Reducing Surface Defects in Perovskites with Passivation

High-stability perovskite solar cells with improved photovoltaic performance through a novel passivation method. The cells feature a perovskite light-absorbing layer with a specific perovskite structure, H2cM perovskite that forms a dense PbC layer on the perovskite surface upon reaction with exposed lead ions. This PbC layer effectively stabilizes the perovskite phase and prevents surface and grain boundary defects from causing photovoltaic losses. The PbC layer also enhances passivation of the perovskite surface, leading to improved stability and efficiency compared to conventional passivation methods.

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A perovskite solar cell with enhanced stability through a novel passivation layer preparation method. The method employs a chloroform/isopropanol processing route to create a passivation layer that specifically addresses interface defects and grain boundary issues in perovskite solar cells. The passivation layer is optimized using a solvent ratio of 100% isopropanol to 0% chloroform, followed by the use of linear alkyl ammonium bromide as the passivation material. This approach enables the formation of a perovskite passivation layer that not only suppresses defect formation but also minimizes non-radiative recombination sites and carrier quenching at the perovskite interface.

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Aniline compounds as perovskite surface passivators for solar cells, enabling improved device performance and stability through enhanced passivation and interface modification. The aniline compounds, specifically phenylpropylammonium iodide and phenylbutylammonium iodide, form stable 2D/3D heterojunctions with perovskite surfaces, while maintaining thermal stability. This approach addresses the limitations of conventional passivation agents by achieving both passivation and interface modification through a single solution process.

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Preparation method for passivating perovskite solar cell absorber layers through controlled temperature gradients. The method involves heating the passivation layer and cooling the perovskite absorber layer on opposite sides of the passivation layer, promoting ion diffusion through temperature gradients. This creates a diffusion pathway for cations from the passivation layer into the perovskite absorber layer, effectively passivating the perovskite structure while maintaining its optical properties.

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Carbon-based inorganic perovskite solar cells passivated by iron fluoride salt achieve enhanced photovoltaic performance through a novel passivation method. The solar cells employ a carbon-based perovskite layer with a perovskite structure, which is passivated by a fluoride-based passivation layer. The passivation layer is prepared using a one-step solution spin coating method on a ZnO electron transport layer, followed by a blade coating process to create the carbon electrode. This approach combines the benefits of perovskite solar cells with the stability and cost-effectiveness of carbon-based materials. The passivation layer suppresses non-radiative charge recombination while improving hydrophobicity, while the perovskite layer enhances light absorption. The combination provides improved photovoltaic performance compared to conventional perovskite solar cells.

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A perovskite solar cell passivation method that enhances device stability through surface treatment. The method employs 3-methoxyphenylethylamine (MPEA) as a passivation agent, which selectively targets surface defects and free iodide ions while maintaining carrier transport efficiency. The MPEA treatment enables improved photovoltaic performance and environmental durability compared to conventional phenylethyl ammonium iodide.

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A perovskite solar cell with enhanced stability and efficiency through the incorporation of a quasi-two-dimensional perovskite layer. The quasi-two-dimensional perovskite, with a fluorinated organic aromatic ammonium salt structure, is added to the perovskite layer in a controlled ratio (0.1%~1%) to improve device performance while maintaining environmental stability. The quasi-two-dimensional perovskite structure enables enhanced light absorption and charge transport properties, while its hydrophobic nature enhances device durability. The device architecture combines a transparent substrate with a conductive anode, hole transport layer, perovskite photosensitive layer, electron transport layer, and metal cathode, with the quasi-two-dimensional perovskite layer integrated in the perovskite layer.

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Surface passivated perovskite solar cells with enhanced device performance through a novel interface engineering approach. The solar cells feature a perovskite layer with an etched surface and a passivation layer with a filling structure that can accommodate the etched surface. This configuration enables the perovskite layer to achieve improved surface quality, reduced defects, and enhanced crystallization properties, while the passivation layer facilitates charge transport and device stability. The etched surface of the perovskite layer is specifically designed to promote micro-etching of the perovskite layer during the deposition process, creating a micro-etching surface that enhances interface engineering.

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Morpholine-modified perovskite solar cells with enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency through the incorporation of morpholine halide doping or surface modification. The morpholine halide selectively modifies perovskite layers while preventing grain boundary recombination centers, thereby improving charge transport and open-circuit voltage. The morpholine structure and halide ions in the morpholine halide selectively interact with perovskite defects, leading to improved solar cell performance.

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A perovskite solar cell with improved performance through a novel passivation strategy. The cell comprises a glass substrate with a FTO transparent electrode layer, an electron transport layer, a perovskite layer, and an ionic liquid passivation layer. The perovskite layer is passivated with a surfactant layer to enhance its surface quality and interface contact with the transport layer. This dual-passivation approach addresses surface defects and interface issues, leading to improved photovoltaic performance, including enhanced open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, and fill factor.

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Passivating perovskite solar cells with phenyl sulfone small molecules to enhance their performance. The method involves sequential deposition of an electron transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a phenyl sulfone-based passivation layer, and holes on a conductive glass substrate. The phenyl sulfone molecules interact with perovskite defects, preventing non-radiative recombination and improving charge extraction. The resulting perovskite solar cells exhibit enhanced light absorption, improved charge carrier transport, and increased efficiency compared to conventional perovskite solar cells.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency and improved stability through the use of novel phenylalkylamine salts. The salts, comprising organic halides with C1-C5 alkyl groups, form a stable and efficient passivation layer on the perovskite surface. This layer prevents surface defects from affecting the photovoltaic performance, while maintaining open-circuit voltage comparable to traditional passivation layers. The salts enable improved passivation properties through their unique molecular structure, enabling higher solar cell efficiency compared to conventional passivation materials.

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Passivating perovskite solar cells through a novel surface modification approach that utilizes a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) functional layer. The process involves depositing a SAM layer on the perovskite absorption layer, followed by a precursor liquid containing a SAM powder and a propylenediamine halide salt. The SAM layer selectively modifies the perovskite surface, enhancing charge transfer efficiency and reducing surface defects through its self-assembled structure.

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Trans perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability and efficiency through a novel passivation layer design. The solar cells feature a perovskite layer, hole transport layer, and a thin layer of quinoxalinethiophene polymer-based passivation between the perovskite and electron transport layers. This layer prevents defects and non-ideal charge transport at the perovskite/electron transport interface, while maintaining uniform film thickness and surface quality. The passivation layer is prepared through a spin-coating process that enables precise control over molecular thickness and distribution. The solar cells achieve enhanced stability and efficiency compared to conventional perovskite solar cells, with improved surface passivation and reduced defects.

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Perovskite solar cell with improved passivation through a novel passivation layer containing 1,4-phenyl dithiol, 1,3-phenyl dithiol, 1,2-phenyl dithiol, and thiophenol. The passivation layer enhances charge transport while maintaining stability under ambient conditions, enabling higher photovoltaic efficiency and reduced environmental impact compared to conventional passivation agents.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability through novel passivation layers. The solar cells employ a combination of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite layers as the active material, with a thin all-inorganic perovskite passivation layer. This approach addresses the perovskite's inherent stability issues by preventing surface defects and ion migration through the use of a thin, all-inorganic layer. The passivation layer is specifically designed to maintain its optical properties while protecting the perovskite active material from environmental degradation. The solar cells achieve high efficiency and long-term stability through this integrated approach.

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A perovskite solar cell with enhanced stability and performance through a novel modification of the active layer. The cell incorporates a long-chain branched alkylammonium layer between the perovskite active layer and hole transport layer. This modification layer, comprising long-chain branched alkylammonium, is prepared through a precise solution processing method that selectively dissolves in organic solvents while maintaining structural integrity. The long-chain branched alkylammonium layer effectively protects the perovskite active layer from water vapor-induced degradation while maintaining the perovskite's photoelectric conversion efficiency.

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Passivated perovskite thin-film solar cells with enhanced stability and performance through controlled surface passivation. The passivation layer is prepared by combining a perovskite light-absorbing layer with a passivation agent, which forms a stable interface between the perovskite and the passivation layer. This passivation layer is specifically designed to address the common issues of organic passivation molecules detaching from the perovskite surface under thermal and light conditions, while maintaining strong ionic bonding with the perovskite layer.

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A perovskite solar cell with enhanced open-circuit voltage and stability through a novel passivation structure. The cell comprises a conductive base, hole transport layer, perovskite layer, passivation layer, electron transport layer, and barrier layer stacked in that order. The passivation layer is a thin oxide film with a vacuum pressure of 3x10^-10 torr, ensuring high purity and film density. This passivation layer prevents surface defects and non-radiative recombination, while maintaining charge transport properties. The cell's barrier layer enhances stability by preventing ion migration and degradation. The vacuum environment during deposition minimizes vapor-liquid interactions, resulting in a dense, high-quality film. The perovskite layer itself contains the photovoltaic material, with the hole transport layer and electron transport layer providing efficient charge transport. The barrier layer completes the cell's electrical interface.

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Preparing a perovskite solar cell that has high photoelectric conversion efficiency. The perovskite solar cell includes an alkali metal thiocyanate modified electron transport layer, which comprises a conductive substrate, an electron transport layer, an alkali metal thiocyanate modified layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, a hole transport layer and an electrode which are sequentially stacked.

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A perovskite solar cell with enhanced hole transport interface passivation that improves efficiency and stability through a novel preparation method. The cell architecture comprises a glass substrate with transparent electrode, electron transport layer, electron transport interface passivation layer, perovskite layer, hole transport interface passivation layer, and hole transport layer. The hole transport interface passivation layer is prepared through a solution-based process using potassium benzoate and potassium p-toluate, with a thickness of 0.1-10nm. This passivation layer is applied using a combination of slit coating, doctor blade, spin coating, spraying, and soaking methods, followed by deposition of the perovskite layer. The cell architecture is specifically designed for formal and reverse battery structures, enabling improved charge carrier mobility and stability through the optimized hole transport interface.

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A perovskite solar cell with a double-layer trifluoroacetate modification layer that enhances stability and efficiency through a novel interface modification process. The modification layer, comprising trifluoroacetate methylsulfide, is applied to both the electron transport layer and perovskite layer, creating a dual-layer interface that prevents defects and promotes efficient charge transfer. This approach enables the creation of perovskite solar cells with improved power conversion efficiency and stability compared to conventional single-layer modifications.

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A method for preparing perovskite solar cells that specifically addresses the issue of excess lead iodide (PbI2) in perovskite films. The method involves a surface treatment step that selectively removes PbI2 from the perovskite surface, followed by a spin-coating process that incorporates a spin-coating solution containing 3-tert-butylpyridine. This selective removal of PbI2 improves charge transport and reduces carrier recombination, while the spin-coating step enables efficient incorporation of the spin-coating solution into the perovskite film.

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A tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite solar cell with enhanced performance through the use of thiophene-based two-dimensional organic ammonium salts as interface layers. The thiophene-based salts, when combined with alkyl chain-based salts, effectively passivate surface defects in the perovskite material, particularly Sn2+ oxidation, while simultaneously improving crystal quality and electron transport properties. This dual-layer approach enables the formation of two-dimensional perovskites at the perovskite-grain boundary, significantly enhancing open-circuit voltage and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

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Surface passivation for high-efficiency inorganic perovskite solar cells, comprising a method for preparing efficient inorganic perovskite solar cells by surface passivation. The method involves cleaning the ITO/glass substrate multiple times with conductive glass cleaning solution, followed by deionized water, acetone, and isopropanol treatment. The substrate is then exposed to UV-Ozone treatment for 30 minutes, followed by deposition of a 100nm thick metallic silver electrode on the SnO2 buffer layer. This surface passivation layer enhances the stability of perovskite solar cells by reducing non-radiative recombination through the formation of a conductive interface between the perovskite layer and the electrode.

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A perovskite solar cell with an EDTA-2Na modified electron transport layer that enhances charge extraction and transmission through the perovskite material. The modification involves replacing the conventional SnO2 electron transport layer with EDTA-2Na, a non-toxic and environmentally friendly material that improves charge carrier mobility and reduces defects. This approach enables perovskite solar cells to achieve higher photoelectric conversion efficiency compared to conventional SnO2-based electron transport layers.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency through a novel passivation layer. The layer is composed of a nitrogen-containing crown ether that forms a thin film (5 nm) on the surface of a perovskite layer. This passivation layer prevents defects in the perovskite layer, particularly iodine and lead defects, which are common causes of reduced efficiency. The crown ether layer is deposited using a vacuum evaporation process with controlled evaporation rates and vacuum conditions, ensuring precise control over the layer thickness. This approach enables the perovskite solar cell to maintain its initial efficiency even after prolonged operation at elevated temperatures.

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Passivation layer for perovskite solar cells that prevents structural degradation through surface modification. The layer is formed by an organic salt with terminal alkynyl or alkenyl groups, which polymerizes to form a stable passivation film on perovskite surfaces. This passivation layer prevents lattice distortion and surface defects that can lead to cell failure during thermal expansion and humidity exposure. The layer can be applied using a thermal evaporation method, followed by deposition of a gold back electrode.

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A method for preparing a passivation layer on perovskite solar cells that enhances photovoltaic performance and stability through controlled interface modification. The method involves introducing a photoaging solution containing an alkyl iodide ammonium salt, which forms hydrogen bonds with halide ions and fills vacancies in the perovskite lattice. This results in the formation of a stable interface layer that reduces non-radiative recombination, improves carrier transport, and enhances film quality. The solution is then applied to the perovskite surface through photoaging under simulated sunlight conditions.

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A perovskite solar cell with improved long-term stability and comprehensive performance through a novel passivation layer. The cell incorporates a passivated Sn-Pb perovskite light-absorbing layer with a specific composition of cesium bromide (CsBr), methylammonium iodide (FAI), methyl ammonium iodide (MAI), tin halide (PbI2), and lead iodide (PbI2), which enables enhanced charge transport and reduced defects through molecular polarity. The passivated layer is prepared through a specific precursor solution composition and processing method, followed by spin-coating of the organic solution on the Sn-Pb perovskite layer.

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A passivation method for perovskite solar cells that prevents defects and interface issues through a novel surface treatment. The method involves a combined cleaning and surface modification process on the FTO substrate, followed by a specific treatment of the perovskite layer. The treatment involves the use of a unique combination of cleaning agents and surface modification agents to create a surface that prevents defects and interface states, while maintaining the perovskite's optical and electrical properties. This approach enables high-quality perovskite solar cells with improved stability and efficiency compared to conventional methods.

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A perovskite solar cell with enhanced stability through a novel interface modification layer. The cell comprises a bottom substrate, bottom electrode layer, hole transport layer, passivation layer, perovskite photoactive layer, interface modification layer, electron transport layer, buffer layer, and top electrode layer. The interface modification layer incorporates bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethyl chloride, which selectively fills halide vacancies in the perovskite photoactive layer while preventing Pb2+ defects. This dual-functionality improves passivation, hole transport, and overall cell performance by addressing both surface and interface defects in perovskite solar cells.

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Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability and efficiency through interface modification. The modification involves spin-coating a trifluoromethylbenzene-based passivation layer at the interface between the perovskite active layer and hole transport layer. This layer effectively neutralizes surface defects, improves carrier transport, and enhances anti-humidity stability of the perovskite solar cell. The trifluoromethylbenzene layer prevents non-radiative recombination, reduces leakage current, and optimizes carrier extraction and transport at the interface. This approach enables significant improvements in perovskite solar cell performance compared to conventional interfaces.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced efficiency through surface modification. The solar cells feature a transparent conductive substrate, electron transport layer, perovskite absorption layer, surface modification layer, hole transport layer, and metal electrode stack. The surface modification layer, comprising a specific polymer, is applied to the perovskite layer before deposition of the hole transport layer. This modification layer creates a uniform interface between the perovskite and hole transport layers, reducing carrier recombination and improving carrier transport efficiency. The surface modification layer also enables energy level matching between the perovskite and hole transport layers, further enhancing solar cell performance.

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Perovskite solar cell with improved efficiency through enhanced interface engineering. The cell architecture features a substrate, a first electrode, a first carrier transport layer, a three-dimensional perovskite layer, a passivation layer, and a second carrier transport layer stacked in sequence. The passivation layer is composed of a mixed organic halide salt and a third passivation material, with the solvent being methanol or isopropanol. The passivation layer is formed on the perovskite layer surface, away from the electrode, and is annealed to create a uniform film. This passivation layer enhances the interface between the perovskite and carrier transport layers, leading to improved photovoltaic performance.

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A method for surface passivation of perovskite thin films in high-efficiency solar cells through the controlled incorporation of thiophene-2-formine hydroiodic acid (ThFAI) into the buried layer. The method involves preparing a solution containing ThFAI and PbI2, followed by the deposition of perovskite films on ITO substrates. The solution is filtered to achieve the optimal concentration of ThFAI, which selectively modifies the buried layer while maintaining the perovskite structure. This approach enables the creation of high-efficiency solar cells with enhanced carrier extraction and reduced defect concentrations.

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Preparation method for perovskite solar cells that enhances photoelectric efficiency through passivation. The method involves a multi-step process that includes pretreatment of the substrate, preparation of the electron transport layer, preparation of the precursor, preparation of the titanate thin film, preparation of the passivation layer, preparation of the hole transport layer, and preparation of the electrode. The passivation layer is specifically prepared by combining LFK209Co(III) TFSI^28.8jLLBP with calcium titanate, which significantly improves the passivation quality of the perovskite solar cell.

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Perovskite solar cells with improved surface passivation through a novel interlayer design. The cell comprises an electron transport layer, perovskite layer, and a polyethylene sublayer between them. A spin-coated polyethyleneimine layer is applied to the perovskite surface, followed by deposition of a copper phosphine layer as a hole blocking layer and a silver back electrode. This interlayer architecture addresses the perovskite surface defect issues by creating a barrier layer that prevents diffusion of passivation molecules during operation.

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Surface-modified perovskite film for perovskite solar cells that enhances charge transfer and stability through a novel passivation approach. The surface is modified with a triphenylamine functionalized ammonium salt, which reacts with perovskite defects to form a low-dimensional structure. This passivation layer prevents non-radiative recombination while filling vacancies through the salt's chemical activity. The modified perovskite solar cells exhibit improved optoelectronic properties and stability compared to conventional passivation methods.

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A highly efficient and stable inorganic perovskite solar cell that overcomes traditional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite limitations. The cell features a transparent conductive substrate, a dense electron transport layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, a passivation layer, and a top electrode. This architecture provides enhanced stability through the use of a dense electron transport layer and a passivation layer, while maintaining the perovskite light-absorbing layer. The transparent conductive substrate enables efficient charge collection, and the dense electron transport layer and passivation layer prevent degradation from external factors.

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Perovskite solar cell that can be used for low-cost batteries that improves the performance of the device. The solar cell includes a light receiving front surface to a light receiving back surface, a perovskite layer, an interface modification layer, a second hole (electron) transmission layer and a back electrode.

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Passivating perovskite thin film layers in solar cells through the use of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine (DMED) as a complexing agent. DMED forms a stable complex with the perovskite surface, enhancing its stability against environmental degradation while maintaining its photovoltaic properties. This approach enables the development of high-efficiency solar cells with improved durability and long-term stability.

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High-efficiency and stable inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cells and preparation method through a novel PEDOT:PSS layer deposition process. The method involves sequential deposition of SnI2, thiourea-type small molecular organics, and CsI onto a PEDOT:PSS layer, followed by thermal annealing. This approach enables the formation of ultra-stable inorganic perovskite layers with improved photovoltaic performance compared to conventional methods.

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A method for passivating perovskite solar cells through the use of an organic ammonium hexafluorophosphate (NH4H2PO4) layer. The method involves depositing the NH4H2PO4 layer on the perovskite surface to create a passivation layer that effectively neutralizes surface defects and grain boundaries, while preventing water vapor and oxygen degradation. This layer enhances charge transport efficiency and improves device stability by addressing the primary limitations of perovskite solar cells.

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Improving the photoelectric performance of perovskite solar cells through the use of a modifier that enhances the electron transport layer (ETL) properties. The ETL is modified with thiosemicarbazide (CH5N3S) to create a dense, crystalline film that supports high charge carrier mobility and efficient electron transport. The modified ETL is applied to the transparent conductive glass substrate, followed by the deposition of the perovskite active layer, hole transport layer, and electrode layer. This approach enables perovskite solar cells to achieve higher open circuit voltages, improved fill factors, and enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency compared to conventional devices.

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A perovskite solar cell with enhanced stability and performance through a novel passivation approach. The cell incorporates a perovskite layer with a composite structure where catechol anchor molecules containing long fluorocarbon chains are distributed across grain boundaries and surface defects. This molecular engineering enables passivation of perovskite's inherent defects and interfaces, while maintaining high crystallinity and carrier mobility. The approach enables the creation of high-performance perovskite solar cells with improved stability and reduced production costs compared to conventional methods.

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A perovskite solar cell with improved electron transport layer performance through the use of a zirconium oxide passivation layer. The layer is grown in situ on the tin oxide electron transport layer, providing both enhanced conductivity and long carrier diffusion length. This approach addresses the limitations of traditional tin oxide electron transport layers by eliminating site-dependent oxygen vacancies, which are a primary cause of carrier recombination. The zirconium oxide layer also prevents dislocations from forming, further contributing to device stability and performance.

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Inverted planar heterojunction hybrid perovskite solar cell with enhanced performance through a novel preparation method. The cell structure comprises a transparent electrode, hole transport layer, perovskite layer, and metal electrode. The preparation involves sequential annealing steps at elevated temperatures to create defects in the perovskite layer, followed by controlled deposition of a boron carbide (BCP) layer. This defect engineering enables improved charge carrier transport and enhanced light absorption in the perovskite layer.

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A method for preparing perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability and optoelectronic performance through the use of a double-sided passivation film. The method involves depositing a perovskite layer on a substrate using a perovskite precursor solution, followed by a double-sided passivation process that creates a thin, uniform layer of a metal oxide semiconductor material (e.g. NiOx) on both sides of the perovskite layer. This double-sided passivation film improves the stability of the perovskite layer by preventing moisture and temperature fluctuations, while maintaining its optoelectronic properties.

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Solar cells using disulfide compounds as passivation materials for perovskite layers in perovskite solar cells. The disulfide compounds, such as 1,2-bis(butyl sulfide) ethylene dithiolate potassium, form a complex with lead ions in the perovskite layer, effectively reducing water and oxygen sensitivity while enhancing calcium incorporation. The disulfide compounds are combined with the perovskite material in a solution, allowing for precise control over their incorporation and distribution.

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