these trapping systems are also described. The PRO encapsulation in double and multiple-layer coatings combined with other technologies can be examined to increase the opportunities for new functional products with amended functionalities ... Read More

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Abstract Adequate intake of live probiotics is beneficial to human health and wellbeing because they can help treat or prevent a variety of health conditions. However, the viability of probiotics is reduced by the harsh environments they experience during passage through the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Consequently, the oral delivery of viable probiotics is a significant challenge. Probiotic encapsulation provides a potential solution to this problem. However, the production methods used to create conventional encapsulation technologies often damage probiotics. Moreover, the delivery systems produced often do not have the required physicochemical attributes or robustness for food applications. Singlecell encapsulation is based on forming a protective coating around a single probiotic cell. These coatings may be biofilms or biopolymer layers designed to protect the probiotic from the harsh gastrointestinal environment, enhance their colonization, and introduce additional beneficial functions. This article reviews the factors affecting the oral delivery of probiotics, analyses... Read More

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Probiotics participate in various physiological activities and contribute to body health. However, their viability and bioefficacy are adversely affected by gastrointestinal harsh conditions, such as gastric acid, bile salts and various enzymes. Fortunately, encapsulation based on various nanomaterials shows tremendous potential to protect probiotics. In this review, we introduced some novel encapsulation technologies involving nanomaterials in view of predesigned stability and viability, selective adhesion, smart release and colonization, and efficacy exertion of encapsulated probiotics. Furthermore, the interactions between encapsulated probiotics and the gastrointestinal tract were summarized and analyzed, with highlighting the regulatory mechanisms of encapsulated probiotics on intestinal mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, biological barrier and immune barrier. This review would benefit the food and pharmaceutical industries in preparation and utilization of multifunctional encapsulated probiotics.

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The intake of probiotics offers various health benefits; however, their efficacy depends on the maintenance of viability during industrial processing and digestion. Probiotic viability can be compromised during encapsulation, freeze-drying, storage, and digestion, necessitating multiple coatings. This complicates production and raises costs. In this study, CaCO

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Encapsulation technology has been extensively used to enhance the stability, specificity, and bioavailability of essential food ingredients. Additionally, it plays a vital role in improving product quality and reducing production costs. This study presents a comprehensive classification of encapsulation techniques based on the state of different cores (solid, liquid, and gaseous) and offers a detailed description and analysis of these encapsulation methods. Specifically, it introduces the diverse applications of encapsulation technology in food, encompassing areas such as antioxidant, protein activity, physical stability, controlled release, delivery, antibacterial, and probiotics. The potential impact of encapsulation technology is expected to make encapsulation technology a major process and research hotspot in the food industry. Future research directions include applications of encapsulation for enzymes, microencapsulation of biosensors, and novel technologies such as self-assembly. This study provides a valuable theoretical reference for the in-depth research and wide applicatio... Read More

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Encapsulation, in particular extrusion and co-extrusion, is a common practice to protect probiotics from the harsh conditions of the digestive tract as well as processing. Hydrocolloids, including proteins and carbohydrates, natural or modified, are a group of ingredients used as the wall material in extrusion. Hydrocolloids, due to their specific properties, can significantly improve the probiotic survivability of the final powder during the microencapsulation process and storage. The present article will discuss the different kinds of hydrocolloids used for microencapsulation of probiotics by extrusion and co-extrusion, along with new sources of novel gums and their potential as wall material.

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Recent research shows the advances in microencapsulation of probiotic microorganisms to increase survival during gastrointestinal transit and identifies emerging food applications. Literature about traditional and next-generation probiotic (NGP) microorganisms is ever-increasing, as does research on conventional and more functionally active biopolymers to encapsulate these fastidious microorganisms. During the last decade, studies revealed the health impact of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP), which are sometimes used as wall materials or adjuncts in encapsulation applications. Although there is abundant information on microencapsulation of probiotics using biopolymers, there is not much information about the use of FODMAP in these applications. This chapter aims to present the state of microencapsulation research involving FODMAP and non-FODMAP biopolymers with traditional and NGPs.

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Encapsulation was a promising method for protecting probiotics from extreme conditions during their passage through the gastrointestinal tract and delivering probiotics to specific sites in the colon for colonization. Various dosage forms have been used in recent years to encapsulate probiotics to maintain cell viability during processing, storage, and through the digestive tract to provide health benefits. However, research related to the encapsulation of probiotics as the dosage forms for colon-targeted delivery systems was still quite limited to conventional dosage forms due to the sensitivity of probiotics to extreme conditions during the process. This review focuses on various types of dosage forms that are used in colon-targeted delivery systems for commonly used probiotic bacteria. In this review, we discussed the limitations of the current dosage forms used in probiotic encapsulation, along with the latest advancements in colon-targeted delivery systems for probiotic products. This review also covers future perspectives on the potential dosage forms that can effectively maint... Read More

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Modified release softgel capsules that encapsulate a controlled release fill composition, where the pH-dependent shell composition possesses delayed release properties without the need for a separate pH-dependent coating or conventional pH-dependent synthetic polymers. The controlled release fill composition has controlled release properties, and together they allow delivery of an active agent to a target location within the gastrointestinal tract with a tunable release profile.

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Enteric-coated dosage forms containing live or non-replicating bacteria and microbial extracellular vesicles (mEVs) that modulate immune responses outside the gastrointestinal tract. The dosage forms are enteric-coated with a polymethacrylate-based copolymer and contain a pharmaceutical agent that comprises bacteria and mEVs. The dosage forms can be administered orally and deliver therapeutic benefits through the modulation of systemic immune responses.

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The demand for probiotic-based functional food is increasing globally owing to its health-endorsing attributes. There are various driving forces behind probiotic therapy. However, Intestinal dysbiosis in humans is the prime driving force behind this increasing trend in the consumption of probiotic-based functional food. Probiotics have numerous health potentials, however, their target delivery and stability is a great challenge for food manufacturer. Microencapsulation with various types of coating materials is trending for the target and stable delivery of potential probiotics. There are various encapsulation techniques with pros and cons. The type of probiotic bacteria, encapsulation methods, and coating materials are considered crucial factors to prolong the viability of probiotics under hostile conditions. The current review addresses the opportunities, challenges, and future trends surrounding matrix materials used in probiotic encapsulation. The review also describes the current studies and their findings on the various types of encapsulation materials. This comprehensive revie... Read More

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Probiotics have won considerable interest in the food industry because of their health benefits. However, ensuring probiotics' viability, stability, and effective delivery in functional ingredients constitute a major concern. Microencapsulation is a promising method to ensure probiotic viability and stability. The best polymer for microencapsulation of probiotics is a determining factor. This paper presents an overview of the impact of polymer selection on probiotic viability, stability, and delivery in functional foods. It discusses numerous microencapsulation techniques and factors influencing polymer selection. It further explores the consequences of various polymers on probiotic viability, highlighting their protecting mechanisms. Additionally, it examines the role of polymer selection in enhancing probiotic stability during delivery, launch kinetics, storage and processing. The business packages of microencapsulated probiotics in foods and case studies on precise polymer choices for probiotic product improvement are also presented. Finally, we present challenges and future direc... Read More

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Encapsulation of probiotics in food-grade Pickering emulsions using ferulic acid-functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a protective matrix. The emulsions are stabilized by CNCs with shellac, which form a stable, pH-responsive barrier against gastric and intestinal environments. The CNCs' antioxidant properties enhance probiotic cell viability during emulsification, storage, and passage through the digestive system. The shellac-based coating provides a biocompatible and biodegradable barrier that prevents cell lysis, while the CNCs facilitate emulsion stability. The emulsions can be formulated with probiotics, providing a controlled release of beneficial compounds in the intestinal lumen.

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Probiotics have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their potential advantages in diverse biomedical applications, such as acting as antimicrobial agents, aiding in tissue repair, and treating diseases. These live bacteria must exist in appropriate quantities and precise locations to exert beneficial effects. However, their viability and activity can be significantly impacted by the surrounding tissue, posing a challenge to maintain their stability in the target location for an extended duration. To counter this, researchers have formulated various strategies that enhance the activity and stability of probiotics by encapsulating them within biomaterials. This approach enables site-specific release, overcoming technical impediments encountered during the processing and application of probiotics. A range of materials can be utilized for encapsulating probiotics, and several methods can be employed for this encapsulation process. This article reviews the recent advancements in probiotics encapsulated within biomaterials, examining the materials, methods, and effects of... Read More

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Microcapsules that provide a biocompatible, thermostable, and stable encapsulation system for cells. The microcapsules contain a liquid core surrounded by a hydrogel shell, which maintains cell viability and growth through controlled nutrient exchange. The shell can be composed of various materials including polysaccharides, proteins, and synthetic polymers, and the core can be a hydrogel or liquid. The microcapsules can be produced through a controlled liquid-liquid phase separation process, enabling precise control over cell-cell interactions and 3D cell assembly formation.

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Probiotics are live microorganisms that have a positive effect on our health and bring many benefits when consumed in sufficient doses. Maintaining the viability of probiotic bacteria during oral administration can be challenging due to the harsh conditions they face, such as the acidic conditions of the stomach. However, delivery systems for probiotics are very different and important in terms of effectiveness for patient health. These release systems can be categorized into conventional formulations, pharmaceuticals, and non-conventional products, mainly food-based commercial products. In this review, we focus on polymeric carriers and methods applied to encapsulate probiotics in them. Microcapsule technology has been proposed as a successful strategy with key factors including the ability of microcapsules to transport viable functional bacteria in sufficient numbers, protect against harsh physiological conditions, and survive formulation processes to improve their efficacy after oral administration. Also, biodegradable polymers or hydrogels as carriers of probiotics can protect ba... Read More

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Probiotics are microorganisms that provide the host with a number of adaptive health benefits. When consumed along with food or otherwise, they attach themselves to the intestinal wall of the host and suppress the unwanted microflora. Probiotics are considerably destroyed during food processing and storage and in the harsh digestive juices and bile salts of the stomach. Therefore, it is essential to protect probiotics from the adverse conditions and maintain their viability to achieve the intended benefits. Encapsulation can be a solution. Common encapsulation techniques are spray and freeze drying, but they have some limitations as they use extreme temperatures that are detrimental to probiotics. Electrospinning can be an alternative to these methods to encapsulate probiotics with desired characteristics for food applications. It is also a cost-effective and scalable technology, and it could be done at room temperature without the risk of thermal damage to the probiotics being encapsulated. In this chapter, the major principles and advances in the use of electrospinning technologies... Read More

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Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that can improve human health. However, probiotics are susceptible to adverse effects of processing and storage, and their viability decreases during their passage through the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, encapsulation processes are being developed to improve probiotic survival. This review highlights the fundamentals of the encapsulation process to produce encapsulated probiotics. It also discusses the experimental variables that impact the encapsulation efficiency of probiotics and their viability under storage conditions and under gastrointestinal conditions (in vitro and in vivo). Probiotic encapsulation provides a higher viability to microorganisms, leading to the development of new dairy and nondairy probiotic foods without altering their physical and sensorial properties that can improve human health.

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A polymer-coated hard shell capsule for targeted drug release, comprising a hard shell capsule body and cap, coated with a solution containing a methacrylate copolymer, an alkali salt of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, glycerol monostearate, and a plasticizer. The coating composition accelerates release of the active ingredient at a pH of 7.2, enabling fast release in the colon.

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Probiotics provide several benefits for humans, including restoring the balance of gut bacteria, boosting the immune system, and aiding in the management of certain conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and lactose intolerance. However, the viability of probiotics may undergo a significant reduction during food storage and gastrointestinal transit, potentially hindering the realization of their health benefits. Microencapsulation techniques have been recognized as an effective way to improve the stability of probiotics during processing and storage and allow for their localization and slow release in intestine. Although, numerous techniques have been employed for the encapsulation of probiotics, the encapsulation techniques itself and carrier types are the main factors affecting the encapsulate effect. This work summarizes the applications of commonly used polysaccharides (alginate, starch, and chitosan), proteins (whey protein isolate, soy protein isolate, and zein) and its complex as the probiotics encapsulation materials; evaluates the evolutions in microencapsulation techno... Read More

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The role of probiotics in maintaining healthy gut ecology, as well as their association with a variety of diseases, is not only well established but also well explained. It is critical to discover methods and construct systems that can help reduce viability losses presented during production, storage, and administration via different routes, viz., oral and topical including vaginal to get the most out of probiotic therapy. The encapsulation of live probiotic strains in a carrier material to (1) protect and extend their viability during storage, (2) present them in a convenient consumable form, and (3) facilitate appropriate germination on site of application is top priority for both the industry and the scientific community at the moment. The selection of relevant encapsulation techniques and materials depends on two major factors, viz., nature of the probiotic to be encapsulated and the site of action. Presently, it is endeavored to introduce readers with different case studies focusing on the delivery of probiotic bacteria to different target sites for a variety of ailments. Effort... Read More

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The global demand for probiotics is increasing due to their potential for improving human health and wellbeing. However, probiotics are prone to degradation during passage through the human body and may not adequately colonize targeted sites, like the colon. As a result, researchers have been developing encapsulation technologies to protect probiotics within the human body and to target their delivery to specific sites of interest. Moreover, researchers are focusing on creating adhesive materials to improve the in vivo colonization of probiotics. This review focuses on the design of probiotic delivery systems. Initially, it summarizes our current understanding of the adhesion of probiotics to different biological surfaces in the human body. Then, it discusses different kinds of probiotic delivery systems, and the approaches that can be used to obtain targeted release, such as pH-, enzyme-, and microbial-responsive systems. Finally, it discusses the main challenges in improving the protection, release, and adhesion of encapsulated probiotics, as well as areas where future research is ... Read More

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An analysis of technologies for encapsulating probiotic microorganisms with biopolymers based on sodium alginate was carried out. Such microencapsulation is necessary to protect probiotics during processing, storage, and their targeted delivery to the colon.

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As a kind of intestinal flora regulator, probiotics show great potential in the treatment of many diseases. However, orally delivered probiotics are often vulnerable to unfriendly gastrointestinal environments, resulting in a low survival rate and decreased therapeutic efficacy. Decorating or encapsulating probiotics with functional biomaterials has become a facile yet useful strategy, and probiotics can be given different functions by wearing different armors. This review systematically discusses the challenges faced by oral probiotics and the research progress of armored probiotics delivery systems. We focus on how various functional armors help probiotics overcome different obstacles and achieve efficient delivery. We also introduce the applications of armor probiotics in disease treatment and analyze the future trends of developing advanced probiotics-based therapies.

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The need for a broader range of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics to improve the activity and functioning of gut microbiota has led to the development of new nutraceuticals formulations. These techniques majorly depend on the type of the concerned food, inclusive factors i.e. application of biotic components, probiotics, and synbiotics along with the type of encapsulation involved. For improvisation of the oral transfer mode of synbiotics delivery within the intestine along with viability, efficacy, and stability co-encapsulation is required. The present study explores encapsulation materials, probiotics and prebiotics in the form of synbiotics. The emphasis was given to the selection and usage of probiotic delivery matrix or prebiotic polymers, which primarily include animal derived (gelatine, casein, collagen, chitosan) and plant derived (starch, cellulose, pectin, alginate) materials. Beside this, the role of microbial polymers and biofilms (exopolysaccharides, extracellular polymeric substances) has also been discussed in the formation of probiotic functional foods. In this ... Read More

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Probiotics are used as potential constituents in functional foods and their demand is increasing due to their health benefits. However, to endure the probiotics in intestinal transit and food processing is challenging from a future health perspective. Microencapsulation technique promotes sustainable release at the target site. Lactobacillus plantarum PRK7 was microencapsulated with sodium alginate (SA), inulin (SA-I) and skim milk (SA-SK) formulations as encapsulating material to study its influence on food products. The physicochemical features and behavior activities of the microbead formulations were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared, X-ray diffraction methods and encapsulation efficiency, swelling and erosion ratio, hygroscopicity, and viability studies. The physicochemical studies revealed their smooth surface, size ranging from 405 to 511 m, and amorphous nature. The encapsulation efficiency of SA, SA-I, and SA-SK microbeads were 96.05% 0.85%, 92.77% 1.26%, and 93.98% 1.68%, respectively. The controlled release mechanism of microbead... Read More

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Prebiotics-based encapsulation aids in improving the structure of microbeads and the survivability of probiotics. The current study focused on the exploration of a prebiotic-based encapsulation system (alginate-inulin) to improve the viability of probiotics under in vitro and carrier food. Probiotic (L. acidophilus) was encapsulated by the ionotropic gelation method. Microbeads with inulin inclusion were found to be compact and smooth with the highest encapsulation efficiency (98.87%) among the rest of the treatments. Alginate-inulin-based microbeads showed the highest count (8.41log CFU) as compared to other treatment as well free cells under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Furthermore, alginate-inulin encapsulation maintained recommended (107108 log CFU/ml) probiotic viability in carrier food throughout the storage period. Probiotic encapsulation aids in controlling the post-acidification of the carrier product (yogurt). The results of this study indicated that the alginate-inulin-based encapsulation system has promising potential to ensure the therapeutic number of probiot... Read More

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A double-layer coating strategy for protecting probiotics from the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract and enhancing their intestinal colonization. The coating comprises an outer layer of a pH-responsive, time-delayed degradable polymer that protects the probiotic during stomach transit, and an inner layer of an adhesive tannin that promotes prolonged retention in the intestine. The coating enables selective release of the probiotic in the small or large intestine, where it can exert beneficial effects on the host microbiota.

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Microcapsules for probiotics that enhance their survival and stability in food products through multiple encapsulation layers. The microcapsules contain a probiotic powder or probiotic mud core encapsulated by a hydrophobic wall material, with multiple layers of encapsulation forming a multi-layered protective barrier. This multi-layered coating structure provides enhanced protection against environmental factors such as moisture, enzymes, and gastric acid, while maintaining the probiotic's viability and functionality.

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The growing health awareness among consumers has increased the demand for non-dairy-based products containing probiotics. However, the incorporation of probiotics in non-dairy matrices is challenging, and probiotics tend to have a low survival rate in these matrices and subsequently perform poorly in the gastrointestinal system. Encapsulation of probiotics with a physical barrier could preserve the survivability of probiotics and subsequently improve delivery efficiency to the host. This article aimed to review the effectiveness of encapsulation techniques (coacervation, extrusion, emulsion, spray-drying, freeze-drying, fluidized bed coating, spray chilling, layer-by-layer, and co-encapsulation) and biomaterials (carbohydrate-, fat-, and protein-based) on the viability of probiotics under the harsh conditions of food processing, storage, and along the gastrointestinal passage. Recent studies on probiotic encapsulations using non-dairy food matrices, such as fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, fermented rice beverages, tea, jelly-like desserts, bakery products, sauces, and gum product... Read More

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Probiotics are known as the live microorganisms which upon adequate administration elicit a health beneficial response inside the host by decreasing the luminal pH, eliminating the pathogenic bacteria in the gut as well as producing short chain fatty acids (SCFA). With advancements in research; probiotics have been explored as potential ingredients in foods. However, their use and applications in food industry have been limited due to restrictions of maintaining the viability of probiotic cells and targeting the successful delivery to gut. Encapsulation techniques have significant influence on increasing the viability rates of probiotic cells with the successful delivery of cells to the target site. Moreover, encapsulating techniques also prevent the live cells from harsh physiological conditions of gut. This review discusses several encapsulating techniques as well as materials derived from natural sources and nutraceutical compounds. In addition to this, this paper also comprehensively discusses the factors affecting the probiotics viability and evaluation of successful release and... Read More

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A delivery system for active ingredients such as probiotics, enzymes, and vitamins that utilizes oleogels to encapsulate and protect the ingredients during storage and digestion. The oleogels are formed by combining a wax, oil, and oleogelator, which creates a semisolid network that traps the active ingredients. The oleogels demonstrate improved stability and viability of encapsulated probiotics compared to conventional delivery systems, maintaining at least 7 log CFU/mL of viable cells over extended storage periods.

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