Planar Architecture Designs for Perovskite Solar Cells

A method for preparing stable perovskite solar cells with improved electron transport layer performance through a novel coordination modification approach. The method involves creating a compact and defect-free electron transport layer by modifying the surface of perovskite solar cells with a coordination polymer, followed by hydrothermal treatment to enhance SnO2 dispersion and reduce hydroxyl groups. This approach enables the use of inorganic materials like SnO2 in perovskite solar cells while addressing traditional limitations of organic materials in this application.

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Perovskite solar cells with improved durability and efficiency through the use of a novel electrode structure. The cells feature a transparent conductive layer, a dense electron transport material layer, a porous electron transport material layer, and a porous nonconductor oxide layer. The porous nonconductor oxide layer, carbon electrode layer with nickel oxide nanoparticles, and porous nickel oxide layer form a stable and durable structure that prevents degradation from environmental factors. The porous nickel oxide layer fills internal voids, while the porous carbon electrode layer enhances charge transport. The perovskite precursor solution is selectively deposited from the carbon electrode side to form the electron transport layer, ensuring efficient charge collection.

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Double-sided tandem solar cell with improved light absorption at the bottom, enabling higher photoelectric conversion efficiency. The cell comprises a silicon lower cell with a grid electrode on its surface, a perovskite absorption layer with a thickness of 600 nm to 2,000 nm, and a connection layer connecting the lower cell to the perovskite upper cell. The connection layer enables efficient light absorption at the bottom while maintaining high efficiency in the top cell. The cell architecture addresses the conventional limitation of tandem solar cells by maximizing bottom light absorption through the connection layer.

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Trans-thin perovskite solar cells with enhanced light absorption through a photonic crystal heterojunction structure. The cell comprises a transparent conductive substrate, a hole transport layer, a three-dimensional perovskite light-absorbing layer with photonic crystal structure, a hole blocking layer, and a metal electrode. The photonic crystal layer is fabricated through a controlled assembly process of polystyrene beads with titanium dioxide precursor solutions, resulting in a three-dimensional ordered macroporous structure. This architecture enables improved light absorption in the long wavelength range of 600-800nm, while maintaining high efficiency and stability.

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Trans low-dimensional perovskite solar cells with enhanced optoelectronic properties achieved through a novel photonic crystal heterojunction structure. The cells feature a transparent conductive substrate, a space layer of silicon dioxide-titanium dioxide photonic crystal heterojunction, and a hole transport layer. The photonic crystal layer enables improved light absorption and slow light effects, while the silicon dioxide-titanium dioxide heterojunction provides enhanced stability and optical performance. The structure enables high efficiency solar cells with reduced thermal and environmental degradation challenges compared to traditional three-dimensional perovskite materials.

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Perovskite solar cell with enhanced thermal stability through a novel architecture featuring a polymer electrolyte layer with an amine group. The cell incorporates a polymer electrolyte between the perovskite photoactive layer and the electron transport layer, which contains a bromine group. This layer prevents ionic defects from migrating upward, while the amine group in the polymer electrolyte acts as a passivation layer. The cell maintains high efficiency and stability against heat, light, and air exposure, with demonstrated performance retention over 1,000 hours at 85°C and 350 hours at 25°C.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability and flexibility through a novel barrier layer between the electron transport layer and source electrode. The barrier layer, comprising indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), or other transparent conductive oxides, prevents electrode penetration and ion migration while maintaining device performance. The barrier layer is deposited between the electron transport layer and source electrode, enabling high-efficiency solar cells with reduced degradation rates and improved long-term stability.

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Perovskite solar cell with enhanced durability through a novel transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer. The cell features a perovskite solar cell structure with a transparent conductive oxide layer between the source electrode and electron transport layer. This TCO layer, comprising an organic material with pi-orbital electrons, an element with an unshared electron pair, and an ionic functional group, prevents metal ions from diffusing into the perovskite layer, thereby preventing metal ion corrosion and degradation. The TCO layer also maintains optical transparency while maintaining low sheet resistance, enabling improved performance and stability in perovskite solar cells.

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Perovskite solar cells with improved photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability, achieved through the use of a polymer compound with triarylamine as a repeating unit. The polymer, prepared through Buchwald-Hartwig polymerization, exhibits enhanced light absorption properties and maintains photovoltaic performance even under environmental stress conditions. This polymer serves as a hole transport layer in the perovskite solar cell architecture.

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Planar perovskite solar cells with enhanced efficiency through controlled titanium dioxide (TiO2) electron transport layer preparation. The method employs a chemical water-bath process to prepare TiO2 films with reduced hydrolysis rates, nucleation control, and grain growth regulation. This preparation enables uniform and conformal TiO2 deposition on rough substrates, improving interface contact with perovskite layers. The TiO2 layer is then assembled with a perovskite film, passivation layer, hole transport layer, and metal electrode, resulting in a perovskite solar cell with improved charge transport properties.

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A hole transport material for perovskite solar cells that enhances charge extraction and recombination at the interface through a novel organic chemistry approach. The material, comprising a chemical formula of CxHyZ, enables efficient hole transport while mitigating degradation issues associated with conventional organic hole transport materials. The material's unique structure enables stable charge balance across the perovskite interface, leading to improved power conversion efficiency.

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A printable curved perovskite solar cell that enables flexible integration with various devices. The cell features a curved conductive substrate with a conductive layer deposited on it, followed by sequential deposition of a porous electron transport layer, insulating separation layer, and back electrode layer. The cell's unique architecture allows for precise control over the layer thicknesses and deposition conditions, enabling the creation of curved solar cells with high precision.

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Translucent perovskite solar cells with enhanced visible light transmission and efficiency, enabling building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) applications. The cells achieve superior performance through optimized perovskite active layer composition and buffer layer preparation. The transparent cathode is achieved through a novel silver grid line design, while the ultra-thin metal silver buffer layer is prepared using low-cost thermal evaporation. This approach enables the creation of transparent perovskite solar cells with photoelectric conversion efficiencies of up to 13.61% and average visible transmittance of 24.7%, while maintaining low production costs.

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Solar cells with improved thermal stability through the termination of X-site vacancies in perovskite solar cells. The X-site vacancies near the interface between the perovskite layer and hole transport layer are stabilized by an organic passivation agent, preventing grain boundary defects from desorbing. This agent, with its lone-pair electrons, forms a strong bond with the perovskite compound at these sites, effectively terminating the structural distortion caused by vacancies. The stabilized X-site vacancies enable the perovskite layer to maintain its crystalline structure and optical properties, while the passivation agent improves thermal stability by preventing grain growth and defect formation.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability through a novel post-treatment approach. The approach involves using a specific organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite capping layer that combines the properties of both organic and inorganic components. This capping layer, comprising a perovskite material with a specific molecular structure, enables improved charge extraction, reduced interface recombination, and stabilized perovskite lattice through its unique electronic and chemical properties. The capping layer enables the perovskite solar cells to achieve high power conversion efficiency (22.06%) while maintaining long-term stability under operational conditions.

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Foldable perovskite solar cells achieve mechanical flexibility through a transparent conductive polymer matrix with embedded carbon nanotubes. The matrix, comprising ultra-thin polymer and carbon nanotubes, serves as a transparent conductor in the solar cell structure. The nanotubes enhance conductivity while maintaining transparency, enabling the solar cell to maintain its bending properties without compromising efficiency. The transparent matrix enables flexible fabrication while maintaining optical transparency, making it suitable for wearable electronics applications.

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Perovskite solar cell with integrated optical microcavity structure that enhances light collection efficiency through controlled light confinement. The cell comprises a substrate, a discontinuous metallic silver thin film layer, a hole transport layer, a perovskite active layer, an electron transport layer, and a dense metallic silver thin film layer. The silver thin film layer is strategically integrated into the perovskite active layer to create a microcavity structure that selectively traps light while maintaining efficient charge transport.

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Translucent perovskite solar cells fabricated in air through a novel H-dip coating method that enables large-area production of high-efficiency solar cells. The method employs a self-metered dip coating process that produces uniform perovskite layers on metal nanowire electrodes, eliminating the need for conventional inert gas processing. The coating process, operating in the Landau-Levich mode, allows for precise control of the coating meniscus and surface morphology, resulting in a uniform and homogeneous perovskite film. The H-dip coating method enables the fabrication of large-area solar cells with high efficiency and low material cost, making it an attractive alternative to conventional spray coating methods.

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Perovskite solar cells with all-NP scaffold and perovskite interpenetration, enabling direct deposition of perovskite material on a rigid scaffold structure. The scaffold comprises alternating conductive and insulating layers, with the perovskite material interpenetrating through the scaffold material. This architecture achieves high photocurrents, stability, and renewability through the scaffold's inherent properties, while eliminating the need for organic materials and metal electrodes.

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High-efficiency interconnection layer for perovskite/organic tandem solar cells through a multilayer planar structure comprising conjugated polymer hole transport material, metal oxide hole transport material, conductive electrode layer, and conjugated polymer electron transport material. The interconnection layer enables high transmittance and low composite loss through its multilayer architecture, while maintaining superior performance compared to conventional tandem solar cells.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced light absorption using a novel two-dimensional photonic crystal structure. The structure, comprising a tetragonal lattice arrangement of scattering elements, is integrated into the perovskite light-absorbing layer. This arrangement enables improved light absorption through enhanced optical reflection and bandgap engineering, while maintaining the perovskite's inherent photovoltaic properties. The scattering elements, comprising arsenide cylinders or air holes, are strategically placed to maximize light collection efficiency while minimizing carrier recombination. This approach enables significant improvements in light absorption compared to conventional photonic crystal structures, leading to enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency.

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Active layer for solar cells with improved charge transfer efficiency through perovskite particle dispersion in a bulk heterojunction structure. The active layer comprises a hole transport material (HTM) and electron transport material (ETM) forming a bulk heterojunction, with perovskite particles dispersed within this heterojunction. This configuration enables enhanced charge transfer between the HTM and ETM, leading to improved solar cell efficiency compared to conventional perovskite structures.

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High-efficiency planar perovskite solar cell with a dense titanium dioxide (TiO2) electronic layer, achieved through a low-temperature preparation process. The cell incorporates a dense TiO2 layer with a doping concentration of metal halides, which replaces the conventional FTO (fluorine-doped titanium dioxide) substrate. This dense TiO2 layer enables improved electron transport properties while maintaining low-temperature processing conditions, enabling the production of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells.

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Flexible perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability and performance through a novel multilayer architecture. The cells integrate a flexible metal substrate with a perovskite layer and transparent electrode layer, where the perovskite layer is positioned between the substrate and electrode. The metal substrate serves as a low-temperature processed TiO2 layer, while the perovskite layer absorbs UV light. The electrode layer enables top illumination through transparent electrodes. This configuration addresses the conventional limitations of perovskite solar cells on rigid substrates by leveraging flexible substrates and transparent electrodes.

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Flexible perovskite solar cells using graphene as a conductive transparent electrode achieve record-breaking efficiency of 17.1% through a novel architecture that replaces conventional TCO electrodes with flexible graphene electrodes. The graphene layer serves as both the transparent electrode and hole transport layer, enabling high-performance perovskite solar cells on flexible substrates. The graphene electrode enables low-temperature processing, mechanical flexibility, and reduced material costs compared to traditional TCO electrodes. The architecture combines a transparent anode, hole injection layer, hole transport layer, perovskite layer, electron transport layer, and cathode layer, with the graphene electrode acting as both the transparent electrode and hole transport layer.

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Perovskite solar cell with enhanced stability and efficiency, achieved through a novel perovskite structure that incorporates a perovskite compound film with a non-crystalline grain layer. The film, comprising an organometallic halide compound with a perovskite structure, surrounds the perovskite grains and grain boundaries, forming a light-absorbing layer. This grain layer is chemically bonded to the perovskite grains, while the perovskite compound film itself maintains its crystalline structure. The grain layer prevents grain boundary defects and moisture-induced degradation, while the perovskite compound film ensures efficient light absorption. The film composition and grain layer architecture enable both high efficiency and stability in harsh environmental conditions.

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Light-stable perovskite solar cell with enhanced durability through a novel titanium dioxide spacer layer. The cell features a transparent substrate, a hole blocking layer, a titanium dioxide mesoporous layer, a molybdenum-doped titanium dioxide spacer layer, and a perovskite layer. The spacer layer, prepared through a specific doping process, provides superior light stability by preventing photo-generated holes from interacting with the perovskite material. This spacer layer enables the cell to maintain its photovoltaic performance under continuous exposure to UV light, while maintaining transparency.

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A hole transport compound for perovskite solar cells that achieves high hole mobility through a novel molecular design. The transport compound features a planar, linear molecular structure with a central core and terminal functional groups that enable efficient hole transport while maintaining molecular planarity. The design avoids the traditional bulky end-functionalization that often compromises hole mobility in perovskite solar cells. The transport compound enables high efficiency perovskite solar cells with improved hole mobility compared to conventional materials.

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Solar cell with enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency and durability through a novel hole transport layer configuration. The cell employs a perovskite solar cell structure with a hole transport layer between the photoelectric conversion layer and anode, replacing the conventional N-type semiconductor layer and P-type semiconductor layer arrangement. This design enables improved hole transport properties while maintaining the perovskite architecture, resulting in higher open circuit voltage and superior durability compared to conventional solar cells.

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Photoactive devices, particularly solar cells, that enhance efficiency through an insulating tunneling layer between perovskite and electrode layers. The layer comprises cross-linked fullerene with an alkyl ammonium dopant, which improves water resistance while enhancing electron transfer between the fullerene and electrode. This dual-layer architecture addresses charge recombination at perovskite grain boundaries and electrode interfaces, while maintaining high carrier mobility.

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Large-area, efficient, and stable passivation tunneling organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells and tandem cells through a novel nitride passivation layer and heavily doped layer. The passivation layer enhances surface passivation and interface quality, while the heavily doped layer improves electrical contact between the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite and metal electrodes. This architecture addresses the common challenges of large-area perovskite solar cells, including leakage and carrier recombination, by addressing the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite absorption layer and metal electrode interface.

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A perovskite solar cell with improved stability and high efficiency across a wide temperature range. The cell achieves this through a solid solution of a specific composition that maintains its crystal structure and photoelectric performance even in low-temperature conditions. The solution's composition is derived from a ratio of methylammonium (MA) to bromide (Br) ions that is asymmetrical across the temperature range, preventing phase transitions or phase decomposition. This composition enables the perovskite solar cell to maintain its photovoltaic properties at temperatures below 40°C, while maintaining high efficiency.

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Solar cells featuring single-crystal perovskite films that achieve high power conversion efficiency through a novel crystallization approach. The approach employs cavitation-triggered asymmetric crystallization (CTAC) to grow epitaxy-quality, twin-free perovskite monocrystalline films down to 3 μm thickness. These films enable the development of simple device architectures like ITO/CH3NH3PbBr3/Au, which surpasses conventional polycrystalline perovskite solar cells in terms of stability and architecture simplification. The CTAC method enables controlled film thickness and uniformity, while the perovskite films exhibit near-unity internal quantum efficiency and power conversion efficiencies exceeding 5% for prototype cells.

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Stable perovskite solar cells achieve improved durability through enhanced encapsulation and integrated health monitoring. The cells employ a dual-layer encapsulant system with a transparent outer layer, enabling efficient light transmission while maintaining moisture protection. A built-in health assessment circuit monitors the cell's electrical response, detecting degradation through electrostatic measurements. This integrated approach enables the detection of moisture intrusion and degradation through the cell's electrical behavior, enabling proactive maintenance and extending the cell's lifespan beyond 30-year silicon-based standards.

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Perovskite solar cell with series-parallel combination structure that enables efficient power conversion while minimizing losses. The cell comprises multiple series-connected units connected in series, with each unit comprising a conductive base, dense layer, mesoporous layer, insulating layer, and carbon layer. The series units are arranged in a parallel configuration, with each unit comprising two independent mesoporous layers that are stacked together. This parallel arrangement enables the series-connected units to achieve higher current density while maintaining stable voltage levels, enabling the series-parallel combination structure to achieve higher power output compared to traditional parallel configurations.

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Perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability and reproducibility through the use of natural Meerschaum structures as the skeleton framework. The Meerschaum components, comprising silicon and magnesium silicates, provide a robust and insulating matrix that prevents water interaction with the perovskite active layer. This Meerschaum-based structure enables the formation of uniform, reproducible perovskite crystals with improved durability compared to conventional synthetic materials. The Meerschaum framework also offers enhanced thermal insulation, contributing to the stability of the perovskite layer.

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Flexible perovskite-based solar cells using graphene as a transparent conductive electrode and nitric oxide as a metal oxide layer. The solar cells achieve high efficiency through a graphene-based transparent anode and nitric oxide-based metal oxide layer, with PEDOT:PSS as the hole transport layer and MAPbI3 as the perovskite layer. The nitric oxide layer enhances the wettability of PEDOT:PSS while reducing contact angle, while the graphene electrode provides superior mechanical flexibility compared to traditional ITO and FTO electrodes.

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Transparent electron transport layer for flexible perovskite solar cells with high power conversion efficiency, achieved through densely packed titanium dioxide particles treated with UV. The UV treatment enables the formation of highly transparent and uniform TiO2 films with improved charge transport properties, which are then deposited onto the perovskite layer. This results in flexible perovskite solar cells with enhanced power conversion efficiency, particularly suitable for wearable electronics and flexible displays.

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High-reliability perovskite solar cell with enhanced light irradiation tolerance, achieving photoelectric conversion efficiency above 20% while maintaining long-term stability. The cell incorporates a transparent conductive base, electronic blocking layer, perovskite layer, electron transport layer, hole blocking layer, and back electrode, with both electronic and hole blocking layers comprising charge carriers. The electronic blocking layer is specifically designed to enhance light absorption while maintaining charge carrier mobility, while the hole blocking layer incorporates metal ions to reduce charge carrier recombination. The transparent conductive base material ensures efficient light transmission, while the perovskite layer delivers high photoelectric conversion efficiency. The cell's design enables reliable operation under intense light conditions, making it suitable for large-scale solar panels.

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Perovskite solar cell structure with a novel electrode configuration that addresses the cost and efficiency limitations of traditional perovskite solar cells. The structure incorporates a perovskite solar cell substrate, a transparent electrode layer, an inorganic oxide electron transport layer, a halide perovskite thin film layer, a hole transport layer, and a silver/carbon composite nanofiber rear electrode layer. The nanofiber electrode provides enhanced durability and conductivity compared to traditional metal electrodes, while maintaining the perovskite solar cell's high power conversion efficiency.

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Perovskite solar cell with enhanced light absorption and reduced phase transition effects. The cell comprises a transparent conductive substrate, a recombination-preventing layer, a photoactive layer formed on the recombination-preventing layer, a hole transport layer formed on the photoactive layer, and a second electrode formed on the hole transport layer. The photoactive layer incorporates a Perovskite double layer comprising HC(NH2)2PbI3 and CH3NH3PbI3, with the HC(NH2)2PbI3 layer being formed on the recombination-preventing layer. This Perovskite double layer enhances absorption in the 700 nm to 750 nm range while maintaining structural integrity through controlled precursor substitution.

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Perovskite solar cells using graphene as a conductive transparent electrode achieve record-breaking efficiency. The solar cells employ a graphene-based transparent electrode, where graphene is used as a replacement for conventional transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) in perovskite solar cells. The graphene electrode enables high-performance solar cells with enhanced light absorption, charge mobility, and mechanical stability compared to conventional TCO electrodes. The solar cells achieve 17.1% efficiency, surpassing the previously reported maximum efficiency of 12.2% for perovskite solar cells. The graphene electrode enables flexible solar cells with minimal warping, even on polymer substrates, while maintaining high efficiency.

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Planar perovskite solar cell with improved durability through the incorporation of a CYTOP encapsulation layer. The cell structure involves depositing a metal electrode on the perovskite layer, followed by a CYTOP layer, and finally a hole transport layer. The CYTOP layer is formed through spin coating in an inert atmosphere at a controlled speed of 3000 rpm for 1 minute. This approach enables the creation of a perovskite solar cell with enhanced moisture and oxygen resistance, thereby increasing its operational lifespan.

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Copper perovskite solar cells with enhanced light-harvesting capabilities, achieved through the design of a novel perovskite material with improved optical absorption and electron injection characteristics. The material, comprising [CuX]3 or [CuX]4 perovskites, exhibits enhanced optical absorption coefficients and balanced electron-hole transport lengths, enabling efficient conversion of incident light into electrical current. The material's unique crystal structure and doping strategies enable controlled electron flow through the perovskite layer, while maintaining high photocurrent densities. The material's performance is further optimized through selective doping and heterojunction architectures, resulting in enhanced light-harvesting efficiency and improved device stability.

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A solar cell with improved open-circuit voltage of 1.1V or more through the conversion of perovskite solar cells to a material with enhanced light absorption properties. The cell employs an organic-inorganic hybrid structure where a perovskite compound is physically bonded to a dense nanocarbon conductive layer, enabling higher photoelectric conversion efficiency compared to conventional perovskite-based cells. The hybrid structure enables both photoelectric conversion and hole transport capabilities, while the nanocarbon layer enhances light absorption beyond 800nm.

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A planar heterojunction perovskite solar cell with enhanced stability and efficiency. The cell features a perovskite active layer sandwiched between a low-layer transparent anode and a top cathode electrode layer, with a titanium dioxide nanocrystalline film layer between the electron transport layer and the cathode electrode layer. The cell architecture includes a hole transport layer, perovskite active layer, and electron transport layer, with a titanium dioxide nanocrystalline film layer between the electron transport layer and the cathode electrode layer. The cell achieves improved stability through the titanium dioxide nanocrystalline film layer, which effectively blocks oxygen and moisture passage.

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Solar cells with improved light absorption using 2D perovskite materials. The cells employ a layered 2D perovskite structure as the light-absorbing layer, which achieves higher absorption compared to conventional 1D perovskites. The layered structure enables efficient light absorption through enhanced exciton separation, while maintaining stability under ambient conditions. The perovskite layer is formed through a one-step spin-coating process, eliminating the need for complex thermal evaporation or multistep deposition.

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Solid-state solar cells with enhanced stability and efficiency through a novel surface-enhanced perovskite layer. The solar cells incorporate a nanostructured surface layer comprising a doped semiconductor material, which is then deposited on a mesoporous support layer. The perovskite layer exhibits improved stability and conversion efficiency compared to conventional organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells, with enhanced charge carrier transport properties. The surface-enhanced layer provides a protective barrier against environmental degradation and facilitates efficient charge collection.

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Perovskite solar cell with improved photocurrent density and stability through a novel perovskite bilayer configuration. The cell comprises a perovskite layer, a recombination prevention layer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode. The perovskite layer, comprising a perovskite precursor, exhibits enhanced absorption at 800 nm, while the recombination prevention layer prevents charge recombination through a conductive transparent substrate. The hole transport layer enables efficient charge collection, and the second electrode provides a stable interface between the perovskite layer and hole transport layer. This bilayer architecture enables improved photocurrent density and stability compared to conventional perovskite solar cells.

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Planar perovskite solar cells with enhanced power conversion efficiency through the integration of semiconductor nanoparticles on metal oxide thin films. The method involves depositing a metal oxide layer on a substrate, followed by coating a solution of semiconductor nanoparticles onto the metal oxide layer. The nanoparticles form a light-absorbing layer, with a subsequent Sky agent layer and hole transport layer. A metal electrode is then deposited on the hole transport layer, creating a complete solar cell structure.

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