Renewable Fillers for Tire Manufacturing

Towards a global sustainable future and circular economy, the utilization of renewable high-performing biomass-derived fillers for rubber industry is highly desirable but challenging. Carbon black (CB), produced by incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition petroleum hydrocarbons, most dominant reinforcing filler, followed mineral fillers. However, manufacture CB has considerable carbon footprint due to its fossil-based resources; have higher density are generally incompatible with rubbers. It important find abundant, sustainable, cost-effective as substitutes petroleum- coal-derived Biomass-derived fillers, such cellulose nanocrystals, lignin, polysaccharides, biochar, rice husk silica, been extensively explored substitute This chapter provides comprehensive review their applications in industry. The structure, morphology, properties introduced. surface modification processing methods high-performance composites critically reviewed.

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One of the approaches to develop sustainable rubber products is replace petroleum-based materials with renewable and materials. Many global tire manufacturers have committed using entirely for production by 2050. This requires development suitable bio-based raw materials, from elastomers ingredients. Rubber generally consist complicated material formulations, including more than ten kinds ingredients such as activators, processing oils, antioxidants, fillers, tune processing, curing, physicochemical properties rubbers. chapter aims provide an overview three types potentially discuss their impacts on overall performance systems.

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This chapter offers an elaborative background regarding the significance of green tyres over traditional considering their respective environmental impacts. The focus is on sustainable ingredients like alternatives natural rubber, bio-based elastomers/synthetic rubbers, processing oils, reversible crosslinking strategy, sustainable/bio-resourced fillers and tyre cords for compounding rubbers. also discusses economic assessment production cost a better understanding viability process. Several case studies have been exercised systematically documented in each section this exploring thorough literature survey area.

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The intense search for polymeric materials derived not from oil but renewable resources, based on novel approaches and aiming to achieve superior performances lower costs, is evident across the entire field of polymer chemistry today [...]

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Fully bio-based, highly filled lignin-rubber masterbatch for replacing carbon black in rubber. The masterbatch is prepared by mixing modified lignin with rubber. The lignin is modified by esterification with acetic acid and oleic acid to improve compatibility with non-polar rubbers. The modified lignin has reduced hydroxyl group content compared to unmodified lignin. The esterification reaction provides hydrophobic groups to decrease lignin polarity. This improves lignin dispersibility in the rubber matrix.

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Recycling waste tires into useful rubber compounds using microwave-assisted surface devulcanization. The process involves separating metal and fibers from waste tires, micronizing the vulcanized crumb rubber, applying a dose of microwave energy to sever sulfidic crosslinks, mixing the devulcanized rubber with plastic and oil, and extruding it to produce recycled rubber compounds like crumb rubber or end-of-life tire compounds. The microwave devulcanization step enables efficient recycling of waste tires without harsh solvents or chemical compatibilizers.

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Polysaccharide-elastomer masterbatch for making reinforced rubber compositions with reduced water content. The masterbatch is made by mixing a polysaccharide dispersion with an elastomer latex and then coagulating and drying the mixture. This avoids adding water during masterbatch production, allowing lower water content in the final rubber compound. The polysaccharide provides reinforcement and reduces rolling resistance compared to carbon black. The masterbatch can be used in applications like tires, belts, footwear, coatings, etc.

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Biofillers are functional substances that increasingly added to polymer compositions due their unique properties and sustainable nature. There is a lack of review publication comprehensively describes biofillers from different natural origins in various types polymer, although there many publications focusing on narrow range biofiller applications. The aim this the correlation between effect properties, including mechanical thermal degradation processes etc. scope work covers analysis cellulose (nanocellulose, bacterial cellulose, plant waste raw materials), starch, proteinbased (of animal origin) mineral fillers, as well methods modification improve compatibility with polymers. systematises current knowledge used polymers, indicates challenges faced by use biofillers.

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Rubber composition containing a rubber component and cellulose-based fillers that exhibits favorable strength. The composition includes a rubber component, cellulose fillers, and a cross-linkable compound with thiosulfuric acid and an amino group. Kneading the components improves strength. The thiosulfuric acid group facilitates crosslinking during vulcanization, and the amino group enhances filler interaction. This provides improved rubber properties compared to using cellulose fillers alone.

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A tire tread rubber composition containing bio-based compound modified silica that improves dispersion and compatibility of silica in rubber compounds compared to traditional modification methods. The modification uses a bio-based lignin derivative with reactive functional groups that can react with silica. This reduces the silica's hydroxyl content to improve dispersion in rubber. The modification is done using a catalyst and acetylating agent in a simple one-step process. The modified silica can be used in tire treads without issues like gumming or scorching.

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A more sustainable tire design with reduced environmental impact by using recycled and bio-based materials in the tire components. The tire comprises a tread with a rubber composition containing recycled and bio-based styrene butadiene rubber, natural rubber, polyisoprene, silica, and bio-based or recycled hydrocarbon resin. The reinforced rubber plies have coatings with recycled or bio-based elastomers, fillers, and plasticizers. The bead can be made with recycled steel. The tread uses recycled and bio-based materials like rice husk ash silica, recycled carbon black, terpene resin, and bio-based antidegradants to further reduce environmental impact.

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Environmentally friendly rubber composition reinforced with biomass filler like lignosulfonate for tire applications. The composition contains diene elastomer, carbon black, biomass filler, antioxidant, zinc oxide, stearic acid, phenolic resin, accelerator, and sulfur. The biomass filler improves tensile properties and reduces hysteresis heat generation compared to traditional carbon black-reinforced rubber. The composition has good balance of properties like elongation, tensile strength, and aging resistance.

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Rubber composition that can be used for different applications in conjunction with tires components, preferably tires treads or tire tread components components, and which has a majority weight percent of renewable content. The composition includes a blend of at least two rubber elastomers comprising or consisting of: greater than 50 phr of at least one mass balanced polymer; at least one bio-derived plasticizer; and a bio-derived filler system comprising silica and carbon black.

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Tire tread rubber composition with lower rolling resistance using biomass derived reinforcing filler from sugarcane bagasse ash. The composition contains natural rubber, neodymium catalyst polymerized butadiene rubber, carbon black, silane coupling agent, and biomass filler. The biomass filler replaces some of the carbon black. The composition has better processability, lower rolling resistance, and lower payne effect compared to conventional carbon black filled tires. The biomass filler provides lower rolling resistance and better processing while maintaining tire performance.

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Rubber composite material with improved properties and reduced environmental impact compared to conventional rubber compounds. The composite is made by modifying natural rubber with cuttlefish juice, a biodegradable filler extracted from squid ink. The cuttlefish juice spherical nanoparticles contain melanin and protein/polysaccharide. The composite also uses zinc oxide and stearic acid as activator instead of conventional carbon black. This provides similar property enhancements but with reduced environmental pollution concerns from filler emissions and waste disposal.

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Composition for tire rubber with reduced carbon footprint by using renewable carbon black feedstocks. The composition comprises elastomeric polymer material and a carbon black with at least 10% of the carbon black feedstock being from renewable sources like plant oils. The renewable carbon black improves tire performance while lowering overall CO2 emissions compared to fossil-based carbon black. The composition can be used in tires, belts, hoses, and other rubber products.

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Rubber compounds with improved properties for tire treads by combining functionalized diene polymers and silica fillers. The diene polymers have functional groups containing polar groups like -OX, -OR, -COOX, -COOR, -N(R'1)(R'2)X or -N(R'1)(R'2)Xn (X represents H or a cation, n is either 1 or 0, R'1 and R'2 represent independently from each other H, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a -Si(R'4)(R's) group where R' and R's represent independently from each other a C1-C6 alkyl group). The silica filler is obtained from biomass ash like rice husk ash. This specific combination of functionalized diene polymers and sil

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Environmentally friendly material for improving fatigue resistance and flexibility of rubber products made from recycled tire carbon black (rCB), vegetable oil soapstock, emulsifier, binder, and modifier. The rCB has specific particle size, surface area, and transmittance. The method involves mixing these components to prepare the material, which can be used as a replacement for traditional carbon black in rubber compounds to enhance fatigue and flexural properties while reducing cost and environmental impact compared to virgin carbon black.

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Vulcanizable rubber mixture with high filler content, vulcanizate, and rubber product that have improved rolling resistance while still having good processability. The mixture contains diene rubbers, fillers, and specific rubber regenerates made by devulcanizing recycled tire treads in an extruder. The regenerates are produced from shredded treads of truck and bus radial tires. This allows using more regenerates to reduce virgin rubber, improve sustainability, and reduce viscosity. It resolves the conflict of objectives between processability and rolling resistance for filled rubber compounds.

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A tire rubber composition containing modified liquid reclaimed rubber derived from waste tires that improves physical properties, reduces heat generation, and enables recycling of waste tires. The composition contains 100 parts of raw rubber, 30-60 parts of filler, 2-10 parts of bio-based modified liquid reclaimed rubber, vulcanization activator, antioxidant, and vulcanizing agent. The modified liquid reclaimed rubber is made by reacting waste tire rubber and/or powder with lignin and/or lignin derivatives and a peptizer.

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