Bio-Based Rubber Compounds for Tire Manufacturing

ABSTRACT Significant advancements in developing highperformance, sustainable tyre tread compounds have been achieved through the strategic integration of modified silica into carbon black (CB)/thermally exfoliated graphite hybrid filler systems. While benefits fillers such as CB, graphite, and are recognized, limited understanding their interaction mechanisms with polymer chains has hindered widespread adoption. This study investigates mechanical, thermal, dynamic mechanical properties an ecofriendly, green compound, focusing on both binary (CB/silica) ternary (CB, graphite/modified silica) The key aspect this research is utilization prepared by latex imprinting technique along epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) a compatibilizer to enhance between NR matrix. partial replacement CB thermally novel lateximprinted enhanced surface area provides excellent properties, low rolling resistance, improved wet grip, reduced heat buildup. porosity silica, coupled system, play crucial role reducing hysteresis, resulting resistance (0.0376), grip (0.0796), very buildup (13C). attribu... Read More

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Tyre sustainability is an important aspect of environmental responsibility in the automotive industry. This paper encompasses processes tyre production, use, wear and disposal a way that minimizes negative impacts on environment human health. It focuses extending life tyres, reducing their ecological footprint recycling them efficiently. From production to use recycling, number measures can be taken reduce tyres ecosystems society. These steps include innovations materials, improved technologies responsible approach waste management.

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Rubber composition for inner liners of pneumatic vehicle tires that provides airtightness, crack resistance, and improved tear propagation resistance while using fillers made from regrowing raw materials. The composition contains specific amounts of fillers like hydrothermal lignins derived from biomass. It also has a vulcanization system with zinc oxide and/or sulfur. The filler amounts and vulcanization system allow vulcanizing the composition into a tire inner liner with reduced gas permeability, improved crack growth resistance, and lower weight compared to traditional fillers.

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Adhesive composition for tire cord that is environmentally friendly and less harmful to workers. The adhesive contains a naturally occurring acid, a nitrogen compound, a basic material, and a latex. It provides adhesive force equal to or higher than RF condensates used in tires. The composition can be applied to tire cord to improve fatigue resistance when using hybrid cords. It also forms a coating layer on cord to enhance adhesion between the cord and other tire components.

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Rubber composition for tires that reduces carbon emissions, lowers production cost, and provides an oxidation inhibiting effect by using a lignin-based antioxidant derived from natural materials instead of petroleum-based antioxidants. The lignin-based antioxidant is a compound with structural similarity to petroleum-based antioxidants like 6PPD. The lignin-based antioxidant is added along with a crosslinking agent to the rubber composition at levels of 1-20 parts per 100 parts of rubber. This allows replacing some or all of the petroleum-based antioxidants in tire rubber compounds. The lignin-based antioxidant provides oxidation protection without the environmental impacts and high cost of petroleum-based antioxidants.

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ABSTRACT As the global transportation industry evolves, there is a rapid surge in market demand for engineering tires. Nevertheless, working environment becoming increasingly complex and challenging, tires are now subject to more stringent performance requirements, including reduced rolling resistance, decreased heat generation, enhanced wear cut resistance. In this work, type of Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG)/natural rubber (NR)/styrenebutadiene (SBR) nanocomposite was effectively prepared with silica as nanofiller. Subsequently, epoxidized natural (ENR) introduced into EUG/NR/SBR nanocomposites address issue agglomeration within enhance comprehensive nanocomposites. The relationship between ENR content further investigated. results demonstrate that reduces surface activity via hydrogen bond effect grafting reaction, thus enhancing dispersion. Moreover, at an 9 phr, dynamic temperature rise 25.2C volume abrasion 0.135 cm 3 1.61 km 1 , representing 12.2% reduction 21.1% decrease compared without ENR. This work develops innovative approach dispersion fillers EUGbased multifu... Read More

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Plasticizer system for rubber compositions, like tire treads, that are partially or fully derived from sustainable, renewable non-petroleum sources. The plasticizer system balances performance when using oils not derived from petroleum. It contains a triglyceride vegetable oil as an extender oil in the solution SBR, along with an aromatic hydrocarbon resin or a non-petroleum derived hydrocarbon resin like polyterpene. This combination improves wet braking performance compared to using just the vegetable oil as a plasticizer.

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Abstract The use of natural and bio-based materials instead petrochemicals is strongly recommended for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Here we aim to promote the environmentally friendly polyester (P), prepared from biomass, with Tung oil (TO) plasticizer zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) filler by 1050%, 3% get a sustainable nanocomposite. grafting altered profile neat P. Owing insufficient contents, low concentrations have slight impact, high more enhancements. physical properties accompanied curing P/TO copolymer showed decrease in viscosity, gelation time, gelation-curing period TO-based specimens, besides lower heat emission during reaction, compared that P, 3.4% 4%, respectively, P/TO-40 P/TO-50 copolymers. stability against exudation was promoted 48.6%, where all composites are stable than improved creep resistance 62% 88.1%, due surfaces. Furthermore, concentration reduced hardness 25%, but it ZnO NPs 46.7%. Both TO nanofiller make polymer capable absorbing flexural loading as toughened composite. proposed provide positive effects on thermal behavior. Particularly, for... Read More

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Natural rubber is a widely used biological polymer material because of its excellent comprehensive performance. Nevertheless, the performance domestic natural cannot meet requirements for high-end products such as aviation tires, which has become constraint on innovation and upgrading manufacturing enterprises enhancement global competitiveness in China. To solve bottleneck problem processing technology, this study systematically analyzed effects different varieties fresh latex ratios dynamic properties bio-coagulated rubber. By mixing PR107 Reyan72059 with Reyan73397 according to proportion, was coagulated by enzyme-assisted microbials, ratio physical chemical indexes, molecular weight distribution, vulcanization characteristics, properties, cross-link density mechanical were analyzed. The results showed that aging resistance microbial decreased, increased increase latex. proportion high increased, had little effect distribution curve. Under carbon black formulation, CRI compound relatively larger. same strain conditions, H-3 (PR107:Reyan72059:Reyan73397 = 1:1:3) best viscoelasticit... Read More

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Rubber compounds based on styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylonitrilebutadiene (NBR) were filled with constant amount of carbon black 25 phr calcium lignosulphonate 30 phr. Glycerol as cheap environmentally friendly softener was added into the in concentration scale from 0 to 20 plasticise matrix biopolymer improve adhesion between components compounds. The results revealed that addition glycerol resulted decrease viscosity. Based dynamical-mechanical analysis it can be concluded softened lowered its glass transition temperature. better distributed dispersed within matrices, which clearly demonstrated by performing scanning electron microscopy. contributed compatibility biopolymer, subsequently reflected improvement tensile behaviour composites. Both elongation at break strength showed increasing trend glycerol. Due polarity among matrix, plasticiser, higher strength, enhancement dependence content exhibited composites NBR. When compared reference, increased more than 5 MPa for plasticised high SBR-based less evident, though still pointing a positive effect filler-rubbe... Read More

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One of the approaches to develop sustainable rubber products is replace petroleum-based materials with renewable and materials. Many global tire manufacturers have committed using entirely for production by 2050. This requires development suitable bio-based raw materials, from elastomers ingredients. Rubber generally consist complicated material formulations, including more than ten kinds ingredients such as activators, processing oils, antioxidants, fillers, tune processing, curing, physicochemical properties rubbers. chapter aims provide an overview three types potentially discuss their impacts on overall performance systems.

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Towards a global sustainable future and circular economy, the utilization of renewable high-performing biomass-derived fillers for rubber industry is highly desirable but challenging. Carbon black (CB), produced by incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition petroleum hydrocarbons, most dominant reinforcing filler, followed mineral fillers. However, manufacture CB has considerable carbon footprint due to its fossil-based resources; have higher density are generally incompatible with rubbers. It important find abundant, sustainable, cost-effective as substitutes petroleum- coal-derived Biomass-derived fillers, such cellulose nanocrystals, lignin, polysaccharides, biochar, rice husk silica, been extensively explored substitute This chapter provides comprehensive review their applications in industry. The structure, morphology, properties introduced. surface modification processing methods high-performance composites critically reviewed.

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In vitro production of rubber polymer using recombinant enzymes derived from rubber-producing plants. The rubber polymer is synthesized by combining specific enzymes, like cis-prenyl transferase and binding protein, with initiators and substrates. The enzymes are isolated from plants like Hevea brasiliensis, and can be stabilized and supported by lipids and other agents. The enzyme complexes mimic the rubber synthesis process in plant cells.

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Process to make composite materials for elastomeric products like tires with improved sustainability and adhesion. The process involves activating textile reinforcement yarns with a bath containing polyisocyanates, waxes, and surfactants before immersing them in the rubber mixture. This coating improves adhesion between the yarns and surrounding rubber. The coated yarns are then used to create the composite material. The activation bath can be made from recycled materials like post-consumer PET bottles. The composite with recycled yarns provides similar performance to conventional composites but with lower environmental impact. The vulcanized composite material and resulting elastomeric products, like tires, have improved sustainability and adhesion compared to conventional composites.

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Improved compositions and methods for cross-linking recombinant resilin proteins to make biodegradable elastomers with tunable properties for applications like automotive parts, shoes, and gaskets. The compositions are made by exposing recombinant resilin to ammonium persulfate and heat to cross-link without enzymes or photoinitiators. The cross-linked resilin can be further processed by solvent exchange to replace the aqueous cross-linking medium with nonaqueous solvents like glycerol, propylene glycol, or DMSO to tune properties like elastic modulus, hardness, and fatigue resistance. This allows tuning cross-linked resilin compositions for specific applications without degradation from impurities.

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Fully bio-based, highly filled lignin-rubber masterbatch for replacing carbon black in rubber. The masterbatch is prepared by mixing modified lignin with rubber. The lignin is modified by esterification with acetic acid and oleic acid to improve compatibility with non-polar rubbers. The modified lignin has reduced hydroxyl group content compared to unmodified lignin. The esterification reaction provides hydrophobic groups to decrease lignin polarity. This improves lignin dispersibility in the rubber matrix.

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Polysaccharide-elastomer masterbatch for making reinforced rubber compositions with reduced water content. The masterbatch is made by mixing a polysaccharide dispersion with an elastomer latex and then coagulating and drying the mixture. This avoids adding water during masterbatch production, allowing lower water content in the final rubber compound. The polysaccharide provides reinforcement and reduces rolling resistance compared to carbon black. The masterbatch can be used in applications like tires, belts, footwear, coatings, etc.

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To expand the range of ingredients based on renewable biological raw materials and enhance environmental protection, effectiveness OS Wax product in elastomeric compositions was investigated. This is derived from waste generated during winterization stage sunflower oil production and, according to differential thermal analysis IR spectroscopy, a thermostable, non-volatile, long-chain saturated ester. It found that incorporating 1.02.0 phr as processing additive for tire manufacturing initiates enhances sulfur vulcanization process, reduces heat generation, positively influences Payne effect due its structure reduction effective activation energy vulcanization. At same time, dynamic physical-mechanical properties rubber remain comparable those prepared with petrochemical microwaxes SVOZ-75 U grade.

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Rubber composition containing a rubber component and cellulose-based fillers that exhibits favorable strength. The composition includes a rubber component, cellulose fillers, and a cross-linkable compound with thiosulfuric acid and an amino group. Kneading the components improves strength. The thiosulfuric acid group facilitates crosslinking during vulcanization, and the amino group enhances filler interaction. This provides improved rubber properties compared to using cellulose fillers alone.

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Biodegradable rubber composition that aims to improve biodegradability compared to conventional rubber. The composition replaces some of the traditional rubber components with biodegradable materials like polyalkylene succinate adipate (PASA) resin. Crosslinking agents like peroxides are used to join the biodegradable materials together. The resulting biodegradable rubber has enhanced biodegradation efficiency compared to conventional rubber.

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