Enzyme Sensitive Controlled Probiotic Release System

Microcapsules containing probiotic strains that can withstand the stresses of food preparation and storage, including high temperatures, pH variations, and digestive enzymes. The microcapsules incorporate a polymer shell that protects the probiotic microorganisms while maintaining their viability. The polymer shell is comprised of a copolymer of methacrylic acid and alginic acid, with a prebiotic component. This formulation enables the probiotics to colonize the intestinal environment without compromising their activity, making it ideal for food products that require probiotic preservation during processing.

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Self-assembled microcapsules that can be remotely triggered to release encapsulated drugs or cells. The microcapsules are made of nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive organic ligands attached. These ligands undergo electron transfer when activated by external stimuli like electricity or sound, rupturing the microcapsule and releasing the encapsulated cargo. The capsules can be used for targeted drug delivery and cell therapy with controlled release.

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A spray-dried composition for delivering probiotics in food products, comprising a prebiotic, a probiotic, and a coating material. The composition is prepared by spray drying a solution containing the prebiotic, probiotic, and coating material, and can be tailored to various food matrices. The composition exhibits improved probiotic viability and stability compared to conventional drying methods, enabling the delivery of live microbes in adequate amounts to exert a functional effect within the body.

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A system for treating gastrointestinal tract disorders, comprising an artificial enzyme that facilitates a redox reaction, a probiotic bacteria, and a linker that conjugates the artificial enzyme and probiotic bacteria. The system is manufactured by incubating the artificial enzyme and linker, followed by incubation with the probiotic bacteria. The system can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for administration, and is effective in treating conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, dysbiosis, and necrotizing enterocolitis.

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Probiotics therapy has garnered significant attention in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, a large number of oral administrated probiotics are inactivated after passing through the gastric acid environment, and their ability to colonize in the intestine is also weak. Herein, this study develops a novel probiotics formulation (GM-EcN) by incorporating

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Probiotics, such as

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Microbial-triggered oral intestinal drug delivery formulation that targets the small and large intestine for precise drug delivery. The formulation comprises an outer enteric coating, an inner coating, and a central core, which work together to prevent premature drug release in the upper GI tract and ensure delivery to the colon. The inner coating contains a microbial-sensitive component that triggers drug release in response to the natural microbial flora of the intestine.

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To improve probiotics' survivability during gastrointestinal digestion and heat treatment,

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Antibiotics are used to control infectious diseases. However, adverse effects of antibiotics, such as devastation of the gut microbiota and enhancement of the inflammatory response, have been reported. Health benefits of fermented milk are established and can be enhanced by the addition of probiotic strains. In this study, we evaluated effects of fermented milk containing

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Probiotics have become increasingly recognized for their potential health-promoting properties; however, the viability of probiotics can be affected by storage and transportation processes as well as the stressful environment of the human digestive tract, preventing them from achieving effective concentration (10

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A probiotic granule comprising a core of probiotic bacteria coated with a single continuous layer of a hydrophobic solid dispersion containing a water-soluble polymeric stress absorber. The stress absorber is dispersed within a hydrophobic solid component such as fat, wax, or fatty acid, and provides mechanical protection and controlled dissolution of the granule. The granule enables prolonged survival of the probiotics during storage and passage through the gastrointestinal tract, and can be used in a variety of food products.

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A chitosan-Fe coating-based synbiotic microcapsule with gastric acid resistance and intestinal targeted release, prepared by encapsulating a mixed probiotic-prebiotic core material with a chitosan-Fe solution and freeze-drying protective agent. The microcapsule exhibits improved probiotic survival and intestinal targeting, overcoming limitations of conventional microencapsulation methods.

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A 3D bioprinted probiotic delivery system for localized and sustained release of beneficial bacteria to treat bacterial infections. The system comprises a bioink containing a biocompatible polymer matrix and live probiotic cells, which are printed into a three-dimensional structure that releases the probiotics over an extended period. The system can be used to treat infections such as periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis by delivering probiotics directly to the affected site.

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Beneficial use of probiotics in transport and storage processes. The activity protecting capacity to the probiotics is achieved by forming a film in situ on the surface of the probiotics by using natural biological macromolecules and metal ions on surfaces of the probiotics through covalent cross-linking or metal chelating action in situ, and a second layer is formed by interactions between a bio-enzyme and the natural biological macromolecules.

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Viability loss of probiotics often occur during processing, storage and gastrointestinal transit. In this study, the viability of freeze-dried

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Probiotic research has undergone some exciting and unanticipated changes in direction since the 2010 commentary by Howarth which speculated on probiotics being ultimately utilized as 'factories' capable of releasing pharmaceutical-grade metabolites with therapeutic potential for a wide range of primarily gastrointestinal disorders (1). Indeed, the unrelenting search for new alternatives to antibiotics has further stimulated the development of 'next-generation' probiotics. Postbiotics, defined as inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confer a health benefit on the host, remain at the forefront of current probiotic research, with increasing numbers of probiotic species, strains and sub-strains now being identified and further exploited as pharmabiotics; probiotics with a proven pharmacological role in health and disease that have been subjected to clinical trial prior to approval by regulatory bodies. However, perhaps the most unanticipated probiotic development over the past 15 years has been the emergence of psychobiotics with the potential to improve aspects of menta... Read More

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Synbiotics have shown various beneficial effects in inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, infectious disorders, and diarrheal illnesses. However, the delivery of probiotics to the host intestine is challenging owing to the poor survivability and viability of probiotic bacteria during the gastric transit, and poor stability at the highly acidic pH of the stomach. The oral delivery of probiotics in combination with prebiotics can achieve the targeted delivery of probiotics toward the intestine. The deliveries of synbiotics through suitable particulate carriers can also be useful to improve the encapsulation efficiency, viability, stability, and performance of probiotics. In addition, these particulate carriers also help to control the release of probiotics at the target site (intestine). This chapter discusses the synbiotics and various particulate carriers in synbiotics delivery along with multiple case studies. Further, the synbiotics in clinical trials and regulatory aspects of synbiotics are also highlighted.

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Probiotics can exert direct or indirect influences on various aspects of health claims by altering the composition of the gut microbiome and producing bioactive metabolites. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of

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Different LNT doses promoted the proliferation of probiotics with different functions, which prevented liver function impairment, oxidative stress, and inflammation caused by acute excessive alcohol consumption.

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Encapsulation was a promising method for protecting probiotics from extreme conditions during their passage through the gastrointestinal tract and delivering probiotics to specific sites in the colon for colonization. Various dosage forms have been used in recent years to encapsulate probiotics to maintain cell viability during processing, storage, and through the digestive tract to provide health benefits. However, research related to the encapsulation of probiotics as the dosage forms for colon-targeted delivery systems was still quite limited to conventional dosage forms due to the sensitivity of probiotics to extreme conditions during the process. This review focuses on various types of dosage forms that are used in colon-targeted delivery systems for commonly used probiotic bacteria. In this review, we discussed the limitations of the current dosage forms used in probiotic encapsulation, along with the latest advancements in colon-targeted delivery systems for probiotic products. This review also covers future perspectives on the potential dosage forms that can effectively maint... Read More

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Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that can improve human health. However, probiotics are susceptible to adverse effects of processing and storage, and their viability decreases during their passage through the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, encapsulation processes are being developed to improve probiotic survival. This review highlights the fundamentals of the encapsulation process to produce encapsulated probiotics. It also discusses the experimental variables that impact the encapsulation efficiency of probiotics and their viability under storage conditions and under gastrointestinal conditions (in vitro and in vivo). Probiotic encapsulation provides a higher viability to microorganisms, leading to the development of new dairy and nondairy probiotic foods without altering their physical and sensorial properties that can improve human health.

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Probiotics are good microbes that have the potential to improve the health of host when administered in proper quantity. They help to prevent and treat gastro-intestinal problems, allergies, colon cancer, diabetes, inflammation and enhance immunity. However, the applications of probiotics are limited because of their poor viability during the time of processing, storage as well as delivery in the gastro-intestine tract. So, in order to overcome these limitations of probiotics, probiotic delivery systems have received much attention. This review targeted the different types of polymers that are employed as a carrier system for probiotic delivery system because of their excellent properties including biodegradability, less toxicity and biocompatibility which helps to prolong the viability of strains of probiotic in harsh conditions of gut system of host.

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Biodegradable implantable device for releasing bioactive agents like bacteria in the digestive tract to improve microbiome after intestinal surgeries. The device has two covers: an inner hydrophilic one for protecting the bacteria, and an outer hydrophobic one for delayed release. The bacteria are encapsulated between the covers and the outer one degrades in the gut to release the bacteria over 1-3 months. This prevents immediate loss from antibiotics and aids reestablishing the gut microbiome after surgery.

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Biodegradable core-shell microcapsules with controlled release of active materials, comprising a biopolymer wall and a microcapsule shell. The core-shell structure features a biopolymer wall composed primarily of natural wall polymers, while the microcapsule shell is stabilized by cross-linking with a combination of selected cross-linking agents. The microcapsules retain the active material for at least four weeks at elevated temperature in a consumer product base and release the active material under specific triggering conditions, such as friction, swelling, pH change, enzyme activation, temperature change, or ionic strength change.

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A synbiotics composition comprising a combination of probiotics, digestive enzymes, prebiotics, yeast, protein, and vitamin B complex, designed to promote gastrointestinal health and wellbeing by stabilizing the gut microbiome, enhancing digestive enzyme activity, and supporting immune function. The composition includes a blend of 2-7 strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium probiotics, along with digestive enzymes, prebiotics, yeast, soy protein, and a vitamin B complex, which work synergistically to maintain a healthy gut ecosystem and prevent gastrointestinal disorders.

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Biodegradable microcapsules for controlled release of active materials in consumer products, comprising a biopolymer shell cross-linked with natural cross-linking agents and a core containing the active material. The microcapsules exhibit stability in consumer product bases for at least four weeks at elevated temperatures and release the active material in response to triggering conditions such as friction, pH change, or enzyme activity. The biopolymer shell is formed from natural polymers such as polypeptides, polysaccharides, or chitin, which are cross-linked with agents such as natural isocyanates or enzymatic cross-linking.

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Biodegradable core-shell microcapsules with controlled release of fragrance materials through cross-linking natural polymers. The microcapsules contain a biopolymer shell, where the core is primarily composed of natural wall polymers. The shell is cross-linked with selected cross-linking agents to achieve stable performance in consumer products. The microcapsules maintain their fragrance content for at least four weeks at elevated temperatures and release the fragrance upon specific triggering conditions, such as friction, swelling, pH change, enzyme, temperature change, or ionic strength change.

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A method for preparing probiotic-loaded microcapsules that enhance probiotic efficacy and stability in the gastrointestinal tract. The microcapsules are prepared by isovolumetrically mixing a sodium alginate solution with a modified starch solution, followed by the addition of probiotics. The mixture is then sprayed through a nozzle and allowed to cure. The resulting microcapsules have a controlled particle size of 25-40 μm, exhibit pH-sensitive release characteristics, and maintain probiotic activity in the acidic environment of the intestines.

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As defined by the WHO, probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host (WHO, 2002). Commonly, the target site for probiotic bacteria is the gastrointestinal system, and in particular, the epithelial layer of the large and small intestines. The oral delivery route is often preferred as a less-invasive, low cost and high patient compliant method. Previously, probiotics and other beneficial organisms were commonly delivered through liquid and semi-solid (i.e. yogurt, milk and other dairy) products - however, these have been shown to lack temporal stability and consumer acceptability. More recently, lyophilisation techniques have allowed freeze-dried probiotics to be included into solid dosage formats that include directly compressed tablets. Probiotic bacteria are often selected based on their ability to exert [often strain-specific] effects on the host - the functionality of which is often assessed as the native strain. Recent work has shown that the influence of exogenous stressors introduced during stages of manufactu... Read More

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In the last years, the scientific community has recognized that specific microbial strains resident in the intestinal ecosystem play a key role in human health, participating in several functions beneficial to the host.Such microorganisms have been termed as next-generation probiotics and they are presently considered as food/nutraceutical supplements and biotherapeutic products.However, most of the next-generation probiotic candidates are nutritionally demanding and highly sensitive to aerobic conditions, which translates into several technological challenges concerning large-scale production and appeals to the development of suitable delivery systems able to promote viability and functionality of such probiotic strains.In this chapter, we will present an overall perspective of next-generation probiotics candidates in terms of their health beneficial effects, the delivery systems developed and employed to protect them, and related regulation framework and risk assessment targeting relevant criteria for commercialization in food and pharmaceutical markets.

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Probiotics have several health benefits to the host. However, low pH in the stomach, various digestive enzymes and bile salts in the intestine threaten their viability and function. Thus, probiotics need to be protected during gastric transit to address challenges associated with low viability and impaired function. At present, probiotic delivery systems with different trigger mechanisms have been constructed to successfully introduce numerous high-viability probiotics to the intestine. On this basis, the application of non-targeted/targeted probiotic delivery systems in different gut microenvironment and the adjuvant therapeutic effect of probiotic delivery systems on other disease were discussed in detail. It is important to also note that most of the current studies in this area focused on non-targeted probiotic delivery systems. Moreover, changes in intestinal microenvironment under disease state and discontinuous distribution of disease site limit their development. Thus, emphasis were made on the optimization of non-targeted probiotic delivery systems and the necessity of desig... Read More

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A novel composite coating for encapsulating active agents that preserves their viability and functionality through a multi-layered matrix system. The coating comprises a hydrophilic inner layer that protects the active agent from stomach conditions, followed by a water-resistant outer layer that maintains the agent's integrity during storage. The coating combines a hydrophobic non-swellable component with an enteric polymer and plasticizer to create a durable barrier that prevents degradation while allowing controlled release of the active agent.

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Stabilized probiotic bacteria for food products that maintain viability during processing, storage, and digestion. The probiotics are encapsulated in a protective mixture of core, innermost coating, intermediate coating, and outer coating layers. The core contains probiotics and stabilizers. The innermost coating is a hydrophobic fat. The intermediate coating has low surface tension. The outer coating is a polymer with low oxygen and water vapor transmission. This protects the probiotics from heat, humidity, oxygen, and digestive conditions.

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Acid-resistant probiotic dosage forms that can be used to deliver distinct probiotics to different regions of the gastrointestinal tract. The dosage forms are made by layering different probiotic formulations in a cohesive tablet. Each layer has a different probiotic and release profile. The layers are compressed together to form a single dosage form. The layering allows targeted delivery of probiotics to specific regions of the gut.

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Compositions and methods for treating dysbiosis comprising a combination of probiotic microorganisms and prebiotic material that promote commensal microorganism growth and adherence to the gut mucosa. The compositions are formulated for targeted delivery to specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract and include encapsulating materials that dissolve at intestinal pH, mucoadhesive polymers, and ligands for targeted delivery. The probiotics are selected from a diverse range of commensal bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids and other beneficial metabolites, while the prebiotics facilitate microbial attachment and host mucosal health.

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Sophorose microcapsules for promoting beneficial gut bacteria through controlled release of the prebiotic disaccharide, addressing a common barrier to its probiotic effects. The microcapsules contain a combination of probiotic bacteria and a pH- and flora-triggered matrix that enables sustained release of sophorose in the colon, where it promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria and produces butyric acid. This dual-triggered release system ensures the microcapsules maintain their probiotic properties throughout the digestive tract.

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Preparation of probiotic microcapsules using arabinoxylan-sodium alginate as a wall material and a preparation method, belonging to the field of food biotechnology. The method involves combining arabinoxylan and sodium alginate in a mixed solution, followed by sterilization and encapsulation. The resulting microcapsules exhibit enhanced resistance to gastric acid, improved colonization in the human intestine, and enhanced storage stability compared to conventional sodium alginate-based probiotic encapsulation methods.

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Colonic delivery system for microbiota that protects bacteria from stomach acid and bile salts to enable viable transfer to the colon. The system uses a capsule coated with a polymer that disintegrates at intestinal pH. The coating starts disintegrating in the lower small intestine and colon, releasing the bacteria. This prevents acid-sensitive strains from being damaged in the stomach and intestine. The coating material is a copolymer of methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, and methacrylic acid.

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Microcapsules for delivering probiotic microbes and drugs to restore a healthy microbiome, comprising novel siloxane-based membranes that maintain transport properties essential for microbial growth and communication. The microcapsules can be used for in vitro culture of microbes, including those that are notoriously difficult to isolate and culture, and can be administered orally to prevent or treat disorders.

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Mucoadhesive buccal films for the release of live probiotic bacteria and/or their enzymes, particularly Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 4006, for the prevention and treatment of mucosal disorders, including oral, genital, anal, nasal, pharyngeal, oesophageal, and conjunctival conditions. The films are prepared using a novel method that maintains the viability of the probiotic bacteria and their enzyme activities during processing and storage, enabling prolonged release of living bacteria at the site of action.

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Fermented milk is an effective carrier for probiotics, the consumption of which improves host health. The beneficial effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on gut dysbiosis have been reported previously. However, the way in which specific probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate intestinal microbes remains unclear. Therefore, the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus AS 1.2466 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 and the prebiotics xylooligosaccharide and red ginseng extracts were fed to mice to determine their effects on the intestinal microbiota. Then, mice were administered xylooligosaccharide and L. rhamnosus (synthesis) by gavage, and the number of L. rhamnosus was determined in the intestine at different times. The results show that probiotics and prebiotics can quickly reduce the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, inhibit harmful bacteria (such as Klebsiella and Escherichia coli), and accelerate the recovery of beneficial intestinal microorganisms (such as Lactobacillus). In a complex intestinal microecology, different probiotics and prebiotics ... Read More

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