AI for Solar Cell Passivation Layer Optimization

Solar cell with improved efficiency, comprising a substrate, a passivation contact layer on the substrate's first surface, and a first polysilicon doped conductive layer within the passivation contact layer. The conductive layer is doped with gallium, and a barrier layer prevents boron diffusion from the substrate. The solar cell further includes a second polysilicon doped conductive layer with a boron doping element, and a first functional layer. The solar cell's design prevents boron diffusion and improves film quality, enhancing conversion efficiency.

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Solar cell design with improved efficiency by optimizing electrode contact to the passivation contact structure. The cell has alternating regions on the surface with passivation contacts formed only on some regions. Secondary passivation contacts are formed on the primary contacts aligned with the uncovered regions. Electrodes fully cover the secondary contacts to increase electrical contact compared to just the top surface. This improves carrier collection and reduces parasitic light absorption compared to full coverage on all contacts.

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Method for preparing a solar cell with improved efficiency by forming tunneling passivation structures on both the front and back surfaces. The method involves oxidizing a portion of the back surface passivation layer to create a mask, then etching through the mask to form the back surface tunneling passivation structure. This prevents damage to the textured surface during etching. The front surface tunneling passivation structure is formed separately. This ensures consistency in texturing between the contact and non-contact regions.

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A modified tunnel oxide layer for passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells that improves device performance compared to conventional tunnel oxide layers. The modified oxide has a higher Si4+ content and is treated with plasma to enhance the bonding and stability of the oxide surface. This results in better passivation and lower contact resistance compared to conventional tunnel oxides. The modified oxide preparation involves growing a thin SiOx layer, followed by surface treatment with a plasma containing both hydrogen and oxygen. This modifies the oxide composition and structure to improve passivation and device performance when used in TOPCon solar cells.

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Passivation contact structure for solar cells with reduced parasitic absorption and improved electrical performance. The structure comprises a tunneling layer and a polycrystalline silicon oxide or carbide layer, which replaces the conventional polycrystalline silicide layer. The oxide or carbide layer is formed using a controlled gas flow ratio and doping process, enabling efficient phosphorus doping and crystallization. The structure is prepared using a method that includes depositing a lightly doped or undoped polysilicon layer before forming the oxide or carbide layer.

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A solar cell design that improves efficiency by reducing recombination losses and optical losses. The cell has N-type and P-type polysilicon layers on opposite surfaces instead of traditional diffusion layers. The N-type layer has roughness higher than the P-type layer. This provides internal reflection from the rougher layer, improving light trapping, and smoothness for better passivation in the smoother layer to reduce recombination. The layers are sandwiched between dielectric layers and electrodes. The cell structure is alternating electrode and non-electrode regions with the polysilicon layers in the electrode regions.

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A solar cell with reduced recombination losses at side edges, comprising a substrate, a doped conductive layer, a first passivation film layer, and a first dielectric layer. The first passivation film layer completely covers the side surfaces of the substrate, and a second passivation film layer is stacked on the surface of a passivated contact layer facing away from the substrate. The second passivation film layer is made of a material including at least one of SiNx, SiONx, and SiOx.

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A passivated contact structure for solar cells comprising an intrinsic semiconductor layer formed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with a silicon source gas and a diluent gas, and a doped semiconductor layer formed by diffusion of dopants into the intrinsic semiconductor layer. The PECVD process includes exciting the process gas using a microwave or radio frequency power supply, and the intrinsic semiconductor layer has a deposition rate of 2-20 nm/min. The passivated contact structure is formed on a silicon substrate to reduce recombination rates and improve photoelectric conversion efficiency.

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Solar cell with improved efficiency comprising a semiconductor substrate, a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer disposed on the substrate with an interval, and a dual-passivation layer structure comprising a first passivation layer on the hole transport layer and a second passivation layer covering both the first passivation layer and the electron transport layer. The first passivation layer is made of aluminum oxide and the second passivation layer is made of silicon oxide or silicon nitride.

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A solar cell with reduced recombination losses at side edges, comprising a substrate, a doped conductive layer, a first passivation film layer, and a first dielectric layer. The first passivation film layer completely covers the side surfaces of the substrate, and a second passivation film layer is stacked on the side of the passivated contact layer facing away from the substrate. The second passivation film layer is made of a material including at least one of SiNx, SiONx, and SiOx.

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Solar cell with improved thermal stability, comprising a tunnel passivation contact structure comprising a stacked tunnel oxide layer and a doped polysilicon layer, wherein the doped polysilicon layer is in direct contact with a metal electrode, and the metal electrode is formed by a low-temperature printing process that prevents thermal damage to the doped polysilicon layer.

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Solar cell with improved efficiency, comprising a substrate with alternating P-type and N-type regions, first and second dielectric layers, first and second doped polysilicon layers with controlled surface roughness, and electrodes. The second doped polysilicon layers have a lower surface roughness than the first doped polysilicon layers, and a passivation layer covers both sets of layers. The cell structure enables efficient carrier collection and reduced recombination losses.

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A method for preparing a passivation layer for solar cells that balances passivation effect and manufacturing efficiency. The method involves forming a first passivation layer on the front surface of a substrate using a first preparation technique, and then forming a second passivation layer on the back surface of the substrate using a second preparation technique. The second passivation layer has a higher hydrogen content and/or thickness than the first passivation layer, which is formed on both the front surface and peripheral side surfaces of the substrate.

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The latest development in perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology has been significantly influenced by advanced techniques aimed at passivating surface defects. This work presents a new approach called thermal imprinting-assisted ion exchange passivation (TIAIEP), which delivers a different approach to conventional solution-based methods. TIAIEP focuses on addressing surface imperfections in solid-state films by using a passivator that promotes ion exchange specifically at the defect sites within the perovskite layer. By adjusting the time and temperature of the TIAIEP process, we achieve substantial enhancement in the creation of a compositional gradient within the films. This optimization slows the cooling rate of hot carriers, leading to minimizing charge recombination and improving the device performance. Remarkably, devices treated with TIAIEP achieve a 22.29% power conversion efficiency and show outstanding stability, with unencapsulated PSCs maintaining 91% of their original efficiency after over 2000 h of storage and 90% efficiency after 1200 h of constant illumination. These ... Read More

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Solar cell with improved efficiency through a novel passivation layer structure. The cell comprises a substrate, tunneling layer, first passivation layer, conductive layer, and first electrode. The first passivation layer is relatively thin, but its efficiency is enhanced by a conductive layer that can be a single layer or a multi-layer structure. The conductive layer can be made of metal, metal oxide, silicon carbon compound, or silicon-oxygen-carbon compounds. The cell preparation method involves stacking the first passivation layer and conductive layer on the tunneling layer, followed by electrode formation.

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The key to keep the rising slope of perovskite solar cell performances is to reduce non-radiative losses by minimizing defect density. To this end, a large variety of strategies have been adopted spanning from the use of interfacial layers, surface modifiers, to interface engineering. Although winning concepts have been demonstrated, they result from a mere trial and error approach, which is time consuming and operator-dependent. To face this challenge, in this work, we propose the use of a machine learning approach for an educated and rational material screening with optimal characteristics in terms of surface passivation. In particular, we applied Shapley additive explanation to extract the specific chemical features of the passivator, which directly impact the device parameters, specifically the open circuit voltage (Voc). By monitoring the different material parameters as input, we were able to list the most promising passivators and directly test them in working solar cells. By comparing the device performances with the results of the modeling and with additional optical and mor... Read More

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A solar cell with improved efficiency, comprising a semiconductor substrate, a tunneling layer, a hydrogen barrier layer, a lightly doped conductive layer, and grid-shaped doped conductive layers. The grid-shaped doped conductive layers comprise a heavily doped conductive layer and a metal barrier layer, with the metal barrier layer preventing silver erosion of the heavily doped layer during high-temperature sintering. The hydrogen barrier layer reduces parasitic light absorption and improves passivation effect.

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Solar energy has emerged as a key solution in the global transition to renewable energy sources, driven by environmental concerns and climate change. This is largely due to its cleanliness, availability, and cost-effectiveness. The precise assessment of hidden factors within photovoltaic (PV) models is critical for effectively exploiting the potential of these systems. This study employs a novel approach to parameter estimation, utilizing the electric eel foraging optimizer (EEFO), recently documented in the literature, to address such engineering issues. The EEFO emerges as a competitive metaheuristic methodology that plays a crucial role in enabling precise parameter extraction. In order to maintain scientific integrity and fairness, the study utilizes the RTC France solar cell as a benchmark case. We incorporate the EEFO approach, together with Newton-Raphson method, into the parameter tuning process for three PV models: single-diode, double-diode, and three-diode models, using a common experimental framework. We selected the RTC France solar cell for the single-diode, double-diod... Read More

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In todays world, the need for clean energy is crucial. Historically, Renewable energy sources like hydropower, wind, and solar offer sustainable solutions. Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert sunlight into electricity using semiconductor PV cells, which have been efficient for over 30 years. PV cell efficiency depends on irradiance (solar photon intensity) and temperature. Higher irradiance increases efficiency, while higher temperatures decrease it. PV systems, despite low voltage outputs, can be optimized using DC-DC Positive Output Super Lift Luo converters to match load requirements, enhancing system efficiency. Solar irradiance varies throughout the day, affecting PV cell output. Maximum Power Point Trackers (MPPTs) adjust the system's operating point to maintain peak efficiency. This study focuses on designing AI controllers to manage MPPT. We compare the performance of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) using three datasets. The goal is to identify the most efficient AI controller for optimizing solar energy systems.

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A heterojunction solar cell with improved efficiency, comprising a silicon substrate with a front and back surface, a first and second passivation layer on the front surface, a third and fourth passivation layer on the back surface, and a silicon oxycarbide layer on the fourth passivation layer, where the silicon oxycarbide layer is doped to form a PN junction with the silicon substrate and has a carbon content greater than oxygen content.

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A method for preparing a high-efficiency solar cell with reduced recombination losses, comprising forming a tunnel oxide layer on the front side of a silicon wafer using a vapor deposition method, depositing a boron-doped amorphous silicon layer on the tunnel oxide layer, and annealing the wafer at 900°C to 1000°C. The tunnel oxide layer is formed using a nitrogen-oxygen gas mixture, and the boron-doped amorphous silicon layer is deposited using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method with a boron precursor gas.

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A photovoltaic cell with improved anti-PID performance and power generation efficiency, comprising a substrate, a front-side passivation layer and anti-reflection layer, and a rear-side passivation layer, polarization phenomenon weakening layer, and silicon nitride layer. The rear-side passivation layer includes an aluminum oxide layer with a refractive index of 1.4-1.6 and thickness of 4-20 nm, the polarization phenomenon weakening layer includes a silicon oxynitride layer with a refractive index of 1.5-1.8 and thickness of 1-30 nm, and the silicon nitride layer has a refractive index of 1.9-2.5 and thickness of 50-100 nm.

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Gallium oxide back-passivated solar cells with enhanced chemical passivation and improved optical efficiency. The solar cells feature a P-type silicon substrate with a front coating and a back coating, where the front coating is a gallium oxide layer and the back coating is a silicon nitride layer. The gallium oxide layer provides chemical passivation through its dielectric constant and hydrogen content, while the silicon nitride layer enhances optical efficiency through its high refractive index. The combination of these materials enables improved passivation and optical performance compared to conventional back-passivated cells.

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A solar cell with improved photoelectric conversion efficiency, comprising a substrate with a metal pattern region and a non-metal pattern region, a first passivation contact structure in the metal pattern region, and a second passivation contact structure covering both the first passivation contact structure and the non-metal pattern region. The second passivation contact structure has a lower top surface in the non-metal pattern region to prevent parasitic absorption, while the first passivation contact structure has a higher doping concentration to prevent metal electrode penetration.

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High quality surface passivating films are essential for high efficiency solar cells. In this work, we present our study about the silicon surface passivation performance of thermal atomic layer deposited (T-ALD) ZnOx/AlOx stack deposited using super-cycle approach. Super-cycle approach is composed of three cycles of DEZ-DI water system followed by one cycle of TMA-DI water system. The number of super-cycles is varied to change the film thickness. Excellent passivation with surface recombination velocity 7 cm/s was achieved under this study for hydrogen annealed films. The passivation mechanism is related to the saturation of defects by hydrogen after annealing and further improvement in fixed oxide charges by one order of magnitude (1010 to 1011 cm2). Hydrogenation at the optimum temperature (450C) involves the transport of hydrogen atoms towards the interface and their interaction with dangling bonds at the Si surface leading to the effective passivation. The optical transmittance of the film in the visible region of the spectrum is found to be >95 % for all the deposited films... Read More

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Abstract With the improvement of surface passivation, bulk recombination is becoming an indispensable and decisive factor to assess the theoretical limiting efficiency ( ) of crystalline silicon (cSi) solar cells. In simultaneous consideration of surface and bulk recombination, a modified model of evaluation is developed. Surface recombination is directly depicted with contact selectivity while bulk recombination is revised on the aspects of ideality factor and wafer thickness. The of the doubleside silicon heterojunction (SHJ) and doubleside tunnelingoxide passivating contact (TOPCon) solar cells are numerically simulated using the new model as 28.99% and 29.19%, respectively. However, the of singleside TOPCon solar cells, the more practicable scenario, is only 27.79%. Besides, the of the doubleside SHJ solar cells would exceed the doubleside TOPCon solar cells if the recombination parameter of the noncontacted area is higher than 0.6 fA/cm 2 , instead of perfect passivation. Our results are instructive in accurately assessing efficiency potential and accordingly optimizing ... Read More

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Silicon heterojunction (HJT) solar cells have world-leading efficiencies due to outstanding surface passivation. Yet, maintaining their performance during the lifetime of a photovoltaic module requires excellent quality and stability of the surface regions. It is well known that HJT solar cells can show an increase or reduction in performance under illumination, and this instability has been related to changes in the surface regions. This work investigates the stability of surface passivation in HJT solar cells by modelling the injection-dependent minority carrier lifetime of a range of symmetrically a-Si passivated silicon wafers. Fixed charges and defects at the interface are varied in the model to find the best fit to the injection-dependent lifetime before and after a high-intensity illumination treatment. The results indicate that the laser process induces an increase in field effect passivation at the surface, which is then reduced upon storage in the dark. The results show that lifetime spectroscopy is a useful tool to investigate the nature of a-Si passivation degradation.

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Identifying the parameters of solar photovoltaic (PV) cell models accurately and reliably is crucial for simulating, evaluating, and controlling PV systems. For this reason, we present an improved chimp optimization algorithm (IChOA) for the generation of precise and reliable solar PV cell models. As a new and improved version of the standard chimp optimization algorithm (ChOA), IChOA embeds two mutation rules in ChOA that include the elite opposition-based learning and visual search mechanism. The first rule is applied to strengthen global exploration capacity of ChOA, and the second one is utilized to enhance ChOAs local exploitation ability (convergence accuracy). Based on the six benchmark test functions with different characteristics, the effectiveness of IChOA is evaluated by comparing to other five well-known optimization algorithms. The results suggest that IChOA offers superior performance over other competing algorithms. Finally, IChOAs performance is confirmed through optimizing parameters for three widely employed mathematical models, specifically the single diode model... Read More

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A solar cell with improved light absorption and anti-reflectivity, comprising a substrate with a front surface and back surface, a dielectric passivation layer, a high-refractive-index SiuNv layer with 1.3≤v/u≤1.7, and a low-refractive-index SirOs layer with 1.9≤s/r≤3.2, sequentially formed on the front surface. The SiuNv layer enhances long-wave light absorption, while the SirOs layer enhances short-wave light absorption, resulting in a high anti-reflectivity and improved photoelectric conversion efficiency.

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Solar cell design and manufacturing process to improve efficiency by reducing recombination at the cell edges. The cell has an anti-reflection layer or second passivation layer extending onto some of the side surfaces in addition to covering the top and bottom surfaces. This reduces recombination at the edges compared to cells where only the top and bottom surfaces are passivated.

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A solar cell with improved efficiency, comprising a substrate with interdigitated back contact regions, a front passivation layer, and pyramidal texture structures on the back surface. The texture structures are formed in the gap regions between the interdigitated regions, creating a curved interface region between the conductive layers and the substrate. The front passivation layer enhances carrier collection and reduces recombination. The solar cell achieves higher efficiency without altering the emitter-to-base ratio of the interdigitated regions.

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A method for improving the efficiency of P-type passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cells by introducing a novel laminated passivation structure. The structure comprises a silicon substrate with a first SiO2 film, an Al2O3 layer, a SiOxNy film, and a first SiNx film sequentially deposited on the back surface. The aluminum back field passes through these layers to connect with the substrate, reducing recombination and increasing long-wave reflection. The structure enables a 1% or more efficiency improvement in PERC cells, with the potential to further enhance efficiency beyond current limits.

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In recent years, polycrystalline passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cells have developed rapidly, but less research has been conducted on the preparation process of their rear side passivation layers on standard solar cell production lines. In this work, a Al2O3/SiNx rear side stacked passivation layer for polycrystalline PERC solar cells was prepared using the plasma- enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method. The effects of different Al2O3 layer thicknesses (6.8~25.6 nm), SiNx layer thicknesses (65~150 nm) and SiNx refractive indices (2.0~2.2) on the passivation effect and electrical performance were systematically investigated, which were adjusted by TMA flow rate, conveyor belt speed and the flow ratio of SiH4 and NH3, respectively. In addition, external quantum efficiency (EQE) and elevated temperature-induced degradation experiments were also carried out to check the cell performance. The results showed that the best passivation effect was achieved at 10.8 nm Al2O3 layer, 120 nm SiNx layer and 2.2 SiNx layer refractive index. Under the optimal conditions ment... Read More

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Abstract This paper questions the validity of t-N A/D -N t technique for solar cell optimization and establishes the scientifically and experimentally-justified N A/D -N t -t parameter optimization sequence for the same. Fundamental mathematical formulations considering numerous physical perspectives are presented for scientific justification of newly proposed optimization procedure. This is followed by an in-depth comprehensive analysis on sequence of parameter optimization applied in numerous widely-implemented solar cell fabrication techniques. It is found that, in each fabrication technique, the same optimization sequence of N A/D -N t -t is implemented. Along with this, simulation study of sample solar cell is presented for further analysis of our conceptualization. It is identified that the time at which initial values of N A/D and N t are replaced by the optimized ones to convert the initial solar cell to an optimized one, the value of absorber thickness at which solar cell produces maximum yield also changes. It was observed that N A/D -N t -t optimization sequence increased ... Read More

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Passivated contact solar cells and solar cell strings that enable mass production of high-efficiency solar cells through optimized contact structures. The cells feature a semiconductor substrate with a first thin film layer, a second thin film layer, and a first passivation layer located on the surface of the substrate. The passivation layer consists of a compound or mixture of silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and silicon oxide, while the second passivation layer is composed of silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxide, and gallium oxide. The first electrode contacts the second film layer, while the second electrode contacts the third passivation layer. This architecture enables the formation of passivated contacts through a single deposition process, enabling efficient mass production of solar cells with high conversion efficiency.

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A method for preparing a back passivation structure for a solar cell using a multi-layer AlOx film. The method involves depositing a bottom layer of AlOx at a low deposition speed and high oxygen level, followed by a top layer at a high deposition speed. Each layer is treated with NH3 and N2O to improve passivation. The structure comprises a silicon wafer substrate, a silicon oxide layer, and the multi-layer AlOx film. The method enables improved field passivation and reduced recombination rates, resulting in increased solar cell efficiency.

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Preparation of heterojunction solar cells with higher output power by optimizing the passivation layer composition and thickness. The method involves gradually increasing the oxygen concentration in the hydrogenated amorphous silicon passivation layer as thickness increases. This is achieved by introducing carbon dioxide into the deposition gas source. The resulting gradient doping profile improves cell efficiency and output power compared to uniformly doped layers.

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A solar cell with improved photoelectric conversion efficiency, comprising a substrate, a tunneling dielectric layer, a doped conductive layer, a passivation layer, and electrodes. The doped conductive layer has a plurality of first heavily doped regions with higher doping concentration than the rest of the layer, and at least two of these regions are in contact with the same electrode. This design enables reduced contact resistance, improved current transmission, and enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency.

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Solar cell and photovoltaic module that enhance passivation performance on the front surface of solar cells while maintaining high conversion efficiency. The solar cell features a novel front surface field structure where front surface regions are separated from the rest of the front surface area. This design allows the formation of a front passivation layer on the front surface while maintaining the chemical passivation effect of the passivation layer on the rest of the front surface. The front passivation layer is strategically positioned to prevent recombination of carriers while the chemical passivation layer enhances the front surface passivation. The front surface field structure enables more effective carrier collection through the Coulomb field generated by charged ions in the front surface field, while the chemical passivation layer ensures efficient carrier collection across the entire solar cell surface.

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A low-cost, high-efficiency passivation structure for solar cells that replaces hazardous trimethylaluminum (TMA) with a hydrogen-rich film to achieve equivalent passivation performance. The structure features a hydrogen-rich film on the back surface of the silicon substrate, which is formed through a simple oxidation process. This film injects hydrogen ions into the silicon during subsequent annealing or sintering, effectively passivating recombination centers. The structure maintains high efficiency while eliminating the need for TMA, reducing production costs and environmental risks.

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On top of a crystalline silicon wafer, heterojunction solar cells have a thin layer of amorphous silicon (a-Si) placed on it. The efficiency of heterojunction solar cells can be increased by decreasing the electron complex loss by adding an inherent passivation layer to a monocrystalline silicon (c-Si) substrate. In this study, we examine the development of the intrinsic passivation layer deposition technique on c-Si substrates over the previous ten years by several research teams. First, a description of the structure, benefits, and passivation of heterojunction solar cells is given. Following that, the impact of modifying process variables on the functionality of the passivation layer and cell efficiency is explored in terms of the passivation material, hydrogen dilution ratio, substrate temperature, and post-deposition annealing. Last but not least, the ideal process parameters are summed up and potential future research areas are predicted. One of the best ways to increase the conversion efficiency of heterojunction solar cells is through surface passivation technology, and futur... Read More

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Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells are increasingly attracting attention due to their low-temperature processing, lean steps, significant temperature coefficient, and their high bifacial capability. The high efficiency and thin wafer nature of SHJ solar cells make them ideal for use as high-efficiency solar cells. However, the complicated nature of the passivation layer and prior cleaning render a well-passivated surface difficult to achieve. In this study, developments and the classification of surface defect removal and passivation technologies are explored. Further, surface cleaning and passivation technologies of high-efficiency SHJ solar cells within the last five years are reviewed and summarized.

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Passivation process for crystalline silicon substrates used in photovoltaic cells, comprising applying a hydrogen-containing plasma to a stack of substrate, silicon oxide layer, and transparent conductive oxide layer, with the plasma diffusing hydrogen atoms to the substrate-oxide interface to neutralize surface defects.

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A solar cell with improved light absorption efficiency, comprising a substrate, a passivation stack, a tunneling oxide layer, and a doped conductive layer. The passivation stack includes an oxygen-containing dielectric layer, a silicon nitride layer, and a silicon oxynitride layer, with a nitrogen-rich interface between the silicon nitride and silicon oxynitride layers. The silicon nitride layer has a higher refractive index than the silicon oxynitride layer, reducing internal reflection and emission of light. The silicon oxynitride layer has a higher refractive index than the oxygen-containing dielectric layer, enabling external light to enter the substrate at a smaller incident angle.

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Solar cell with improved light absorption efficiency, comprising a substrate with a front and rear surface, a dielectric passivation layer on the front surface, a silicon nitride layer with a specific nitrogen-to-molybdenum ratio, and a silicon oxynitride layer with a specific oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio, and a tunneling oxide and doped conductive layer on the rear surface.

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A solar cell and photovoltaic module that mitigate potential-induced degradation (PID) through a novel passivation stack design. The stack includes a first oxygen-rich dielectric layer with a controlled oxygen content, sandwiched between silicon-rich dielectric layers, which prevents sodium ion penetration and carrier recombination. The oxygen-rich layer's refractive index and thickness are optimized to balance electrical and optical performance. The design enables improved PID resistance and enhanced photovoltaic efficiency.

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Solar cell with enhanced passivation and conversion efficiency through a novel donor material film layer. The film is manufactured between the semiconductor substrate and the amorphous silicon interface, where it prevents silicon epitaxial growth between the crystalline silicon interface and the amorphous silicon interface. This architecture improves passivation, reduces parallel resistance, and enhances fill factor, leading to improved conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

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Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) methods are emerging as promising technologies for enhancing the performance of lowcost photovoltaic (PV) cells in miniaturized electronic devices. Indeed, ML is set to significantly contribute to the development of more efficient and costeffective solar cells. This systematic review offers an extensive analysis of recent ML techniques in designing novel solar cell materials and structures, highlighting their potential to transform the lowcost solar cell research and development landscape. The review encompasses a variety of ML approaches, such as Gaussian process regression (GPR), Bayesian optimization (BO), and deep neural networks (DNNs), which have proven effective in boosting the efficiency, stability, and affordability of solar cells. The findings of this review indicate that GPR combined with BO is the most promising method for developing lowcost solar cells. These techniques can significantly speed up the discovery of new PV materials and structures while enhancing the efficiency and stability of lowcost solar cells.... Read More

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Precise recognition of unknown variables for different types of solar cells is important in design, control, quality, cost estimation, and prediction of solar cell performance. Aggregation and development of a single solar cell to a set of cells (solar panels) is usually based on a single operating point on the current-voltage characteristic curve. In recent years, a new method to predict cell performance and cell screening by modeling the cell is represented using an equivalent electrical circuit in which each variable corresponds to a physical phenomenon in the solar cell. These analytical models can be represented by a five-variable, seven-variable, and recently nine-variable models. Due to the nonlinearities and inability of traditional methods in introducing and identifying the unknown variables of the system, recently intelligent algorithms have attracted considerable attentions in solving engineering and industrial problems. Neural network algorithm (NNA) is a metaheuristic optimization algorithm that is inspired by the function of the neural network of human brain. In this ar... Read More

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The global shift toward solar energy has resulted in the advancement of research into the manufacture of high-performance solar cells. It is critical to accurately model and identify the parameters of solar cells. Numerous models of solar cells have been presented thus far, including the single-diode, the double-diode, and the three-diode models. Every model contains a number of unidentified parameters, and numerous approaches for determining their optimal values have been published in the literature. The purpose of this article is to propose an efficient optimization technique, dubbed the Chimp Optimization Algorithm (ChOA), for estimating the model parameters of solar networks. The proposed ChOA outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of convergence rate, global search capacity, and durability. To demonstrate the proposed ChOA algorithm's efficiency, it is used to determine the parameters of several photovoltaic modules and solar cells. The result of ChOA is evaluated and compared with ten well-known optimization algorithms in the literature. Additionally, the performance ... Read More

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