Pneumatic-Like Materials for Non-Air Tires

Vehicle wheel assembly with a non-pneumatic inner tire that can be mounted in a conventional outer tire and wheel rim without needing inflation. The inner tire is made of expanded thermoplastic polyurethane (E-TPU) and can be compressed to fit inside the outer tire and rim. The compression allows the inner tire to be larger in diameter than the rim flanges. This provides a non-pneumatic wheel assembly with similar ride quality and rolling resistance to a pneumatic tire. The assembly is made by pulling the outer tire bead over the rim, compressing the inner tire into the outer tire, then pulling the second bead over the same rim flange.

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<title>Abstract</title> The extensive production and consumption of ground tire rubber (GTR) have led to a significant accumulation waste, posing substantial environmental challenge. To enhance the recycling efficiency GTR, this work introduces an innovative plasma-assisted method utilizing dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) technology for devulcanization. Experimental results demonstrate that, after plasma treatment at voltage 18 kV 30 minutes, crosslink density decreased from 2.110⁴ 0.810<sup> mol/cm³, gel content reduced 96.890.5%, indicating effective cleavage S-S C-S bonds during process. Notably, corresponding tensile strength elongation break plasma-regenerated reached 10.2 MPa 357.7%, respectively, meeting standards high-grade applications. Finally, plausible mechanism underlying devulcanization process is proposed. This novel approach holds promise enhancing sustainability by enabling efficient eco-friendly recycling.

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This chapter provides an overview of environmentally-friendly chemical devulcanization systems, with in-depth discussion the key methodologies, advantages, and challenges. Beginning introduction to rubber technologies, proceeds various systems currently in use. A focal point is emergence green practices devulcanization, including thermo-oxidation, bioremediation, utilization supercritical fluids as mediums for devulcanization. The effectiveness, sustainability, applicability different processes are discussed, advantages disadvantages commonly employed devulcanizing agents compared. Finally, a summary findings recommendations future research directions provided. serves comprehensive resource understanding advancements challenges

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ABSTRACT This study presents a novel approach to rubber devulcanization using combination of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O ) as an alternative traditional nitric acidbased methods. The optimized process, utilizing HCl H relative the rubber's weight, demonstrated superior sulfur removal compared conventional treatments. Notably, :HCl achieved significant extraction, reducing SO 4 content by 0.00444 g at 120% w/w concentration. process effectively restores gummy state with minimal oxidation (17.95%), making it ideal for recycling applications. Sulfur was accurately measured newly developed turbidimetric barium test confirmed through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis, which revealed morphological changes. Additionally, this method resulted in significantly lower nitration devulcanized acid, potentially allowing material be pressed revulcanized into new products. Finally, gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis sol fraction that chain scissions led formation various valueadded compounds. challenges indicators succe... Read More

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Recycling waste tires into useful rubber compounds using microwave-assisted surface devulcanization. The process involves separating metal and fibers from waste tires, micronizing the vulcanized crumb rubber, applying a dose of microwave energy to sever sulfidic crosslinks, mixing the devulcanized rubber with plastic and oil, and extruding it to produce recycled rubber compounds like crumb rubber or end-of-life tire compounds. The microwave devulcanization step enables efficient recycling of waste tires without harsh solvents or chemical compatibilizers.

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Environment-friendly solid tire for vehicles made from recycled rubber and polyurethane elastomer. The tire has a tread, hub, and outer sleeve. The hub is connected to the vehicle axle. The tread is made from recycled rubber and has a polyurethane outer layer. The tire is molded without air and encapsulated in the hub. It has features like radiating grooves, steel mesh, and calcium carbonate additive to reduce rolling resistance, wear, and heat generation. The solid tire eliminates the need for inner tubes and prevents toxic fill like sand. The design allows recycling waste rubber, improving environmental friendliness.

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