Tread Bonding Enhancement for Tire Manufacturing
Tread separation failures in tires occur when adhesive bonds degrade under repeated stress cycles and environmental exposure. Field data shows that bond failures typically initiate at stress concentrations where adhesion strength falls below 40 N/mm, with degradation accelerated by thermal cycling between -20°C and 70°C during normal operation.
The fundamental challenge lies in maintaining robust chemical and mechanical bonding between dissimilar materials—rubber compounds and reinforcing elements—while withstanding dynamic loading and environmental stresses over the tire's service life.
This page brings together solutions from recent research—including surface modification techniques for improved wetting tension, novel adhesive compounds that eliminate toxic components, and engineered interfaces with enhanced chemical bonding through metal oxides and specialized vulcanization systems. These and other approaches focus on achieving durable bonds while meeting manufacturing and environmental requirements.
1. Exploring Effect of a Ternary Filler System on Low Hysteresis and Improved Wet Grip Properties of Sustainable and Fuel‐Efficient Tyre Tread Formulations
v bijina, k abhitha, youhong tang - Wiley, 2025
ABSTRACT Significant advancements in developing highperformance, sustainable tyre tread compounds have been achieved through the strategic integration of modified silica into carbon black (CB)/thermally exfoliated graphite hybrid filler systems. While benefits fillers such as CB, graphite, and are recognized, limited understanding their interaction mechanisms with polymer chains has hindered widespread adoption. This study investigates mechanical, thermal, dynamic mechanical properties an ecofriendly, green compound, focusing on both binary (CB/silica) ternary (CB, graphite/modified silica) The key aspect this research is utilization prepared by latex imprinting technique along epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) a compatibilizer to enhance between NR matrix. partial replacement CB thermally novel lateximprinted enhanced surface area provides excellent properties, low rolling resistance, improved wet grip, reduced heat buildup. porosity silica, coupled system, play crucial role reducing hysteresis, resulting resistance (0.0376), grip (0.0796), very buildup (13C). attribu... Read More
2. Vulcanization Bonding Composition with Epihalohydrin Rubber and Hydroxyl-Free Acrylate for Enhanced Adhesion Between Epoxy and Fluororubber Layers
OSAKA SODA CO LTD, 2025
Vulcanization bonding composition for producing laminates with improved adhesion between epoxy-containing rubber layers and fluororubber layers. The composition contains an epihalohydrin rubber, a hydroxyl-free tri- to penta-functional acrylate, an epoxy resin, nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate antioxidant, and a vulcanizing agent. This composition allows strong adhesion between the rubber and fluororubber layers when vulcanized, even using steam vulcanization. The hydroxyl-free acrylate prevents capture of radicals by hydroxyl groups during vulcanization.
3. Enhancing Silica Dispersion and Properties of <scp>SSBR</scp> Composites via a Novel Surfactant Strategy
dali shi, jian zhang, haodong cai - Wiley, 2025
ABSTRACT A facile strategy to improve silica dispersion and enhance the dynamic performance of silicafilled green tire treads is herein proposed. In this study, sulfurized (Z)sorbitan mono9octadecenoate (SS80) was synthesized characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (LCMS), elemental analysis. It confirmed that (S80) can react with sulfur form larger molecular weight SS80 disulfur or polysulfur bonds. subsequently used in conjunction bis (triethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide (TESPD) modify prepare silica/SSBR composites. Particle size analysis transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed incorporating reduced particle modified enhanced its composite. Dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), rubber process (RPA), tests demonstrated composites exhibit loss, modulus, improved wear resistance, maintained propertiesprimarily due dispersion. Overall, study provides a universal costeffective for enhancing dispersibility hydrophobic matrix.
4. Tire Tread Rubber Composition with Low Styrene SBR, Polybutadiene, and Blocked Mercapto Organosilane
THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO, 2025
Rubber composition for tire treads that provides improved wet performance, rolling resistance, and snow traction compared to traditional tire tread compounds. The composition contains a specific blend of elastomers, fillers, resins, and curing agents. The elastomer blend includes a low styrene content SBR with a low glass transition temperature, along with polybutadiene. The SBR has functional groups for improved adhesion to silica filler. The composition also contains a blocked mercapto organosilane coupling agent for better silica bonding. This combination provides a balance of wet traction, rolling resistance, and snow traction for all-season and winter tires.
5. Improved Rubber Performance Through Phenolic Resin-Modified Silica: A Novel Coupling Mechanism for Enhanced Recyclability
pilar bernalortega, rafal anyszka, raffaele di ronza - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2025
Passenger car tires (PCTs) usually consist of a silica/silane-filled Butadiene Rubber (BR) or Solution Styrene (SSBR) tread compound. This system is widely used due to improvements observed in rolling resistance (RR) as well wet grip compared carbon black-filled compounds. However, the covalent bond that couples silica via silane with rubber increases challenge recycling these products. Furthermore, this strong unable reform once it broken, leading deterioration tire properties. work aims improve negative aspects silica-filled compounds by developing novel coupling based on non-covalent interactions, which exhibit reversible feature. The formation new was accomplished reacting and phenolic resin order obtain simultaneous interactions hydrogen bonding. reaction performed using two different silanes (amino epoxy silane) an alkyl phenolformaldehyde resin. implementation resulted improved crosslink density, better mechanical performance, superior fatigue behavior, similar indicator.
6. Retread Tire with Dimpled Inner Tread Edge for Enhanced Adhesion
SUMITOMO RUBBER INDUSTRIES LTD, 2025
Retread tire with improved durability to prevent separation of the recapped tread from the base tire. The retread has a recapped tread with dimples on the inside edge that extends into the tread. The dimples have a maximum diameter of 2-5 mm and depth of 1-3 mm. These dimples help prevent separation by absorbing and dissipating heat generated during driving, reducing the risk of the tread separating from the base tire.
7. Composite Material Formation with Activated Textile Yarns Using Polyisocyanate-Based Coating
CONTINENTAL REIFEN DEUTSCHLAND GMBH, 2025
Process to make composite materials for elastomeric products like tires with improved sustainability and adhesion. The process involves activating textile reinforcement yarns with a bath containing polyisocyanates, waxes, and surfactants before immersing them in the rubber mixture. This coating improves adhesion between the yarns and surrounding rubber. The coated yarns are then used to create the composite material. The activation bath can be made from recycled materials like post-consumer PET bottles. The composite with recycled yarns provides similar performance to conventional composites but with lower environmental impact. The vulcanized composite material and resulting elastomeric products, like tires, have improved sustainability and adhesion compared to conventional composites.
8. Micronized Rubber Powder with Silane and Silica Activation for Enhanced Vulcanization and Dispersion
ATLANTIS RUBBER POWDERS BV, 2025
Upgrading micronized rubber powder (MRP) for large-scale reuse in tires by chemically activating the powder to improve performance. The activation involves treating the powder with silane during grinding to prevent sticking and using silica as a dusting agent. This functionalizes the powder surface to enhance vulcanization and dispersion in rubber compounds. The activation step involves contacting the powder with silane, silica, peroxides, or other activators. This allows using lower amounts of MRP in tire formulations compared to unactivated powder, which improves properties like tear strength, abrasion resistance, and dynamic performance.
9. Effect of Synergistic Modification of Hollow Microspheres With Tannic Acid and Silane Coupling Agent on Natural Rubber Composites
hao duan, kai xu, su zhang - Wiley, 2025
ABSTRACT In this study, the effect of (2,3epoxypropoxy)propytrimethoxysilane(KH560) concentration on relationship between filler and rubber matrix is investigated by using tannic acid (TA) tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) as intermediate reaction platforms for KH560modified hollow microspheres (RiM02) to enhance interfacial bonding RiM02 natural (NR). process, oxidized highly reactive quinone in TA reacts with amino group TEPA a Schiff base reaction. This followed accelerating rate metal ion complexation Fe 3+ . Finally, KH560 epoxy it ringopening The NR/RiM02@KH560 composites are prepared mechanical blending method. results show that adding improves vulcanization crosslinking degree composites, also improved. Compared unmodified RiM02, tensile strength, tear abrasion resistance RiM02TA@KH5609 improved 19.46%, 12.83%, 18.42%, respectively. Meanwhile, most significant, possess best rolling thermooxidative aging resistance. These findings provide reference value fillers reinforce rubber.
10. Statistical Copolymers with Vinylbenzocyclobutane Monomers and Conjugated Dienes via Anionic Polymerization
Bridgestone Corporation, Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, LLC, 2025
Statistical copolymers containing vinylbenzocyclobutane (VBCB) monomer units for improved crosslinking in rubber compositions like tire treads. The copolymers have a statistical distribution of conjugated diene and VBCB monomers along the chain. This improves crosslinking density and distribution when cured compared to copolymers without statistical distribution. The copolymers are made by anionic polymerization with an initiator and randomizing component. The VBCB monomer forms crosslinks with both itself and the polymer backbone. The statistical distribution disperses VBCB units throughout the chain versus clustering or alternating.
11. Adhesive Composition with Polyurethane Prepolymer and Nanometer Oxide for Bonding Polyurethane Treads to Rubber Carcasses
SHANDONG HAOHUA TIRE CO LTD, 2023
High-strength adhesive for tire manufacturing that provides superior bonding between polyurethane tire treads and conventional rubber carcasses. The adhesive contains specific components like polyurethane prepolymer, plasticizer, silane coupling agent, filler, anti-aging agent, and nanometer oxide. This formulation enables strong and durable adhesion between the dissimilar rubber materials in composite tires. It improves tire integrity and longevity compared to conventional tire adhesives.
12. Rubber Compound with Silane Coupling Agent for Aramid Cord Bonding in Aviation Radial Tires
China National Chemical Corporation Shuguang Rubber Industry Research & Design Institute Co., Ltd., CHINA NATIONAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GROUP SHUGUANG RUBBER INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND DESIGN INSTITUTE CO LTD, 2023
A rubber compound for bonding aramid cords in aviation radial tires to improve adhesion and prevent delamination during aging. The compound contains natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, a silane coupling agent, fatty acid, anti-aging agents, anti-scorch agent, and insoluble sulfur. The silane coupling agent improves bonding between the rubber and aramid fibers. The fatty acid and anti-aging agents enhance durability. The compound allows better adhesion of the aramid cords in the tire belt to prevent separation and delamination during thermal cycling.
13. Polyisocyanate-Activated Textile Cord Bonding Method in Tire Manufacturing
Continental Reifen Deutschland GMBH, Kordsa Teknik Tekstil Anonim Sirketi, 2023
Producing a motor vehicle tire with improved bonding between textile cords and surrounding rubber to enhance tire durability. The method involves dipping the cords in a bath containing polyisocyanates to activate the bonding, instead of using resorcinol-formaldehyde dips. The cords are then coated with a rubber compound containing specific rubber types and carbon blacks. This avoids toxic and environmentally harmful resorcinol-formaldehyde dips while still providing adequate bonding.
14. Rubber-Steel Cord Composite Incorporating N,N-Dibenzylbenzothiazole-2-Sulfenamide and Bismaleimide Compound
Toyo Tire Corporation, 2023
Rubber-steel cord composite for tire belts and carcasses with improved adhesion to steel cords. The rubber composition contains a specific vulcanizing agent, N, N-dibenzylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide, and a bismaleimide compound.
15. Rubber-Steel Cord Composite with Specific Sulfur and Accelerator Ratios Excluding Cobalt Compounds
Toyo Tire Corporation, 2023
Rubber-steel cord composite for tire reinforcement with improved adhesion properties without using cobalt compounds. It contains a rubber composition with specific ratios of sulfur, N, N-dibenzylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide (accelerator), hexamethylene bis-thiosulfate disodium salt dihydrate and 1,6-bis(N, N-dibenzylthiocarbamoyldithio)hexane.
16. Steel Cords with Enhanced Surface Iron Content and Method of Fabrication via Electrolytic Brass Coating and Diamond Die Drawing
NV Bekaert SA, 2023
Steel cords for reinforcing rubber products like tires have improved adhesion to rubber and better aging resistance compared to traditional cords. The steel filament has an unusual amount of iron at the top surface. The iron content is higher than 4 atomic percent in a thin 3 nm layer below the surface. The iron-rich layer enhances adhesion to rubber while retaining good properties. The cord can be made by drawing wire with increased surface roughness using diamond dies, and electrolytically coating with brass.
17. All-Steel Radial Tire with Stacked Tread Layers and Specific Modulus Stress Ratio
Guizhou Tyre Co., Ltd., GUIZHOU TYRE CO LTD, 2023
All-steel radial tire with interrelated constant elongation of upper and lower treads to maintain tire performance balance after tread improvements. The tire has a stacked upper tread layer A and lower tread layer B. The key is having a specific ratio of 100% modulus stress between the upper and lower tread layers: (0.7-0.8):1. This prevents breaking the tire's overall performance when improving tread performance by matching adjacent tread properties.
18. Sulfur-Cross-Linkable Rubber Mixture with Novolac and Etherified Melamine Resins for Adhesive Bonding to Strength Members
Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH, 2023
Sulfur-cross-linkable rubber mixture for bonding rubber to strength members like textile or metallic cords in tires, belts, and hoses. The mixture contains novolac resins and etherified melamine resins to replace resorcinol as adhesive promoters for improved adhesion. The novolac resins are produced from a phenolic compound, aldehyde, and carbamate resin. The mixture also contains rubber, carbon black, silica, plasticizers, stabilizers, vulcanization activators, accelerators, and sulfur.
19. Pneumatic Tire Structure Incorporating Hydrogenated Copolymer with Triazine-Thiol Compound for Enhanced Rubber Adhesion
Toyo Tire Corporation, 2023
A pneumatic tire design that enables improved adhesion between a hydrogenated copolymer rubber and a diene rubber in a tire while maintaining the wear resistance of the hydrogenated rubber. The tire includes a rubber member A containing a hydrogenated copolymer, sulfur, and a triazine-thiol compound. Rubber member B contains sulfur and a diene rubber. The hydrogenated copolymer has a high molecular weight and high hydrogenation level. The triazine-thiol compound provides adhesion between the copolymer and diene rubber.
20. Method for Enhancing Adhesion in Non-Pneumatic Tires via Surface Modification and Vulcanizing Adhesive Application
TOYO TIRE CORP, 2023
Method to improve adhesion between the support structure and tread in non-pneumatic tires without using specialized resins. The method involves modifying the outer surface of the support structure in the radial direction to have wetting tension of 40-60 mN/m. This is achieved by surface treatments like corona or plasma treatment. Then a vulcanizing adhesive is applied to the modified surface and vulcanized to bond the support and tread. This ensures good adhesion without requiring resins with specific chemical structures or properties in the support structure.
Technological developments in tread bonding are still addressing important tire design issues, with an emphasis on enhancing performance, safety, and durability. Tire manufacturers are making tremendous progress toward producing safer and more dependable tires with cutting-edge techniques like improved rubber-steel cord adhesion, environmentally friendly bonding procedures, and novel material compositions.
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