Surface Passivation Techniques for Reduced Recombination Loss in Solar Cells

Solar cell design with improved efficiency by optimizing electrode contact to the passivation contact structure. The cell has alternating regions on the surface with passivation contacts formed only on some regions. Secondary passivation contacts are formed on the primary contacts aligned with the uncovered regions. Electrodes fully cover the secondary contacts to increase electrical contact compared to just the top surface. This improves carrier collection and reduces parasitic light absorption compared to full coverage on all contacts.

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Photovoltaic cell design with improved anti-PID performance and power generation efficiency for solar modules. The cell has a rear passivation layer stack with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) having a thickness of 4-20 nm, silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy) with Si>O and 1-30 nm thickness, and silicon nitride (Si3N4) with Si>N and 50-100 nm thickness. This rear stack reduces interface recombination, PID effects, and improves light extraction compared to standard rear passivation layers.

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Method for preparing a solar cell with improved efficiency by forming tunneling passivation structures on both the front and back surfaces. The method involves oxidizing a portion of the back surface passivation layer to create a mask, then etching through the mask to form the back surface tunneling passivation structure. This prevents damage to the textured surface during etching. The front surface tunneling passivation structure is formed separately. This ensures consistency in texturing between the contact and non-contact regions.

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A perovskite solar cell with improved performance through a semi-opening passivation contact structure. The cell features a charge transport layer and a perovskite layer separated by an insulating or low-conductivity material layer, which can be continuous or discontinuous. This structure enables efficient passivation of interface defects without hindering carrier transport, thereby enhancing open-circuit voltage and fill factor while reducing non-radiative recombination loss.

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Solar cell design to improve efficiency by reducing front surface recombination. The solar cell has front surface field regions spaced apart from each other. Each front surface field region corresponds to a P-type or N-type conductive region on the back surface. Front and back passivation layers are used. This allows Coulomb field passivation by the front surface fields to drive carriers away from the front surface, while the back passivation prevents recombination. The front surface passivation is less affected by the front fields.

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A tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cell with improved efficiency, comprising a tunnel oxide layer and a doped polysilicon layer, wherein the doped polysilicon layer is replaced with a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer, and a first passivation layer is formed on the TCO layer. The TCO layer is preferably a doped metal oxide, such as aluminum-doped zinc oxide, and the first passivation layer is preferably aluminum oxide or silicon nitride. The solar cell exhibits improved fill factor and efficiency compared to conventional TOPCon cells.

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A modified tunnel oxide layer for passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells that improves device performance compared to conventional tunnel oxide layers. The modified oxide has a higher Si4+ content and is treated with plasma to enhance the bonding and stability of the oxide surface. This results in better passivation and lower contact resistance compared to conventional tunnel oxides. The modified oxide preparation involves growing a thin SiOx layer, followed by surface treatment with a plasma containing both hydrogen and oxygen. This modifies the oxide composition and structure to improve passivation and device performance when used in TOPCon solar cells.

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Heterojunction photovoltaic cells with improved efficiency through the use of silicon carbide layers in the front passivation layer and n-type layer, while maintaining amorphous silicon in the rear passivation layer and p-type layer. The silicon carbide layers reduce parasitic absorption of sunlight, increasing cell efficiency.

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Photovoltaic cell design with improved reliability by reducing series resistance. The cell has a tunnel oxide layer on the substrate with nitrogen and phosphorus, a doped surface field in the substrate contacting the tunnel oxide, and a metal electrode on the tunnel oxide. This configuration provides a good interface passivation effect even if the metal electrode penetrates the tunnel oxide. The doped surface field also enhances carrier transmission and reduces series resistance.

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A solar cell with reduced recombination losses at side edges, comprising a substrate, a doped conductive layer, a first passivation film layer, and a first dielectric layer. The first passivation film layer completely covers the side surfaces of the substrate, and a second passivation film layer is stacked on the surface of a passivated contact layer facing away from the substrate. The second passivation film layer is made of a material including at least one of SiNx, SiONx, and SiOx.

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A solar cell with improved light absorption efficiency and isolation properties, comprising a silicon substrate, a passivation layer, a three-layered antireflection film, and a tunneling dielectric layer. The antireflection film includes a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, and a silicon oxide layer, each with specific composition ratios. The passivation layer is an aluminum oxide layer with a specific composition ratio, and the tunneling dielectric layer is formed on the rear surface of the substrate.

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A solar cell with improved light absorption efficiency and isolation properties, comprising an N-type silicon substrate, a passivation layer, a three-layered antireflection film, and a tunneling dielectric layer. The antireflection film includes a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, and a silicon oxide layer, stacked in that order. The passivation layer is an aluminum oxide layer between the substrate and the antireflection film. The tunneling dielectric layer is on the rear surface of the substrate.

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Solar cell with enhanced passivation performance through a multi-layered structure. The cell comprises a semiconductor substrate, a hole transport layer, an electronic transport layer, a first passivation layer, and a second passivation layer. The first passivation layer is positioned between the hole transport layer and the semiconductor substrate, while the second passivation layer is applied between the electronic transport layer and the second surface of the semiconductor substrate. This dual-layer architecture enhances the passivation performance by providing a dense, uniform barrier between the active layers and the substrate surface.

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A solar cell with reduced recombination losses at side edges, comprising a substrate, a doped conductive layer, a first passivation film layer, and a first dielectric layer. The first passivation film layer completely covers the side surfaces of the substrate, and a second passivation film layer is stacked on the side of the passivated contact layer facing away from the substrate. The second passivation film layer is made of a material including at least one of SiNx, SiONx, and SiOx.

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A solar cell and method for manufacturing a solar cell that improves efficiency and performance by optimizing the metallized region. The cell includes a semiconductor substrate, emitter, front passivation layer, tunneling layer, doped conductive layer, rear passivation layer, and electrodes. The doped conductive layer has a first region with lower oxygen content for metallized areas and a second region with higher oxygen content for non-metallized areas. The tunneling layer and doped conductive layer are optimized to reduce contact resistance and improve passivation performance.

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A solar cell with improved light absorption efficiency, comprising a substrate, a passivation stack, a tunneling oxide layer, and a doped conductive layer. The passivation stack includes an oxygen-containing dielectric layer, a first passivation layer, and a second passivation layer, with the second passivation layer comprising a silicon oxynitride material. The first passivation layer has a higher refractive index than the second passivation layer, and the oxygen-containing dielectric layer has a thickness of 1-15 nm. The solar cell achieves a darker appearance through optimized passivation layer composition and thickness.

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A method for preparing a passivation layer for solar cells that balances passivation effect and manufacturing efficiency. The method involves forming a first passivation layer on the front surface of a substrate using a first preparation technique, and then forming a second passivation layer on the back surface of the substrate using a second preparation technique. The second passivation layer has a higher hydrogen content and/or thickness than the first passivation layer, which is formed on both the front surface and peripheral side surfaces of the substrate.

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A passivation layer for perovskite solar cells that improves efficiency and stability by using a novel organic compound with a carbazole backbone. The compound, synthesized through a multi-step process, forms a flat and uniform film that effectively passivates metal ions at the interface between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer. This reduces charge recombination and enhances carrier extraction, leading to improved power conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

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Nonradiative recombination losses occurring at the interface pose a significant obstacle to achieve high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs), particularly in inverted PSCs. Passivating surface defects using molecules with different functional groups represents one of the key strategies for enhancing PSCs efficiency. However, a lack of insight into the passivation orientation of molecules on the surface is a challenge for rational molecular design. In this study, aminothiol hydrochlorides with different alkyl chains but identical electron-donating (-SH) and electron-withdrawing (-NH

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Solar cell with a hydrogen-containing passivation layer on the front contact that exhibits increasing electrical conductivity from the inside to the outside in at least three stages, enhancing light absorption and charge carrier collection efficiency.

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