AI for Solar Cell Passivation Layer Optimization

Solar cell with improved efficiency, comprising a substrate, a passivation contact layer on the substrate's first surface, and a first polysilicon doped conductive layer within the passivation contact layer. The conductive layer is doped with gallium, and a barrier layer prevents boron diffusion from the substrate. The solar cell further includes a second polysilicon doped conductive layer with a boron doping element, and a first functional layer. The solar cell's design prevents boron diffusion and improves film quality, enhancing conversion efficiency.

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Solar cell design with improved efficiency by optimizing electrode contact to the passivation contact structure. The cell has alternating regions on the surface with passivation contacts formed only on some regions. Secondary passivation contacts are formed on the primary contacts aligned with the uncovered regions. Electrodes fully cover the secondary contacts to increase electrical contact compared to just the top surface. This improves carrier collection and reduces parasitic light absorption compared to full coverage on all contacts.

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Method for preparing a solar cell with improved efficiency by forming tunneling passivation structures on both the front and back surfaces. The method involves oxidizing a portion of the back surface passivation layer to create a mask, then etching through the mask to form the back surface tunneling passivation structure. This prevents damage to the textured surface during etching. The front surface tunneling passivation structure is formed separately. This ensures consistency in texturing between the contact and non-contact regions.

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A modified tunnel oxide layer for passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells that improves device performance compared to conventional tunnel oxide layers. The modified oxide has a higher Si4+ content and is treated with plasma to enhance the bonding and stability of the oxide surface. This results in better passivation and lower contact resistance compared to conventional tunnel oxides. The modified oxide preparation involves growing a thin SiOx layer, followed by surface treatment with a plasma containing both hydrogen and oxygen. This modifies the oxide composition and structure to improve passivation and device performance when used in TOPCon solar cells.

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Passivation contact structure for solar cells with reduced parasitic absorption and improved electrical performance. The structure comprises a tunneling layer and a polycrystalline silicon oxide or carbide layer, which replaces the conventional polycrystalline silicide layer. The oxide or carbide layer is formed using a controlled gas flow ratio and doping process, enabling efficient phosphorus doping and crystallization. The structure is prepared using a method that includes depositing a lightly doped or undoped polysilicon layer before forming the oxide or carbide layer.

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A solar cell design that improves efficiency by reducing recombination losses and optical losses. The cell has N-type and P-type polysilicon layers on opposite surfaces instead of traditional diffusion layers. The N-type layer has roughness higher than the P-type layer. This provides internal reflection from the rougher layer, improving light trapping, and smoothness for better passivation in the smoother layer to reduce recombination. The layers are sandwiched between dielectric layers and electrodes. The cell structure is alternating electrode and non-electrode regions with the polysilicon layers in the electrode regions.

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A solar cell with reduced recombination losses at side edges, comprising a substrate, a doped conductive layer, a first passivation film layer, and a first dielectric layer. The first passivation film layer completely covers the side surfaces of the substrate, and a second passivation film layer is stacked on the surface of a passivated contact layer facing away from the substrate. The second passivation film layer is made of a material including at least one of SiNx, SiONx, and SiOx.

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A passivated contact structure for solar cells comprising an intrinsic semiconductor layer formed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with a silicon source gas and a diluent gas, and a doped semiconductor layer formed by diffusion of dopants into the intrinsic semiconductor layer. The PECVD process includes exciting the process gas using a microwave or radio frequency power supply, and the intrinsic semiconductor layer has a deposition rate of 2-20 nm/min. The passivated contact structure is formed on a silicon substrate to reduce recombination rates and improve photoelectric conversion efficiency.

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Solar cell with improved efficiency comprising a semiconductor substrate, a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer disposed on the substrate with an interval, and a dual-passivation layer structure comprising a first passivation layer on the hole transport layer and a second passivation layer covering both the first passivation layer and the electron transport layer. The first passivation layer is made of aluminum oxide and the second passivation layer is made of silicon oxide or silicon nitride.

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A solar cell with reduced recombination losses at side edges, comprising a substrate, a doped conductive layer, a first passivation film layer, and a first dielectric layer. The first passivation film layer completely covers the side surfaces of the substrate, and a second passivation film layer is stacked on the side of the passivated contact layer facing away from the substrate. The second passivation film layer is made of a material including at least one of SiNx, SiONx, and SiOx.

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Solar cell with improved thermal stability, comprising a tunnel passivation contact structure comprising a stacked tunnel oxide layer and a doped polysilicon layer, wherein the doped polysilicon layer is in direct contact with a metal electrode, and the metal electrode is formed by a low-temperature printing process that prevents thermal damage to the doped polysilicon layer.

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Solar cell with improved efficiency, comprising a substrate with alternating P-type and N-type regions, first and second dielectric layers, first and second doped polysilicon layers with controlled surface roughness, and electrodes. The second doped polysilicon layers have a lower surface roughness than the first doped polysilicon layers, and a passivation layer covers both sets of layers. The cell structure enables efficient carrier collection and reduced recombination losses.

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A method for preparing a passivation layer for solar cells that balances passivation effect and manufacturing efficiency. The method involves forming a first passivation layer on the front surface of a substrate using a first preparation technique, and then forming a second passivation layer on the back surface of the substrate using a second preparation technique. The second passivation layer has a higher hydrogen content and/or thickness than the first passivation layer, which is formed on both the front surface and peripheral side surfaces of the substrate.

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The latest development in perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology has been significantly influenced by advanced techniques aimed at passivating surface defects. This work presents a new approach called thermal imprinting-assisted ion exchange passivation (TIAIEP), which delivers a different approach to conventional solution-based methods. TIAIEP focuses on addressing surface imperfections in solid-state films by using a passivator that promotes ion exchange specifically at the defect sites within the perovskite layer. By adjusting the time and temperature of the TIAIEP process, we achieve substantial enhancement in the creation of a compositional gradient within the films. This optimization slows the cooling rate of hot carriers, leading to minimizing charge recombination and improving the device performance. Remarkably, devices treated with TIAIEP achieve a 22.29% power conversion efficiency and show outstanding stability, with unencapsulated PSCs maintaining 91% of their original efficiency after over 2000 h of storage and 90% efficiency after 1200 h of constant illumination. These ... Read More

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Solar cell with improved efficiency through a novel passivation layer structure. The cell comprises a substrate, tunneling layer, first passivation layer, conductive layer, and first electrode. The first passivation layer is relatively thin, but its efficiency is enhanced by a conductive layer that can be a single layer or a multi-layer structure. The conductive layer can be made of metal, metal oxide, silicon carbon compound, or silicon-oxygen-carbon compounds. The cell preparation method involves stacking the first passivation layer and conductive layer on the tunneling layer, followed by electrode formation.

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The key to keep the rising slope of perovskite solar cell performances is to reduce non-radiative losses by minimizing defect density. To this end, a large variety of strategies have been adopted spanning from the use of interfacial layers, surface modifiers, to interface engineering. Although winning concepts have been demonstrated, they result from a mere trial and error approach, which is time consuming and operator-dependent. To face this challenge, in this work, we propose the use of a machine learning approach for an educated and rational material screening with optimal characteristics in terms of surface passivation. In particular, we applied Shapley additive explanation to extract the specific chemical features of the passivator, which directly impact the device parameters, specifically the open circuit voltage (Voc). By monitoring the different material parameters as input, we were able to list the most promising passivators and directly test them in working solar cells. By comparing the device performances with the results of the modeling and with additional optical and mor... Read More

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A solar cell with improved efficiency, comprising a semiconductor substrate, a tunneling layer, a hydrogen barrier layer, a lightly doped conductive layer, and grid-shaped doped conductive layers. The grid-shaped doped conductive layers comprise a heavily doped conductive layer and a metal barrier layer, with the metal barrier layer preventing silver erosion of the heavily doped layer during high-temperature sintering. The hydrogen barrier layer reduces parasitic light absorption and improves passivation effect.

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Solar energy has emerged as a key solution in the global transition to renewable energy sources, driven by environmental concerns and climate change. This is largely due to its cleanliness, availability, and cost-effectiveness. The precise assessment of hidden factors within photovoltaic (PV) models is critical for effectively exploiting the potential of these systems. This study employs a novel approach to parameter estimation, utilizing the electric eel foraging optimizer (EEFO), recently documented in the literature, to address such engineering issues. The EEFO emerges as a competitive metaheuristic methodology that plays a crucial role in enabling precise parameter extraction. In order to maintain scientific integrity and fairness, the study utilizes the RTC France solar cell as a benchmark case. We incorporate the EEFO approach, together with Newton-Raphson method, into the parameter tuning process for three PV models: single-diode, double-diode, and three-diode models, using a common experimental framework. We selected the RTC France solar cell for the single-diode, double-diod... Read More

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In todays world, the need for clean energy is crucial. Historically, Renewable energy sources like hydropower, wind, and solar offer sustainable solutions. Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert sunlight into electricity using semiconductor PV cells, which have been efficient for over 30 years. PV cell efficiency depends on irradiance (solar photon intensity) and temperature. Higher irradiance increases efficiency, while higher temperatures decrease it. PV systems, despite low voltage outputs, can be optimized using DC-DC Positive Output Super Lift Luo converters to match load requirements, enhancing system efficiency. Solar irradiance varies throughout the day, affecting PV cell output. Maximum Power Point Trackers (MPPTs) adjust the system's operating point to maintain peak efficiency. This study focuses on designing AI controllers to manage MPPT. We compare the performance of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) using three datasets. The goal is to identify the most efficient AI controller for optimizing solar energy systems.

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A heterojunction solar cell with improved efficiency, comprising a silicon substrate with a front and back surface, a first and second passivation layer on the front surface, a third and fourth passivation layer on the back surface, and a silicon oxycarbide layer on the fourth passivation layer, where the silicon oxycarbide layer is doped to form a PN junction with the silicon substrate and has a carbon content greater than oxygen content.

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