Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells with improved contact resistance and long-term stability through optimized metal fluoride layer deposition. The method involves precise control of evaporation rates during metal fluoride layer deposition, specifically targeting 0.01-0.05 nm/s for achieving dense and uniform layers. This controlled deposition enables the formation of continuous metal fluoride layers without island formation or decomposition, thereby enhancing device performance and durability.

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Wide bandgap perovskite solar cells with improved performance through enhanced defect reduction and reduced non-radiative recombination. The invention involves developing perovskite films with reduced defect density and non-radiative recombination, achieved through novel processing conditions and materials. The films enable higher open-circuit voltages and improved efficiency in tandem solar cells by addressing the underlying defects that limit perovskite performance.

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Cesium-lead-tin perovskite solar cell with improved crystallization control and uniformity. The cell features a transparent conductive substrate, hole transport layer, cesium-lead-tin perovskite active layer, electron transport layer, electron blocking layer, and metal electrode. The active layer is prepared by incorporating an additive that modulates lead-tin perovskite crystallization through carbonyl and hydrazine functional groups. This additive enables precise control over lead-tin perovskite growth conditions, leading to improved uniformity and crystallization characteristics. The cell architecture includes a transparent conductive substrate, hole transport layer, cesium-lead-tin perovskite active layer, electron transport layer, electron blocking layer, and metal electrode. The active layer is prepared by incorporating an additive that modulates lead-tin perovskite crystallization through carbonyl and hydrazine functional groups. This additive enables precise control over lead-tin perovskite growth conditions, leading to improved uniformity and crystallization characteristics.

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Solar cell with improved electron transport layer for perovskite solar cells, featuring a SnO2-doped tin oxide (SnO2-W) electron transport layer that enhances conductivity, transparency, and carrier transport characteristics. The layer is prepared through a novel process involving the addition of Spiro-OMeTAD (2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodidrug) to the mixed solution, followed by precise control of the treatment conditions to achieve optimal performance. This approach enables the creation of a SnO2-W electron transport layer with superior optical and electrical properties compared to conventional materials.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability and flexibility through a novel barrier layer between the electron transport layer and source electrode. The barrier layer, comprising indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), or other transparent conductive oxides, prevents electrode penetration and ion migration while maintaining device performance. The barrier layer is deposited between the electron transport layer and source electrode, enabling high-efficiency solar cells with reduced degradation rates and improved long-term stability.

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A method for manufacturing high-efficiency perovskite solar cells with large-area light-absorbing layers through optimized slot die printing. The process involves coating perovskite precursor solutions on substrates at controlled temperatures (40-60°C) and precise coating speeds (170-190 mm/min), followed by annealing. The technique enables uniform, high-quality perovskite light-absorbing layers with reduced defects compared to conventional methods, resulting in improved solar cell efficiency and stability.

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Tin-based perovskite solar cells with improved stability and coverage through a novel perovskite precursor solution. The precursor solution comprises a terephthalic iron salt, an organic cation, tin halide, and a solvent. The solution is prepared through a controlled reaction of the terephthalic iron salt with the organic cation, tin halide, and solvent in a nitrogen atmosphere. This solution enables the formation of high-quality tin-based perovskite films with controlled crystallization rates and excellent stability, which are critical for commercial solar cell applications.

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Perovskite solar cell with enhanced durability through a novel transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer. The cell features a perovskite solar cell structure with a transparent conductive oxide layer between the source electrode and electron transport layer. This TCO layer, comprising an organic material with pi-orbital electrons, an element with an unshared electron pair, and an ionic functional group, prevents metal ions from diffusing into the perovskite layer, thereby preventing metal ion corrosion and degradation. The TCO layer also maintains optical transparency while maintaining low sheet resistance, enabling improved performance and stability in perovskite solar cells.

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Perovskite solar cell with enhanced stability through a novel transparent conductive oxide layer between the electron transport layer and source electrode. The layer, comprising a semiconducting metal oxide, prevents halide diffusion from the perovskite light-absorbing layer to the metal electrode interface, while maintaining transparency and sheet resistance. The layer is deposited between the electron transport layer and source electrode in a perovskite solar cell stack, with specific thickness ratios and deposition methods optimized for stability and performance.

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Perovskite solar cells with improved photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability, achieved through the use of a polymer compound with triarylamine as a repeating unit. The polymer, prepared through Buchwald-Hartwig polymerization, exhibits enhanced light absorption properties and maintains photovoltaic performance even under environmental stress conditions. This polymer serves as a hole transport layer in the perovskite solar cell architecture.

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Solar cells with improved photoelectric conversion efficiency through the use of a mixed perovskite material. The cells incorporate a perovskite compound containing a first metal element and a second metal element, along with a compound containing the second metal element and a secondary amine material having two or more carbon atoms. The secondary amine material is specifically designed to enhance hole transport properties while maintaining structural integrity. The mixed perovskite material enables efficient charge separation and transport across the solar cell, leading to enhanced conversion efficiency compared to conventional perovskite materials.

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Organometallic complex for coating perovskite solar cells that simultaneously enhances water repellency and UV light conversion efficiency. The complex, through ligand design and solution processing, achieves UV absorption and emission characteristics while preventing photoluminescence quenching. The complex is used as a photovoltaic coating material for perovskite solar cells, enabling improved water stability and enhanced light conversion efficiency through controlled aggregation prevention during thin film manufacturing.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability through a novel post-treatment approach. The approach involves using a specific organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite capping layer that combines the properties of both organic and inorganic components. This capping layer, comprising a perovskite material with a specific molecular structure, enables improved charge extraction, reduced interface recombination, and stabilized perovskite lattice through its unique electronic and chemical properties. The capping layer enables the perovskite solar cells to achieve high power conversion efficiency (22.06%) while maintaining long-term stability under operational conditions.

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A lead-free perovskite solar cell with enhanced photovoltaic performance through surface passivation. The cell comprises a conductive substrate, a PEDOT: PSS layer, an inorganic lead-free CsSnI3 perovskite layer, a C60 layer, a BCP layer, and a metal counter electrode layer arranged in order from bottom to top. The CsSnI3 perovskite layer is passivated with a thioureas-based organic compound. The thioureas compound is specifically formulated to balance the stoichiometry of the CsSnI3 precursor, ensuring efficient perovskite formation while preventing surface defects. The PEDOT: PSS layer and C60 layer are deposited on the CsSnI3 layer, followed by the BCP layer and metal counter electrode layer. The thioureas compound is applied after the SnI2 precursor deposition but before the CsI deposition, ensuring optimal surface passivation. This approach enables the creation of high-performance lead-free perovskite solar cells with enhanced light absorption and stability.

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A method for producing high-efficiency perovskite solar cells using a dip coating process that enables uniform and homogeneous perovskite layers. The method employs a surfactant in the dip coating solution to facilitate the formation of perovskite layers through the Landau-Levich mode, which enables controlled nucleation and crystal growth. The surfactant, polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether, is specifically designed for perovskite applications and is prepared in a controlled concentration range. The dip coating process can be performed in air, eliminating the need for inert gas environments and vacuum conditions, while maintaining high wettability and uniformity. The resulting perovskite layers exhibit improved light absorption, charge carrier transport properties, and stability compared to conventional spin-coated layers.

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Metal-organic perovskite solar cells with improved hole transport properties through the use of zinc- and/or bismuth-containing dopants in the hole-conducting layer. The solar cells feature a metal-organic absorber layer with lead or tin as central atom and halide anion, crystallizing in the perovskite lattice. The hole-conducting layer between the absorber and anode is a zinc- or bismuth-containing dopant layer. This configuration enhances hole transport efficiency while maintaining stability compared to conventional lithium-doped layers.

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Hydrophobic molecules that chemically bind metal halide perovskites, forming coordination bonds with lead or tin ions, provide enhanced stability against moisture and environmental degradation in solar cells. The molecules, comprising diphosphine ligands, form stable complexes with metal ions, protecting perovskites from water ingress while maintaining charge carrier mobility. These hydrophobic molecules can be incorporated into perovskite films through various deposition methods, enabling the development of stable perovskite-based solar cells.

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A stable tin-containing perovskite precursor for solar cells that overcomes the oxidation of tin in traditional perovskites. The precursor contains a controlled proportion of stannous acetylacetonate, which chelates and stabilizes tin ions, preventing their oxidation. This results in improved photovoltaic performance compared to conventional perovskites. The precursor solution is prepared by dissolving the components in a mixed solvent and then filtering out the tin-containing powder. The resulting solution can be used directly for solar cell preparation, eliminating the need for separate tin removal steps.

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Pb-free halogenated tin perovskite solar cells with enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency. The solar cells utilize a Pb-free halogenated tin perovskite compound with improved light absorption properties beyond 1200 nm, enabling higher conversion efficiencies than traditional Pb-based perovskites. The solar cells achieve this through a novel Pb-free halogenated tin perovskite compound that exhibits superior light absorption characteristics. The compound enables higher photoelectric conversion efficiency compared to traditional Pb-based perovskites, while maintaining the same high open-circuit voltage.

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Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells with improved light transmission and power conversion efficiency. The cells feature perovskite layers with microgel particles that form a uniform, transparent film through controlled polymerization. The microgel particles interact with the perovskite, forming a complex that enhances charge balance and passivation. This approach enables the creation of high-efficiency solar cells with reduced pinhole formation while maintaining transparency.

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Perovskite solar cells with improved stability and efficiency through the use of a lead-free light-absorbing material. The material, comprising tin and additives like thiocyanate, achieves uniform particle size and enhanced light absorption while minimizing lead content. The material's surface roughness is controlled to maintain a uniform grain structure, preventing pinhole formation and grain growth. The solar cells employ a conventional perovskite structure with a hole transport layer, perovskite photoactive layer, and electron transport layer, with the light-absorbing material integrated into the perovskite layer.

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Solid-state solar cells with enhanced stability and efficiency through a novel heterojunction architecture. The cells integrate a conductive support layer with a surface-enhanced nanostructured scaffold, followed by organic-inorganic perovskite layers. The scaffold layer provides a uniform, conductive platform for the perovskite, while the support layer enables efficient charge transport. The perovskite layer exhibits improved stability through its enhanced interface with the scaffold, enabling higher power conversion efficiency and reduced degradation rates compared to conventional heterojunction designs.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced thermal stability through the introduction of rubidium ions into the perovskite structure. The incorporation of rubidium ions, which are known to suppress carrier trap formation in perovskite materials, significantly improves the thermal resistance of perovskite solar cells. By introducing rubidium ions into the perovskite composition, the device performance and thermal stability of perovskite solar cells are improved, enabling continuous operation at elevated temperatures without degradation.

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Flexible perovskite solar cells using graphene as a conductive transparent electrode achieve record-breaking efficiency of 17.1% through a novel architecture that replaces conventional TCO electrodes with flexible graphene electrodes. The graphene layer serves as both the transparent electrode and hole transport layer, enabling high-performance perovskite solar cells on flexible substrates. The graphene electrode enables low-temperature processing, mechanical flexibility, and reduced material costs compared to traditional TCO electrodes. The architecture combines a transparent anode, hole injection layer, hole transport layer, perovskite layer, electron transport layer, and cathode layer, with the graphene electrode acting as both the transparent electrode and hole transport layer.

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Perovskite solar cell with enhanced stability and efficiency, achieved through a novel perovskite structure that incorporates a perovskite compound film with a non-crystalline grain layer. The film, comprising an organometallic halide compound with a perovskite structure, surrounds the perovskite grains and grain boundaries, forming a light-absorbing layer. This grain layer is chemically bonded to the perovskite grains, while the perovskite compound film itself maintains its crystalline structure. The grain layer prevents grain boundary defects and moisture-induced degradation, while the perovskite compound film ensures efficient light absorption. The film composition and grain layer architecture enable both high efficiency and stability in harsh environmental conditions.

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Organometallic perovskite solar cells with improved stability and performance through the use of copper-containing dopants in the hole transport layer. The solar cells feature an organometallic absorber layer with a lead or tin crystal structure, combined with a copper-doped hole transport layer. The copper dopant enhances the stability of the hole transport layer, particularly at higher concentrations, while maintaining high carrier mobility. The solar cells achieve high efficiency (over 12%) with minimal degradation over time, making them suitable for commercial applications.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced electron transport layer performance through the use of GaAs nanoparticles functionalized titanium dioxide (TiO2) layers. The TiO2 layers are prepared through pulsed laser irradiation of GaAs colloidal solutions, followed by chemical bath deposition and annealing. This approach enables the creation of TiO2 layers with superior electrical conductivity, electron mobility, and electron trap state density compared to conventional TiO2 layers. The TiO2 layers are then deposited on a conductive substrate, followed by the deposition of the perovskite layer. The resulting perovskite solar cells exhibit improved photoelectric conversion efficiency, reduced hysteresis, and enhanced stability.

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Porous perovskite solar cells with enhanced light-harvesting capabilities through the integration of microgel-based photoactive layers. The solar cells feature a hybrid perovskite material with microgel particles that form a porous structure through cross-linking, enabling efficient light absorption and transport. The microgel particles are derived from a hydrophilic cross-linked polymeric material that can swell in polar aprotic solvents, allowing them to expand and fill the porous structure. This microgel-based architecture provides a unique combination of light-harvesting efficiency and structural stability in perovskite solar cells.

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A hole transport compound for perovskite solar cells that achieves high hole mobility through a novel molecular design. The transport compound features a planar, linear molecular structure with a central core and terminal functional groups that enable efficient hole transport while maintaining molecular planarity. The design avoids the traditional bulky end-functionalization that often compromises hole mobility in perovskite solar cells. The transport compound enables high efficiency perovskite solar cells with improved hole mobility compared to conventional materials.

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A perovskite solar cell with improved stability and high efficiency across a wide temperature range. The cell achieves this through a solid solution of a specific composition that maintains its crystal structure and photoelectric performance even in low-temperature conditions. The solution's composition is derived from a ratio of methylammonium (MA) to bromide (Br) ions that is asymmetrical across the temperature range, preventing phase transitions or phase decomposition. This composition enables the perovskite solar cell to maintain its photovoltaic properties at temperatures below 40°C, while maintaining high efficiency.

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Solar cell with enhanced open-circuit voltage and photoelectric conversion efficiency through the use of an organic-inorganic perovskite-based photoelectric conversion layer. The cell features a cathode, electron transport layer, photoelectric conversion layer, and anode, with the photoelectric conversion layer comprising an organic-inorganic perovskite compound. An intermediate layer containing an alkali metal provides a pathway for charge carriers between the electron transport layer and photoelectric conversion layer. This configuration enables significant improvements in open-circuit voltage and photoelectric conversion efficiency compared to conventional solar cells.

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Room-temperature solution-processed perovskite solar cells and optoelectronic devices that achieve high efficiency through novel fabrication methods. The process involves forming perovskite films through controlled solid-gas reactions at room temperature, followed by device fabrication using organic precursors and room-temperature processing. The perovskite films exhibit superior crystallinity and morphology compared to traditional high-temperature annealed materials, enabling direct integration into flexible substrates for roll-to-roll manufacturing.

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A method for fabricating highly efficient and hysteresis-free perovskite-based photovoltaic devices through the strategic incorporation of metal salt interlayer additives. The method involves sequentially depositing a metal salt layer below the perovskite material, which is then partially diffused into the perovskite layer. This metal salt layer acts as an interface additive by providing excess halide ions that fill vacancies generated during perovskite growth and annealing, thereby suppressing hysteresis and improving device stability. The method enables power conversion efficiencies of up to 15%, with hysteresis levels as low as 3%, compared to conventional devices.

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Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability achieved through deuterium substitution. The novel compound features a novel structure where deuterium replaces hydrogen in the perovskite material, leading to chemically stabilized perovskite layers. This substitution enables the solar cells to maintain their optical properties over time, while maintaining their electrical performance. The resulting solar cells exhibit improved stability compared to conventional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells, enabling wider adoption in commercial applications.

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Transparent electron transport layer for flexible perovskite solar cells with high power conversion efficiency, achieved through densely packed titanium dioxide particles treated with UV. The UV treatment enables the formation of highly transparent and uniform TiO2 films with improved charge transport properties, which are then deposited onto the perovskite layer. This results in flexible perovskite solar cells with enhanced power conversion efficiency, particularly suitable for wearable electronics and flexible displays.

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A method for manufacturing high-efficiency perovskite solar cells through the spontaneous formation of a recombination prevention layer. The method involves using an organic halide and a metal halide in a specific molar ratio to induce the spontaneous formation of a recombination prevention layer in the perovskite solar cell. This layer prevents charge recombination between the electron and hole carriers, enabling higher photovoltaic efficiency compared to conventional perovskite solar cells.

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Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite compound with enhanced solar cell efficiency through metal substitution. The hybrid compound comprises a +2-valent central metal element in the perovskite structure, with a portion of the metal replaced by a +1-valent or +3-valent metal. This substitution enables the perovskite to exhibit improved charge carrier mobility and stability, leading to increased solar cell efficiency. The method for preparing the hybrid compound involves replacing a portion of the central metal with the desired metal, while maintaining the perovskite structure. The resulting solar cells achieve higher efficiency compared to conventional perovskites, with potential applications in high-efficiency solar cells.

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Inorganic oxide electron transport layers (ETLs) can be deposited on perovskite solar cells to enhance their performance. The ETLs are formed through a simple process involving sputtering of metal oxides onto perovskite absorber layers. This approach enables the creation of ultra-thin ETLs that can be integrated into conventional p-i-n solar cell architectures, while maintaining the perovskite's inherent properties. The deposited ETLs provide superior hole transport capabilities compared to conventional organic materials, enabling higher power conversion efficiencies in perovskite solar cells.

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High-reliability perovskite solar cell with enhanced light irradiation tolerance, achieving photoelectric conversion efficiency above 20% while maintaining long-term stability. The cell incorporates a transparent conductive base, electronic blocking layer, perovskite layer, electron transport layer, hole blocking layer, and back electrode, with both electronic and hole blocking layers comprising charge carriers. The electronic blocking layer is specifically designed to enhance light absorption while maintaining charge carrier mobility, while the hole blocking layer incorporates metal ions to reduce charge carrier recombination. The transparent conductive base material ensures efficient light transmission, while the perovskite layer delivers high photoelectric conversion efficiency. The cell's design enables reliable operation under intense light conditions, making it suitable for large-scale solar panels.

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Perovskite solar cell with enhanced light absorption and reduced phase transition effects. The cell comprises a transparent conductive substrate, a recombination-preventing layer, a photoactive layer formed on the recombination-preventing layer, a hole transport layer formed on the photoactive layer, and a second electrode formed on the hole transport layer. The photoactive layer incorporates a Perovskite double layer comprising HC(NH2)2PbI3 and CH3NH3PbI3, with the HC(NH2)2PbI3 layer being formed on the recombination-preventing layer. This Perovskite double layer enhances absorption in the 700 nm to 750 nm range while maintaining structural integrity through controlled precursor substitution.

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Perovskite solar cells using graphene as a conductive transparent electrode achieve record-breaking efficiency. The solar cells employ a graphene-based transparent electrode, where graphene is used as a replacement for conventional transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) in perovskite solar cells. The graphene electrode enables high-performance solar cells with enhanced light absorption, charge mobility, and mechanical stability compared to conventional TCO electrodes. The solar cells achieve 17.1% efficiency, surpassing the previously reported maximum efficiency of 12.2% for perovskite solar cells. The graphene electrode enables flexible solar cells with minimal warping, even on polymer substrates, while maintaining high efficiency.

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Hydrophobic charge carriers for organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells that prevent moisture-related degradation. The carriers are derived from inexpensive, hydrophobic inorganic nanoparticles with enhanced moisture resistance. These carriers are used as charge transport layers in perovskite solar cells, enabling high-efficiency and stable devices that can be used in commercial applications.

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Novel hole transport materials (HTMs) for solar cells that enhance stability and efficiency compared to conventional organic hole transport materials. The HTMs, comprising specific organic compounds, exhibit improved thermal stability, UV resistance, and well-matched energy level alignment with perovskite light absorbers. These compounds enable high-performance solar cells with comparable or superior PCE compared to traditional Spiro-OMeTAD-based devices, while maintaining long-term stability and durability.

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A method for fabricating high-efficiency perovskite solar cells with large crystalline grains through controlled deposition of metal halide layers. The method employs vacuum thermal evaporation of metal halide powders to form uniform BX2 layers, followed by thermally annealing to achieve complete transformation to perovskite structure. The resulting perovskite films exhibit superior optical and electrical properties, including high carrier diffusion lengths and low charge trap states, which enable efficient photovoltaic performance. The method enables the fabrication of planar heterojunction solar cells with optimal device characteristics, including high fill factors and open-circuit voltages, through precise control of layer thickness and interfacial engineering.

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Solar cells with improved light absorption using 2D perovskite materials. The cells employ a layered 2D perovskite structure as the light-absorbing layer, which achieves higher absorption compared to conventional 1D perovskites. The layered structure enables efficient light absorption through enhanced exciton separation, while maintaining stability under ambient conditions. The perovskite layer is formed through a one-step spin-coating process, eliminating the need for complex thermal evaporation or multistep deposition.

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Organic-inorganic tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications offer enhanced light absorption and charge carrier transport properties compared to traditional lead-based materials. These perovskites exhibit improved optical absorption, electron-hole diffusion lengths, and carrier mobility, enabling higher power conversion efficiencies in thin-film photovoltaic devices. The perovskites' unique band alignment and defect stabilization properties enable efficient charge collection, while their stable photoluminescence emission characteristics prevent radiative recombination. The perovskites can be fabricated using conventional organic-inorganic hybrid approaches, with potential applications in thin-film photovoltaic devices.

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Perovskite solar cells that enhance performance through a novel hole transport layer design. The cells incorporate a conductive transparent substrate, a light-absorbing layer with a semiconductor material, and a hole transport layer that integrates carbon nanotubes. The light-absorbing layer is formed on the substrate, followed by a p-type semiconductor material layer containing the carbon nanotubes. The hole transport layer is then formed on the semiconductor material layer, enabling direct electrical contact between the perovskite and carbon nanotube layers while maintaining hole transport properties. This hierarchical structure enables improved electrical conductivity and hole transport efficiency compared to conventional designs.

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A solar cell that replaces traditional lead-based perovskite batteries with a tin-based perovskite structure. The tin perovskite cell features a conductive glass anode, an electron transport layer, a cavity transmission layer, and an absorption layer. This configuration enables the production of high-efficiency solar cells using tin instead of lead, reducing environmental and health risks associated with lead-based materials. The cell can be integrated into photovoltaic power stations through series connections, making it suitable for applications like street lamps and solar-powered streetlights.

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