Multiphysics Modeling for Tire Performance

Simulating tire longitudinal slip characteristics using finite element analysis to efficiently and accurately determine tire forces and moments when sliding on the road. The simulation involves steps like finite element pretreatment, 2D inflation analysis, 3D loading modeling, steady state simulation, and dynamic slip simulation. It uses explicit analysis with customizable slip rates and a fitted friction model from rubber testing to accurately replicate tire longitudinal behavior. This allows tire dynamics modeling and optimization without physical testing.

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Simulating tire temperature distribution using a 3D tire model to improve accuracy and intuitiveness compared to 2D methods. The simulation method involves using a 3D tire model in simulation software like ABAQUS. The tire model is analyzed iteratively to improve accuracy by calculating heat generation based on mechanical properties at each step. This iterative calculation of power density for each unit improves the simulation by considering the mutual influence of cornering, abrasion, and rolling resistance on the temperature field.

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Computer simulation of tire performance using a model that accurately predicts tire behavior at high speeds and loads where traditional tire models struggle. The simulation incorporates a detailed tire temperature model that accounts for temperature-dependent material properties, like rubber compounds, to accurately predict tire temperatures. This improves tire force and handling predictions at extreme conditions. The simulation also includes a flash temperature model for short-term temperature spikes during sliding. The tire model takes vehicle velocity as input and can be integrated into vehicle simulation and control systems.

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Computer-implemented method for simulating tire performance that accurately models tire behavior over a wide range of operating conditions and temperatures. The simulation method involves using a thermodynamic model to calculate tire properties based on factors like temperature, slip, and vertical load. The model accounts for effects like rolling resistance, tread deformation, and friction. It uses Fourier diffusion to simulate temperature distribution within the tire, and scaling factors to adjust material properties like stiffness and damping at different temperatures. The simulation can be integrated into existing tire models like the magic formula.

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Simulating tire temperature during rolling using a computer to accurately calculate tire temperature while accounting for complex tread patterns. The simulation involves two steps: 1) rolling deformation calculation using a 3D tire model with grooves, and 2) thermal analysis using a 2D tire model with filled grooves. By adjusting material constants, boundary conditions, and heat generation values based on rolling deformation, the 2D model accurately simulates tire temperature during rolling.

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Simulating tire temperature distribution using a 3D tire model instead of a 2D model for more accurate and intuitive results compared to prior methods. The simulation involves generating a 3D tire model based on a 2D tire model, adding a temperature model to the 3D model, and iteratively calculating stress, strain, and temperature in each step to accurately capture the thermal effects on tire mechanics.

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A method to predict tire rolling resistance using finite element analysis to reduce the cost and time compared to traditional rolling resistance testing. The method involves creating a virtual 3D tire model, analyzing tire deformation on a flat surface with just load and air pressure, converting strain to energy loss and heat generation, and calculating internal tire temperatures.

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Simulating tire performance on snow-covered roads using a tire model and a road surface model. The simulation optimizes calculation efficiency for snowy road conditions by strategically placing Euler elements, which simulate fluid behavior, around the tire contact patch. The maximum contact length is calculated and Euler elements are placed 0.5 times that length in front and behind the contact point. This covers the minimum required area for snow traction without excess elements. The Euler elements also move with the tire to further reduce calculation cost.

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Tire turning simulation method, device, and program that improves accuracy by considering temperature dependence of friction. The simulation divides the tire into elements, predicts ground temperature, simulates rolling with load, calculates contact pressures and friction coefficients using predicted temperature, then calculates forces on each element. This allows iterative simulations with varying slip angles and speeds to acquire sets of relationships between slip and forces. By considering temperature effect on friction, it improves accuracy of calculating lateral forces and cornering forces applied to the tire.

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Simulating tire temperature during running using a simplified tire model to reduce calculation time compared to accurately modeling all the grooves. The method involves filling in some of the grooves of the virtual tire model with finite elements. This reduces the number of elements and nodes compared to a complete groove model. The simulation calculates tire running state and temperature at filled groove positions using the simplified model. To account for missing groove heat dissipation, it estimates a temperature rise at those positions versus a full groove tire. Subtracting this rise from the filled groove model temperature gives the actual running temperature.

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Creating a tire model for accurately simulating tire temperatures with reduced computational time compared to traditional methods. The key idea is to define higher thermal conductivity values in the elements of the recessed regions of the tire model compared to the non-recessed regions. This accounts for the increased heat dissipation through the recesses like grooves. By defining larger thermal conductivity values in the recesses, the tire model can more accurately simulate the temperature distribution and heat flow in tires with complex groove patterns. This allows for faster tire temperature simulations compared to subdividing and modeling the grooves individually.

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Creating a tire model for simulating tire temperature that accurately calculates temperature by considering both the heat transfer between the tire and road and the heat transfer between the tire and air. The method involves dividing elements on the tread surface into grounded and ungrounded elements based on a grounding condition. Heat transfer coefficients between tire-road and tire-air are separately input for each type of element. Then, a weighted average of these coefficients is calculated for each region of the tire to create a customized heat transfer coefficient that accounts for both road and air effects.

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Tire simulation method to accurately evaluate tire durability using a computer. The simulation involves calculating tire contact with ground conditions, then analyzing strain amplitudes and Mises stresses in elements of the tire model. Durability is evaluated based on both strain (deformation) and stress (heat generation) indices. By considering both deformation and heat in elements, the simulation provides more accurate tire durability evaluation compared to just strain analysis.

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Accurately predicting the running temperature of a tire using computer simulation by defining different heat transfer coefficients on the outer surface of the virtual tire model to mimic the non-uniform heat radiation and air flow patterns of a physical tire. The simulation involves dividing the tire surface into regions with distinct heat transfer coefficients based on factors like radial position and speed. This allows more realistic heat transfer modeling compared to uniform coefficients.

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Simulating tire forces and torques in real-time for vehicle dynamics modeling. The method accurately predicts longitudinal, lateral, and self-aligning torque forces of a tire rolling on a road surface based on physical parameters and dynamic conditions. It calculates forces like longitudinal force Fx and lateral force Fy using tire-specific parameters like rigidity and temperature profiles, as well as dynamic factors like tire deformation and road friction. This allows more accurate tire modeling compared to simplified methods like the Magic Formula.

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Accurately simulating tire performance using a finite element method. The simulation involves creating a tire model with elements, setting expansion rates, calculating vulcanization-induced shape changes, calculating thermal shrinkage and residual stress, and analyzing tire performance based on those factors. This allows simulating tire behavior after vulcanization and accounting for expansion, shrinkage, and stress changes.

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Accurate tire performance prediction using simulation by creating a vehicle model with the pneumatic tire divided into elements, calculating the fluid behavior around the tire using the vehicle model, and accounting for tire rotation and vehicle motion to more accurately represent real-world tire performance.

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Method for simulating the physical behavior of a vehicle tire rolling on the ground that provides more accurate and realistic tire forces compared to traditional methods. The simulation accounts for factors like tire deformation, ground adhesion, temperature, and airflow. It uses a set of equations and iterative methods to calculate forces like longitudinal, lateral, and self-aligning torque. The simulation involves calculating forces based on tire parameters, ground conditions, and dynamic vehicle motion. It aims to provide real-time available values of tire forces more reliably than prior methods that lacked physical causality.

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Method for simulating the physical behavior of a vehicle tire rolling on the ground. The simulation involves three models: 1) a model of the contact forces between the tire and ground, based on adhesion coefficients and equilibrium conditions of shear and slip; 2) a model of the tire's dynamic behavior during rolling, using parameters like cornering stiffness and natural frequency; and 3) a model of the tire's self-aligning torque, based on force distribution and tire geometry. The simulation iteratively applies these models to calculate forces like longitudinal, lateral, and self-aligning torque.

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Accurately predicting the temperature distribution inside and outside a tire during rolling using a finite element analysis model of the tire. The method involves iteratively refining the tire model's material properties and analysis steps until convergence. The steps are: 1. Determine temperature and strain dependence of tire rubber properties. 2. Create a stress analysis model with finite element tire. 3. Calculate stress/strain with load/roll analysis. 4. Generate heat distribution based on stress/strain and rubber properties. 5. Perform thermal analysis to predict temperature. 6. Create new stress analysis model with updated rubber properties at predicted temps. 7. Calculate stress/strain again. 8. Generate new heat distribution. 9. Perform thermal analysis again. Keep iterating until temperature convergence.

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Method for predicting tire performance like drainage, snow traction, and noise without physically testing tires. The method involves modeling the tire deformation and fluid flow around the tire contact patch during rolling. The tire model has a pattern shape that deforms when it contacts the ground. The fluid model is partially filled with fluid, like water, and contacts the tire model. By simulating the tire deformation and fluid flow, tire performance metrics like drainage, snow traction, and noise can be predicted regardless of tire orientation.

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Accurately predicting tire temperature distribution during driving using numerical analysis models. The method involves two steps: 1) calculating tire stress and strain during loading or rolling using a 3D tire model, and 2) predicting tire surface and internal temperatures using a thermal analysis model that adds the tire model, divided air inside, and optionally wheel sections. This allows accounting for heat dissipation from the rim and internal air.

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Accurately analyzing tire performance by modeling the road surface as an elastic body and a viscoelastic body. This involves numerically analyzing tire performance using finite element analysis when the tire is in contact with an elastic and viscous road surface model. This provides more accurate predictions of tire deformation, stress, and strain compared to modeling the road as a rigid body. By modeling the road as an elastic or viscoelastic body, the deformation of the tire's tread can be accurately predicted. This enables more accurate tire performance analysis.

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A simulation method for predicting tire behavior while accounting for the microstructure of tire components. The method involves reproducing the tire and tire components at multiple scales. It starts by predicting the physical properties of the tire components based on the properties of their constituent phases. Then it simulates tire behavior using models of the whole tire with input from the predicted component properties. Finally, it simulates the component behavior with models of the component regions using the predicted tire loading. This allows linking the microstructure of tire components to overall tire performance.

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A tire performance prediction method that accurately determines tire rolling resistance by considering the temperature, strain, and frequency dependence of the tire material properties. The method involves iteratively updating the material properties in a finite element analysis (FEM) model until convergence, when the tire temperature distribution stabilizes. This allows capturing the material property variations during rolling and more accurately predicting rolling resistance compared to using fixed properties.

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Predicting the durability of rotating components like tires using numerical simulation to evaluate heat generation and fatigue in rolling conditions. The method involves creating a virtual model of the rotating component, analyzing its dynamic behavior, extracting strain and stress data, evaluating heat generation characteristics, and predicting durability based on heat. This allows assessing real-world rolling durability rather than just static conditions.

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Simulating tire/wheel performance using finite element analysis to accurately estimate tire, wheel and assembly characteristics. The method involves creating a finite element model of the tire and wheel assembly. The tire is divided into elements representing reinforcing cords and topping rubber. The wheel model is customized based on its shape and material. The simulation accounts for factors like friction and slip between the tire and wheel. It calculates forces, deformations, slippage, and contact pressure during rolling, acceleration, and mounting. The simulation provides insights into tire/wheel performance, steering stability, wear resistance, ride comfort, etc.

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Easily evaluating the residual cornering force (RCF) of a tire without actually measuring it. The method involves creating a finite element model of the tire, analyzing the model as it rolls on a virtual road surface to calculate the cornering force and self-aligning torque at varying slip angles, and defining the RCF as the cornering force when the torque is zero. This allows predicting RCF without physical testing, which can be incorporated into tire design steps.

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Efficiently designing tires that have optimized performance like drainage, snow traction, and low noise by predicting tire performance through fluid dynamics simulations during the design process. The method involves iteratively calculating tire and fluid models, recognizing their boundary interfaces, and applying boundary conditions until the fluid reaches a pseudo-flow state. Physical quantities are then determined from the models to predict tire performance. This allows predicting tire performance using fluid dynamics simulations during the design process, instead of relying solely on trial and error.

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Efficiently designing tires with improved performance like drainage, snow traction, and noise by simulating fluid flow through the tire. The method involves calculating deformation of a tire model, then fluid flow through a model representing the road and tire contact. The results are used to optimize the tire's internal patterns for better performance. The simulation iterates until the fluid model approaches realistic flow conditions.

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Simulating rolling pneumatic tires using finite element analysis to accurately analyze dynamic tire characteristics like cornering forces, vibration damping, and wear. The simulation involves modeling the tire, road, and inflation/mounting, then dynamically rolling the tire and calculating forces, deformations, and wear at each element. This allows analyzing complex tire behavior that cannot be captured by static simulations.

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A method to efficiently design pneumatic tires that predicts tire performance like drainage, snow traction, and noise through fluid dynamics simulation. The method involves iteratively calculating tire deformation and fluid flow around the tire, recognizing the interface between the tire and fluid, and imposing boundary conditions at that interface. By iteratively calculating tire and fluid deformations until a pseudo-flow state is reached, it predicts tire performance based on the calculated physical quantities. This allows designing tires with optimized performance in specific fluid conditions.

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A tire performance prediction method that accurately predicts tire performance metrics like drainage, snow traction, and noise when using fluid simulation to model the tire and the surrounding fluid. The method involves defining a tire model with features like sipes and a fluid model that contacts the tire. Deformation calculations are done on the tire model, then flow calculations on the fluid model. Boundaries between the models are recognized and conditions applied to predict tire performance. The calculations are repeated for a short time to capture transient effects.

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Method to accurately predict tire performance like traction, snow performance, and noise in order to design better tires. The method involves modeling the tire and surrounding fluid like air and snow during deformation and rolling contact, with boundary conditions between the tire and fluid models. The models are iteratively calculated for short times until the fluid reaches a pseudo-flow state. Physical quantities from the models are then used to predict tire performance. This allows predicting realistic tire performance based on fluid behavior during contact, rather than just static tire geometry.

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