Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells

A perovskite solar cell with a double-layer light-absorbing structure that enhances absorption beyond the conventional 1.6 eV bandgap. The cell comprises a perovskite light-absorbing layer (MASnI3) sandwiched between a TiO2 electron transport layer and a CsGeI3 light-absorbing layer. The perovskite layer is prepared using a novel spin coating process that enables efficient deposition of the perovskite material. The double-layer structure combines the benefits of both perovskite light-absorbing layers, allowing for improved absorption beyond the conventional 1.6 eV bandgap, while maintaining high carrier separation and transmission.

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All-inorganic perovskite solar cell with integrated hole and electron transport layers, enabling high-efficiency devices through optimized material combinations. The cell employs nickel oxide as the hole transport layer, which can be engineered through dual-source electron beam evaporation to achieve precise control over its properties. The device also incorporates niobium oxide as the electron transport layer, providing a reliable and efficient path for charge transport. This all-inorganic architecture enables large-scale production of high-performance perovskite solar cells while maintaining their stability and efficiency compared to traditional organic-based devices.

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A lead-free perovskite solar cell with improved efficiency through the use of a bismuth acetate additive. The additive, when incorporated into the perovskite precursor solution, enables controlled crystallization rates that result in larger grain sizes and reduced defect densities. This leads to enhanced carrier transport properties and improved short-circuit current density, enabling higher-performance lead-free perovskite solar cells.

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A solar cell with a pure phase two-dimensional/three-dimensional tin-based perovskite film that achieves high photovoltaic efficiency and stability. The cell features a conductive substrate, hole transport layer, electron transport layer, barrier layer, and metal counter electrode layer, all prepared through a precise and controlled process that incorporates tin-based perovskites. The perovskite film thickness is optimized at 250-300 nanometers, enabling efficient charge transport while maintaining structural integrity. The preparation method involves precise control of spin coating conditions, substrate cleaning, and deposition rates for the perovskite layers.

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Solar cells combining cesium salts and organic aromatic amine salts for hole transport in perovskite solar cells. The solar cells feature a cesium salt as a hole transport layer, with an aromatic amine salt acting as an interface layer to enhance hole transport properties. The cesium salt enables efficient hole transport while the aromatic amine salt facilitates interface modification and interface layer formation. This dual-component approach addresses the limitations of traditional hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells.

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Inversion perovskite solar cells with enhanced efficiency and stability through the controlled passivation of perovskite grain boundaries and surface defects. The solution comprises [4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl phosphonic acid (PFMPA) as an additive material that selectively anchors to grain boundaries and surface defects, forming a thin layer at these interfaces. This phosphonic acid-based passivation layer effectively eliminates deep energy level defects and recombination centers, thereby improving the performance of inverted perovskite solar cells.

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A perovskite solar cell assembly that enables efficient and environmentally friendly tandem solar cells by integrating the perovskite solar cell with a lead-free encapsulation structure. The assembly comprises a perovskite solar cell with a wider bandgap optical path, a polymer encapsulation layer, and a lead-free encapsulation material. The polymer encapsulation layer is mixed with a chelating agent and a solvent, and the encapsulation material is selected from ethylene glycol, diacids, or dimercapto compounds. The polymer encapsulation layer provides a stable and environmentally friendly encapsulation environment for the perovskite solar cell, while the lead-free encapsulation material enables efficient current collection and prevents lead leakage.

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A lead-free perovskite solar cell with high efficiency through a novel hollow structure approach. The cell utilizes a 3D structure where part of the [SnI6]4- cation is absent, creating a hollow network. This structure enables the formation of tin vacancies, which are optimized to reduce defect densities in the perovskite thin film. The absence of the [SnI6]4- cation also facilitates charge transport pathways, improving device performance. The hollow structure enables non-periodic Sn-I bonds, which are essential for the photovoltaic properties of perovskites. By suppressing intragranular defects, the cell achieves higher efficiency compared to conventional lead-free perovskite solar cells.

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Solvent-free all-inorganic perovskite solar cells with controlled growth conditions and improved stability. The cells feature a unique architecture where the light-absorbing layer is integrated into the substrate, with a hole transport layer, BaTiO3 light absorber, BFCO light absorber, and SnO2 electron transport layer. The cell structure includes a conductive glass substrate with an Ag electrode as the negative terminal and a NiO hole transport layer. The cell achieves high efficiency through precise control of growth conditions and element doping ratios.

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A perovskite solar cell assembly that enables efficient and environmentally friendly solar energy conversion while minimizing lead contamination. The assembly comprises a perovskite solar cell with a specially designed encapsulation structure that prevents lead migration during degradation. The encapsulation layer comprises a barrier layer, a tunneling composite layer, and a second barrier layer, which together protect the perovskite layer from environmental degradation while maintaining optimal light absorption. The assembly enables high-efficiency solar conversion while reducing the environmental impact of lead-based perovskite solar cells.

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Perovskite solar cells with improved efficiency through the use of lead-free metal halide perovskites. The perovskites contain tin (Sn) as a lead substitute, which enables enhanced absorption beyond 1000 nm while maintaining device quality. The perovskites achieve higher efficiency than lead-based perovskites through optimized composition and processing conditions. The perovskites can be prepared using a multicomponent approach, with tin replacing lead in binary metal perovskites and achieving higher efficiency than lead-based perovskites. The perovskites can be fabricated through spin coating, inkjet printing, or roll-to-roll processes on glass substrates, including flexible substrates.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability through a novel post-treatment approach. The approach involves using a specific organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite capping layer that combines the properties of both organic and inorganic components. This capping layer, comprising a perovskite material with a specific molecular structure, enables improved charge extraction, reduced interface recombination, and stabilized perovskite lattice through its unique electronic and chemical properties. The capping layer enables the perovskite solar cells to achieve high power conversion efficiency (22.06%) while maintaining long-term stability under operational conditions.

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A method for optimizing tin-based perovskite solar cells through the incorporation of phenethylamine halide salts as component dopants. The method introduces these dopants into the perovskite intrinsic light-absorbing layer, which enhances crystallization, suppresses non-radiative recombination, and improves defect density. The dopants, specifically phenethylamine hydrogen leaching salts, are incorporated into the perovskite precursor solution, where they optimize film crystallization and suppress energy level mismatches. This approach enables the preparation of tin-based perovskite solar cells with improved stability and power conversion efficiency compared to conventional lead-based perovskites.

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Perovskite solar cells with improved electron transport layer performance through the use of a complexing agent that selectively modifies the tin dioxide electron transport layer. The complexing agent, dipotassium phytate, enhances the optical bandgap of the tin dioxide layer, improves charge extraction and transmission, and promotes perovskite grain growth. This results in a perovskite solar cell with enhanced efficiency of 21.61%, surpassing the efficiency of traditional tin dioxide-based solar cells.

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Lead-free double perovskite solar cells with improved optical absorption and stability. The cell incorporates a titanium dioxide (TiO2) sensitized with a carboxyl chlorophyll derivative (C-Chl) as the electron transport layer. This TiO2-C-Chl hybrid layer enhances absorption by regulating the absorption spectrum, while the C-Chl derivative enables efficient charge transport. The cell architecture includes a transparent conductive glass cathode, an electron transport layer, a perovskite layer, a hole transport layer, and a metal anode. The TiO2-C-Chl layer replaces the conventional lead-based electron transport layer, offering a lead-free alternative while maintaining high optical absorption and photocurrent.

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High-efficiency and stable inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cell and preparation method through a novel approach to passivating surface defects in all-inorganic lead-free perovskites. The method employs a conductive glass substrate with a thickness of 140-160 nm and a PEDOT:PSS layer thickness of 20-40 nm. The substrate is then sequentially deposited with SnI2, thiourea-type small molecular organics, and CsI to form the perovskite layer. The process involves annealing the perovskite layer to create a stable and efficient solar cell.

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All-inorganic perovskite solar cells with improved photovoltaic performance through the development of a novel interface layer between the perovskite layer and the electrode. The interface layer, comprising a perovskite nanocrystalline material, enables efficient electron-hole separation and charge balance across the device structure. This approach addresses the interface-related issues commonly encountered in perovskite solar cells, particularly in organic-inorganic hybrid systems, by replacing organic cations with inorganic cesium ions in the perovskite layer.

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Perovskite solar cells with improved stability and efficiency through the use of a lead-free light-absorbing material. The material, comprising tin and additives like thiocyanate, achieves uniform particle size and enhanced light absorption while minimizing lead content. The material's surface roughness is controlled to maintain a uniform grain structure, preventing pinhole formation and grain growth. The solar cells employ a conventional perovskite structure with a hole transport layer, perovskite photoactive layer, and electron transport layer, with the light-absorbing material integrated into the perovskite layer.

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A perovskite solar cell with improved stability and environmental sustainability, achieved through a novel preparation method that replaces traditional lead-based perovskites with a double perovskite structure. The cell features a transparent conductive substrate, an electron transport layer, a perovskite absorption layer, a hole transport layer, and a metal electrode. The double perovskite structure enables enhanced light absorption and carrier transport properties, while the preparation method employs a solution process that eliminates lead-based toxic elements. The cell's transparent substrate and flexible design enable deployment on various substrates, including flexible substrates.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency through a novel preparation method. The solar cells achieve improved performance by using a specific organic-inorganic hybrid material with a perovskite structure as the light-absorbing layer, in addition to conventional titanium dioxide as the electron transport layer. The novel material composition enables higher carrier mobility and reduced recombination rates, leading to increased conversion efficiency.

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Double hole transport layer perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability and cost-effectiveness. The method involves preparing a double hole transport layer using a novel vacuum deposition process that combines the benefits of perovskite solar cell fabrication with the advantages of vacuum deposition. The double hole transport layer achieves superior stability and environmental sustainability compared to conventional perovskite solar cell materials, while maintaining the necessary hole transport properties.

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Lead-free perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability and environmental sustainability. The solar cells employ a lead-free perovskite material system that replaces lead with non-toxic metal ions, achieving superior performance characteristics while eliminating environmental hazards. The solar cells exhibit excellent stability and environmental safety, with the lead-free perovskite material system enabling continuous operation under various environmental conditions.

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Inverted planar heterojunction hybrid perovskite solar cells with improved performance through enhanced light absorption and charge transport. The cells feature a transparent electrode, hole transport layer, perovskite layer, and metal electrode, with a specific sequence of thermal annealing steps. The perovskite layer undergoes a series of thermal treatments at 80-100°C for 30-60 minutes, followed by a spin-coating step with a specific concentration of BCP. This approach addresses the limitations of traditional perovskite solar cells by addressing both grain boundary and surface defects through optimized thermal processing conditions.

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Non-lead double perovskite solar cell with improved optical absorption through Zn-chlorophyll sensitization. The cell comprises transparent glass cathode, electron transport layer, perovskite layer, hole transport layer, and metal anode. The hole transport layer is prepared by zinc-containing chlorophyll derivative Zn-chlorophyll, which sensitizes the perovskite layer through energy band regulation. This leads to enhanced absorption and photocurrent in the perovskite layer, overcoming the optical limitations of the original Cs2AgBiBr6 material.

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All-inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cell with enhanced stability and durability. The perovskite light absorption layer is made of a lead-free inorganic material, while the hole transport layer employs inorganic metal compounds. This composition combination addresses the battery stability concerns of traditional perovskite solar cells by replacing lead-containing materials with lead-free alternatives. The layered structure of the hole transport layer, comprising cuprous sulfite, cuprous iodide, nickel sulfite, molybdenum oxide, or doped nickel oxide, provides superior thermal resistance and carrier transport properties. The solar cell achieves high efficiency (22.3%) and long-term stability through this innovative composition.

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Pb-free perovskite solar cells with enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency, achieved through the use of a novel halogenated tin perovskite compound. The compound exhibits superior light absorption beyond 1200 nm, enabling higher conversion efficiencies compared to traditional Pb-containing perovskites. This compound enables the development of Pb-free solar cells that can achieve 20.4% conversion efficiency under optimal conditions, significantly surpassing conventional Pb-containing perovskites.

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Non-lead perovskite photoelectric material, solar cell, and preparation method for environmentally friendly optoelectronic devices. The material, ABX4, is a lead-free perovskite compound that exhibits high photoelectric conversion efficiency while maintaining stability and environmental sustainability. The solar cell preparation method employs ABX4 as the light-absorbing layer, eliminating the need for toxic lead-based materials. The method involves depositing the ABX4 film onto a substrate using environmentally friendly solvents.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltage and photoelectric conversion efficiency through a novel preparation method. The method involves a specific combination of perovskite precursor materials and processing conditions that enable the formation of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells with improved open-circuit voltage and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

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Titanium-based double perovskites with tunable bandgaps for photovoltaic applications. The perovskites exhibit direct bandgaps ranging from 0.9 to 1.82 eV, enabling efficient solar conversion. The materials are synthesized through a two-step vapor deposition process that forms high-quality thin films with precise control over composition and structure. The films exhibit excellent stability under environmental stresses, including thermal, moisture, and light exposure, making them suitable for photovoltaic devices.

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A lead-free hybrid two-dimensional double perovskite material and preparation method that addresses the challenges of synthesizing stable, high-efficiency perovskites. The material, represented by the composition formula AnMIIIMIX8, comprises a trivalent metal (M) and a monovalent metal (I) in a halogen (X) environment, where A is an organic amine. This configuration enables the creation of a stable, lead-free double perovskite through a solution synthesis process, with improved light stability and chemical durability compared to traditional lead-based perovskites.

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A perovskite solar cell with improved optoelectronic properties through the use of a novel layered phase non-lead all-inorganic perovskite film as the intrinsic photovoltaic layer. The film is synthesized through a controlled solution process that enables the formation of a stable and optically active perovskite structure with direct bandgap and balanced carrier mobility. This approach replaces lead-based perovskites with a lead-free alternative while maintaining the perovskite's unique optoelectronic characteristics. The solution process involves the reduction of the phase transition temperature of the perovskite film to facilitate its formation, resulting in a high-quality perovskite layer that enhances the solar cell's performance.

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All-inorganic perovskite solar cell with enhanced stability through a novel ZnO electron transport layer. The cell features a SnO2 electron transport layer and a ZnO electron transport layer, which together provide superior thermal stability and durability compared to conventional perovskite solar cells. The ZnO layer replaces the conventional organic cation, eliminating the hygroscopicity and volatility issues associated with perovskite materials. This design enables the production of high-efficiency all-inorganic perovskite solar cells with improved long-term stability.

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A perovskite solar cell with a perovskite-type composite material as a hole transport layer, featuring transparent conductive glass, a dense layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, a hole transport layer, and a metal back electrode composition. The hole transport layer is prepared through a novel method combining dense layer deposition with perovskite light absorption layer preparation, enabling high-performance solar cells with improved efficiency compared to conventional materials.

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Lead-free mixed tin and germanium halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications, particularly for high-efficiency solar cells. The materials exhibit comparable absorption spectra to lead-based perovskites, with tunable bandgaps over a wide range, and possess exceptional electronic properties such as small effective masses and low exciton binding energies. These characteristics enable the development of lead-free photovoltaic devices with improved thermal stability and reduced degradation compared to traditional lead-based perovskites.

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A solar cell that achieves high efficiency through the use of a copper-based perovskite light-absorbing material without lead, while maintaining environmental sustainability. The material replaces traditional lead-based perovskites with copper-based perovskites, eliminating the environmental and health risks associated with lead-based materials. The solar cell structure consists of a copper-based perovskite light-absorbing layer, a perovskite-based electron transport layer, a mesoporous layer, and a counter electrode. The copper-based perovskite light-absorbing layer enables efficient light absorption, while the perovskite-based electron transport layer enhances charge carrier collection. The counter electrode is fabricated using environmentally friendly ethanol solvents, eliminating the need for hazardous solvents. This approach enables the development of high-efficiency solar cells that are both environmentally friendly and lead-free.

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Lead-free perovskite solar cells with enhanced environmental stability through a novel preparation method. The method employs a carbon-based back electrode layer to replace traditional metal electrodes, which significantly improves the solar cell's durability and moisture resistance. The carbon-based back electrode layer is created through carbon paste deposition on the hole transport layer surface, followed by the deposition of the perovskite material. This approach replaces traditional metal electrodes with a carbon-based back electrode, enabling the development of lead-free perovskite solar cells with improved environmental stability.

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A lead-free perovskite solar cell that achieves high stability and environmental sustainability through the use of environmentally friendly metal ions. The cell comprises a light-absorbing layer, a hole transport layer, and an electrode layer. The light-absorbing layer is prepared through a spin coating process at elevated temperatures (150°C) with controlled evaporation rates. The hole transport layer is deposited on the light-absorbing layer, followed by the electrode layer. The electrode layer is prepared using a controlled Ag deposition process that increases the thickness beyond 20nm to achieve optimal performance while maintaining stability.

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An all-inorganic perovskite solar cell that achieves high efficiency through the use of an electron transport layer that is deposited using a sputtering process. The sputtering method eliminates the thermal stability issues associated with traditional organic electron transport layers, while maintaining the perovskite material's excellent photoelectric performance. The sputtering process enables the deposition of high-quality electron transport layers at elevated temperatures, enabling the solar cell to operate at temperatures above 200°C.

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Perovskite solar cell with reduced toxicity and broad absorption spectrum, enabling environmentally friendly solar cells and photodetectors. The cell employs a modified preparation process that replaces lead-based components with lead-free alternatives, while maintaining high photoelectric conversion efficiency. The preparation involves a two-step process: initial substrate cleaning, followed by spin coating of PEDOT: PSS and PCBM layers. The cathode is modified with vapor-deposited BCP powder and silver deposition. This approach enables the production of perovskite solar cells with reduced lead content while maintaining their exceptional photovoltaic performance.

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High-efficiency perovskite solar cells with improved light absorption and stability, achieved through the use of a non-lead bismuth-based light absorption layer. The solar cells employ a perovskite material as the active photovoltaic layer, with a novel light absorption layer that enables efficient absorption of visible light across the solar spectrum. The light absorption layer is composed of a bismuth-based perovskite material, which provides superior light absorption properties compared to traditional lead-based materials. The light absorption layer is integrated into the solar cell architecture, enabling high-efficiency conversion of incident light while maintaining stability and carrier transport properties.

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Highly stable two-dimensional perovskite solar cells with enhanced durability and moisture resistance. The novel material achieves superior performance in perovskite solar cells while maintaining photovoltaic efficiency and structural integrity. The material's unique layered structure and precise composition enable exceptional durability under environmental stressors, including high humidity exposure without degradation. This breakthrough enables the development of practical, long-term-performing perovskite solar cells that can replace conventional materials in industrial applications.

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Lead-free perovskite solar cells that achieve high efficiency through the use of inorganic metal compound semiconductors for the hole transport layer, addressing the toxicity and thermal stability issues of traditional organic materials.

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Flexible perovskite solar cells with enhanced light absorption and durability through a novel black phosphorus-based electron transport layer and CsPbX3 composite light absorber. The solar cells feature a flexible substrate, with black phosphorus as the electron transport layer and CsPbX3 as the light-absorbing layer, achieving photoelectric conversion efficiency of 22.1% under simulated sunlight at room temperature. The black phosphorus layer enables stable operation in humid environments, while the CsPbX3 composite enhances light absorption across the visible spectrum.

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A composite photoelectric conversion layer for perovskite solar cells that combines a three-dimensional perovskite photoelectric conversion material with a polymerizable two-dimensional perovskite photoelectric conversion material. The three-dimensional material provides efficient absorption and electron-hole generation, while the polymerizable two-dimensional material enhances hole transport properties. The composite layer achieves superior performance through the synergistic effect of the two materials, enabling high-efficiency perovskite solar cells with improved stability and uniformity.

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Perovskite solar cell with a hole-free structure that achieves high efficiency through a novel preparation method. The cell comprises a conductive substrate, a dense titanium dioxide layer grown on it, and vertically aligned titanium dioxide nanotubes smeared onto the dense layer. The nanotubes are vapor-deposited onto the perovskite layer, creating a dense, hole-free interface between the perovskite and electrode. This approach eliminates the need for a hole transport layer while maintaining high conversion efficiency.

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Inverted thin-film solar cells using perovskite materials with improved stability and performance. The cells employ a planar architecture with inverted architecture, where the active layer is deposited on the substrate side, rather than the conventional top side. This inverted structure enables lower temperature processing conditions, typically around 200°C, which is more compatible with flexible substrate requirements. The perovskite material, specifically FAPbI3, exhibits superior photovoltaic properties compared to traditional MAPbI3, including a bandgap closer to the ideal photovoltaic limit and enhanced light stability.

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A solar energy battery that replaces lead-based perovskite cells with a tin-based structure, achieving improved performance while reducing environmental impact. The battery features a tin-based perovskite absorption layer, a conductive glass electrode, an electron transport layer of titanium oxide, and a cavity transmission layer. This configuration enables direct absorption of visible and infrared light, eliminating the need for heat management, while maintaining the stability and simplicity of the tin-based perovskite structure.

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Flexible solar cells using a novel tin perovskite structure that enables high-efficiency solar conversion on flexible substrates while eliminating the need for high-temperature sintering of traditional perovskite electrodes. The solar cells employ a conductive substrate, a dense zinc oxide electrode, an aluminum oxide electron transport layer, a tin perovskite absorption layer, and a nano-alumina electron transport layer. The tin perovskite absorption layer is grown on the zinc oxide electrode, followed by a spin-coated tin perovskite layer. The solar cells are manufactured in a glove box environment with controlled vacuum conditions and metal evaporation rates to achieve precise thickness control.

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A solar cell that replaces traditional lead-based perovskite batteries with a tin-based perovskite structure. The tin perovskite cell features a conductive glass anode, an electron transport layer, a cavity transmission layer, and an absorption layer. This configuration enables the production of high-efficiency solar cells using tin instead of lead, reducing environmental and health risks associated with lead-based materials. The cell can be integrated into photovoltaic power stations through series connections, making it suitable for applications like street lamps and solar-powered streetlights.

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Flexible solar panel for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) that enables energy harvesting on curved surfaces like roofs and walls. The panel comprises a flexible substrate, a conductive anode, an electron transport layer, an absorption layer, and a transmission layer. The absorption layer is a thin film of tin perovskite material, which enables efficient absorption of solar radiation. The transmission layer is a nanometer-scale alumina thin film, providing high optical transmission. The flexible substrate enables installation on curved surfaces without rigid mounting requirements. This design enables energy generation on building facades without compromising structural integrity.

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