Vulcanization Techniques for Tire Performance Optimization

Elastomeric composition for tires with improved crosslinking properties and reduced hysteresis. The composition contains a polytetrazole crosslinking agent with a lower activation temperature compared to conventional sulfur-based vulcanizing agents. This allows controlled early crosslinking during mixing and processing without excessive crosslinking. The composition also includes diene elastomer, fillers, oil, wax, antioxidant, accelerator, and retarder. It aims to provide tires with improved low rolling resistance, reduced energy loss, and better processing properties.

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Preparing uniformly cured solid loading tires using a graphene oxide/natural rubber composite to overcome the issue of non-uniform vulcanization in thick rubber products. The method involves optimizing the composite formulation and vulcanization parameters to ensure complete and uniform vulcanization throughout the tire. The composite contains graphene oxide, carbon black, activator, softener, antioxidant, vulcanization accelerator, vulcanizing agent, and interface modifying agent. The weight ratios of these components are in a specific range.

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Rubber composition and product with improved balance between low and high strain hysteresis losses. The composition contains a rubber component like natural rubber, butadiene rubber, or styrene-butadiene rubber, along with a specific compound containing thiol and amino groups. This compound helps balance hysteresis losses at low and high strains when the rubber is vulcanized. The vulcanized rubber has reduced loss at low strains for better low-speed properties, as well as increased loss at high strains for better fatigue resistance.

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Cross-linked rubber composition for tires with improved properties like faster vulcanization, higher tensile modulus, and better tear strength compared to conventional rubber compositions. The composition contains a rubber-like polymer with an ethylene structure and unsaturated groups. The ethylene content and iodine value of the polymer are optimized to balance properties like crosslink density, vulcanization speed, and tensile modulus. The composition also uses a crosslinking accelerator like guanidine or thiazole derivatives.

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Rubber composition with high stretching stress for applications like tires that reduces reversion during vulcanization and improves stretching properties. The composition contains natural rubber, filler, activator, anti-aging agent, sulfur, accelerator, metal organic matter, and a specific auxiliary agent called bis (2-citraconimidophenyl) disulfide. This auxiliary agent improves crosslinking density and reduces reversion during vulcanization, allowing higher stretching stress compared to traditional rubber compositions.

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Rubber composition with improved processability and reduced vulcanization reversion, and a preparation method using green vulcanization aids. The composition contains rubber, filler, zinc oxide, antioxidant, sulfur, and promoter. The vulcanization auxiliary agent is a compound with a disulfide bond and a vinyl or citraconimide group. This auxiliary improves processing by peptizing the rubber and reduces reversion by crosslinking during overvulcanization. The dosage ratio of the auxiliary to sulfur is limited to optimize its effects. The auxiliary has a disulfide bond to work with sulfur in vulcanization.

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Sulphur-vulcanizable rubber compound for tire treads that provides improved elongation at break. The compound contains a specific blend of styrene-butadiene copolymers with different microstructures. The copolymers have styrene contents of 25-35 wt% and 40-45 wt%, respectively. The compound also has a specific accelerated vulcanization system containing CBS, TBzTD, and elemental sulfur. The compound improves tire elongation at break compared to conventional tire rubber compounds.

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High-performance continuous vulcanization rubber with improved properties and a process to make it. The rubber composition contains EPDM base, vulcanizing agent, promoters, calcium oxide, and a Lewis acid like anhydrous ferric chloride. The calcium oxide absorbs moisture from the rubber raw materials to prevent air bubbles during vulcanization. The Lewis acid accelerates the vulcanization process and prevents chelation of the accelerator by calcium oxide. This allows faster vulcanization and better crosslinking density compared to using calcium oxide alone. The process involves mixing the rubber components in an open mill at elevated temperature and short time, followed by vulcanization at lower temperature for a shorter duration.

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Vulcanizing agent for rubber compositions that improves elongation at break, resistance to heat aging, and resistance to abrasion compared to conventional sulfur vulcanization. The vulcanizing agent is a mixture of organic sulfur compounds formed by reacting a high molecular weight resin, a low molecular weight olefin compound, and sulfur in the presence of a vulcanization accelerator.

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A vulcanizing agent for rubber compounds that improves elongation, heat aging resistance, and wear resistance of vulcanized rubbers compared to conventional sulfur-based vulcanization. The vulcanizing agent is a mixture of a specific resin with a softening point of 50-140°C and sulfur, formed by reacting them in the presence of a vulcanization accelerator. The unique resin-sulfur reaction creates a novel vulcanizing agent with enhanced rubber compound dispersibility and vulcanization properties.

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Elastomeric compositions for tire treads that provide improved road grip, rolling resistance, and wear compared to conventional tire compounds. The compositions contain a reversible cross-linking agent with a metal cation, like zinc, that forms a three-dimensional lattice in the cured rubber. This lattice enhances hysteresis properties of the rubber to provide better grip in sports driving conditions, reduced rolling resistance, and lower wear in moderate driving conditions. The compositions also contain standard tire components like diene elastomers, fillers, and vulcanizing agents.

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A process for preparing a vulcanizable elastomeric composition with improved properties for tire treads. The composition contains a combination of a non-functionalized silica filler and a functionalized silica filler. The process involves mixing the elastomer, non-functionalized silica, and functionalized silica in specific ratios. The functionalized silica has silane groups that react with the elastomer. This improves dispersion of the silicas during mixing and vulcanization. The composition provides better balance of rolling resistance, grip, and mechanical properties compared to using just non-functionalized silica.

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High-performance multi-network structure elastomer with enhanced mechanical properties, viscoelasticity, and damping compared to conventional rubber compounds. The elastomer is made using ethylene/acrylic elastomer (AEM) as the matrix material, with hexamethylene diamine carbamate (Diak No. 1) as the vulcanization crosslinking agent. The AEM rubber contains ethylene, methyl acrylate, and vulcanization points. The amine crosslinking agent forms amide bonds in the rubber network. This multi-network structure with amide crosslinks provides improved mechanical properties, viscoelasticity, and damping compared to conventional rubber compounds.

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A method to create double-vulcanized elastomer compositions with improved filler and plasticizer distribution compared to traditional immiscible blends. The method involves sequentially vulcanizing the immiscible elastomers separately. First, a curative system is activated to vulcanize one elastomer in dispersed phase while the other elastomer remains flowable. Then, the partially vulcanized mixture is vulcanized again to fully cure the second elastomer. This prevents fillers and plasticizers from migrating between phases during vulcanization.

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Efficient and cost-effective vulcanization of rubber compounds using a polyol-based accelerator like glycerol in addition to conventional accelerators like sulfur. The mix of elastomer, cross-linking agent, and polyol-based accelerator provides vulcanization times and properties comparable to using only conventional accelerators. The polyol accelerator can replace some or all of the conventional accelerator, reducing cost and improving efficiency.

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Rubber formula for tire compounds that reduces the length of uncured rubber after vulcanization and prevents crude rubber from breaking and blocking holes. The formula contains diene rubber, brominated isobutylene-p-methylstyrene copolymer (BIMSM), carbon black filler with smaller particle size, and optimized ratios of carbon black sizes. Adding BIMSM and smaller carbon black reduces fluidity while maintaining strength. This shortens uncured rubber length and prevents breaks during vulcanization.

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Using serpentinite as a vulcanization accelerator, activator, and reinforcer in rubber compounds like natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Serpentinite, an inorganic magnesium silicate, was found to significantly reduce vulcanization times and increase mechanical properties like modulus, strength, and elongation at break when added to rubber compounds during vulcanization.

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Vulcanizing compositions and processes for vulcanizing elastomers that provide improved thermal stability and processing conditions compared to conventional sulfur-based vulcanizing agents. The compositions contain a cyclododecasulfur compound as the vulcanizing agent, which has a high melting point and improved thermal stability compared to conventional insoluble sulfur. This allows higher processing temperatures and reduces the risk of premature crosslinking during mixing, extrusion, calendering, etc. The cyclododecasulfur vulcanizing agent enables faster processing speeds and better performance in elastomeric compounds compared to conventional sulfur vulcanizing agents.

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Using a novel chalcogenide hybrid inorganic/organic polymer (CHIP) material as a vulcanizing agent for rubber and other polymers. The CHIP material has chalcogenic monomers like sulfur or selenium, and comonomers with reactive functional groups. It can vulcanize latex rubber at lower temperatures and shorter times compared to traditional sulfur vulcanization. The CHIP vulcanization is more efficient and compatible with polymers, providing crosslinked rubbers with improved properties.

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Preparation method for sidewall rubber for run-flat tires that reduces reversion during vulcanization to improve long-term properties. The method involves using a specific blend of natural rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), carbon black, elastomer compatibilizer, zinc oxide, stearic acid, process oil, mold release agent, microcrystalline wax, anti-aging agent, accelerator, sulfur, and an optional anti-reversion auxiliary agent. The blended rubber composition improves compatibility between the natural rubber and EPDM to prevent network cracking and degradation during vulcanization.

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High cis content block copolymers of polybutadiene and polyisoprene for tire applications with improved low temperature properties, wear resistance, and reduced cut growth. The copolymers have a cis content of at least 90%, prepared using lanthanide-based catalysts in a pseudo-living polymerization process. The catalyst comprises a lanthanide compound, aluminoxane, organoaluminum compound, and halogen compound. The pseudo-living polymerization allows selective block formation with reactive chain ends that can be functionalized. The copolymers are used in vulcanizable compositions for tire components like sidewalls and treads.

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A process for preparing a crosslinkable rubber compound for bonding vulcanized and unvulcanized rubber components in cold-renewal applications like tire retreading. The compound contains vulcanization accelerators with melting points above 130°C. The accelerators are mixed into the compound below their melting points, preventing reaction. But during extrusion steps like retreading, the heat activates the accelerators for rapid vulcanization. This balance between storage stability and process reactivity allows the compound to bond components without premature cure.

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High stiffness rubber compositions for tire treads that provide improved stiffness without compromising other properties like processability. The compositions contain diene elastomers, fillers, and crosslinking agents. The crosslinking is done using a low initiator time vulcanization accelerator to increase stiffness. The accelerator has an initiation time below 3 minutes. This allows higher stiffness without adding large amounts of stiffening resins. The low initiator time accelerator speeds up curing and prevents over-crosslinking.

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Vulcanizing agent for elastomers that improves thermal stability during processing to allow faster manufacturing of vulcanized elastomers like tires without premature curing. The agent is a cyclododecasulfur compound with a specific melting point onset range of 155-167°C when measured at a DSC heat rate of 20°C/min. This higher melting point cyclododecasulfur allows higher temperatures during processing steps like mixing, extrusion, calendering, shaping, and building without premature curing compared to conventional cyclooctasulfur.

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A method to produce vulcanized rubber compositions with improved rolling resistance and wet grip properties. The method involves adding specific compounds like amino muscle salts to the rubber composition during initial mixing. This allows controlling the loss tangent at low (-30°C) and high (60°C) temperatures after vulcanization. The compounds are selected from formulas (1)-(3): 1. (CH3)3N+CH2CH(CH3)2CH(CO2CH3)CH(CH3)3-X- 2. (CH3)3N+CH2CH(CH3)2CH(CO2CH3)CH2-X- 3. (CH3)3N+CH2CH(CH3)2CH(CO2CH3)CH(CH3)3-X- where X is an acid group that forms a

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Enhancing the vulcanization of butadiene rubber to improve its properties like durability and aging resistance. The method involves adding a vulcanization accelerator, such as a zinc salt of a thiuram compound, during the curing process. This accelerator helps crosslink the rubber chains more efficiently, resulting in a vulcanized rubber with enhanced properties compared to regular vulcanization. The enhanced vulcanized rubber has improved mechanical strength, elongation, and resistance to degradation from heat, oxygen, and other aging factors.

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Vulcanizable composition for rubber products with improved properties like higher elongation at break, tensile strength, and compression set compared to conventional EVM rubber. The composition contains a specific epoxy group-containing ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, a low molecular weight cross-linking agent, and a cross-linking aid. The epoxy copolymer has 35-99 wt% VAc, 10-90 wt% Et, and 0.1-6.2 wt% epoxy monomer. The composition allows vulcanization without stickiness or bubbles, and the cross-linking agents improve the physical properties of the cured rubber.

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Method to improve flexural fatigue strength of rubber compositions, like tire treads, by enhancing the interaction between carbon black filler and rubber matrix. The method involves a two-step mixing process where the carbon black, rubber, and a dihydrazide compound react without silica in the first step. In the second step, silica is added to the mixed product. The dihydrazide compound improves carbon black-rubber interaction, but silica hinders this reaction. Allowing a delay of 25 seconds or more in the first step before adding silica allows the carbon black-rubber bonding to occur before the silica interferes.

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Tire tread rubber composition with improved vulcanization speed for high vinyl diene rubbers like high vinyl styrene-butadiene rubber (HVBR) or high vinyl polybutadiene rubber (HVBR). The composition uses a novel vulcanization system with the vulcanizing agent 2,4,6-trimercapto-1,3,5-triazine (TCY) alone or in combination with sulfur. The TCY-based vulcanization system provides faster cure rates compared to traditional systems for high vinyl rubbers. This allows higher filler loadings and better green strength for improved tire performance without compromising production efficiency.

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Manufacturing method for rubber compositions for tires that improves tire properties like endurance and low rolling resistance without sacrificing processability. The method involves a two-stage kneading process. First, a rubber composition, sulfur donor, and sulfur atom containing accelerator are kneaded. Then, a bulking agent is added and further kneaded at high temperature (>120°C). This sequence allows the bulking agent to incorporate better into the rubber matrix without over-vulcanization.

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Rubber composition and vulcanization process to improve tire durability by balancing vulcanization across tire sections. The rubber composition contains specific amounts of natural rubber, carbon black, zinc oxide, stearic acid, accelerator, sulfur, bis-triethoxysilylpropyl tetrasulfide, microcrystalline wax, dispersant, and antioxidant. This composition reduces vulcanization time compared to conventional tire rubber while maintaining processing properties. The vulcanization process involves specific amounts of sulfur, accelerator, bis-triethoxysilylpropyl tetrasulfide, and antioxidant. The process reduces vulcanization time imbalance between tire sections.

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Hydrogenated nitrile rubber with improved properties for high elasticity and low compression set. The rubber contains phosphine sulfide or diphosphine sulfide as additives during hydrogenation instead of just phosphine or diphosphine. This reduces the residual phosphorus levels in the rubber after hydrogenation. The lower phosphorus content improves the vulcanized rubber's modulus and compression set. The hydrogenation catalyst can still contain phosphine or diphosphine ligands.

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Modified polymers for vulcanized elastomers with low hysteresis loss, improved wear resistance, and low rolling resistance. The modification involves reacting the chain ends of the polymer with a silane denaturing agent during polymerization. This functionalization reduces chain end mobility and hysteresis compared to unmodified polymers. The denaturing agent has the formula Si(OR1)3(OR2)3 where R1 and R2 are alkyl groups. The modification can be done on polymers like styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) to create low hysteresis SBR for tire treads with better wet grip and fuel efficiency.

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A manufacturing method for vulcanized rubber compounds with improved viscoelastic properties and processing stability. The method involves a specific kneading process to disperse a thiosulfuric acid derivative called S* (3* aminopropyl) thiosulfuric acid into the rubber compound. The rubber compound, bulking agent, and thiosulfuric acid are initially kneaded at a median particle size range of 10-70 microns. This disperses the thiosulfuric acid into the rubber matrix. Then sulfur and accelerator are added and kneaded. The compound is finally vulcanized. This process improves the vulcanized rubber's viscoelastic properties compared to conventional methods.

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Rubber composition for tires that balances good breaking properties and low rolling resistance without compromising vulcanization rate. The composition contains specific amounts of fillers like carbon black or silica, a compound with quinone and sulfonate groups, and cyclic polysulfide. Adding these components in optimized ratios improves both breaking strength and elongation while maintaining good vulcanization rate and rolling resistance compared to using cyclic polysulfide alone.

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A natural rubber vulcanization system that balances the properties of sulfur and peroxide vulcanization to improve tear strength, elongation, fatigue resistance, and heat aging resistance compared to conventional vulcanization methods. The formulation uses a specific combination of ingredients like carbon black, stearic acid, zinc oxide, microcrystalline wax, antioxidant, accelerator, and sulfur in optimal amounts.

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A novel rubber curing agent, Ct- methylstyrene copolymer, that is a copolymer containing structural units derived from α-methylstyrene and comonomers like acrylates, styrenes, or α-methylstyrene itself. It vulcanizes rubber by heat cleavage of the copolymer chains to generate an inline network structure in the rubber, improving elasticity and mechanical properties. The copolymerization involves radical initiated processes like solution, bulk, suspension, or emulsion polymerization to adjust composition. It replaces traditional sulfur vulcanization agents for rubber processing.

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Rubber composition and curing agent that improves vulcanization of rubber compounds like natural rubber or synthetic rubbers containing olefinic double bonds. The curing agent is a copolymer containing α-methylstyrene units. This copolymer acts as a vulcanizing agent when mixed with rubber and fillers. During vulcanization, the α-methylstyrene copolymer breaks down and forms unsaturated linear chains that crosslink with the rubber to improve elasticity and mechanical properties. The copolymer is made by reacting α-methylstyrene with comonomers like (meth)acrylates, styrenes, or other olefins.

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Vulcanized rubber with improved rolling resistance and mechanical strength for tires. The rubber composition contains a rubber component (A) like natural or synthetic rubber, and a polymer (B) derived from farnesene with a low melt viscosity. The difference in solubility parameters between A and B is 1.0 J/cm^1.5. This produces vulcanized rubber with an island phase of the B polymer having 50 nm diameter particles. This structure improves rolling resistance and strength compared to dispersed B particles. The A and B phase separation prevents dangling chains that raise rolling resistance. The low viscosity B allows good processability.

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A vulcanizing agent composition for tire rubber that improves tire performance and durability. The composition includes specific amounts of polysulfides, metal oxides, synthetic resin, DCBP vulcanizing agent, tetraethylene pentamine, accelerator, and soap. The exact weight ratios are provided in the invention. This composition when used to vulcanize tire rubber provides better tire properties compared to conventional tire rubber vulcanization.

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A method for preparing automobile tire vulcanizing agent that shortens curing time and reduces curing temperature compared to conventional methods. The process involves using a specific combination of vulcanizing agents: a sulfur-containing compound, a polysulfide, and a zinc oxide. This mixture is added to the rubber during tire manufacturing to vulcanize the rubber during curing. The optimized vulcanizing agent composition allows faster, lower-temperature curing of tire rubber without compromising mechanical properties.

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A polymer containing polysulfated structure that improves the thermal stability, aging resistance, and reversion resistance of vulcanized rubber. The polymer has a molecular structure with segments of thioalkyl groups. The polymer is prepared by reacting organic thiosulfate and an aqueous solution or water-soluble organic solvent/water mixture containing sulfide steel. During vulcanization, the polysulfated structure ruptures and forms stable single-sulfur or disulfide bonds with the rubber instead of long polysulfide bonds. This improves rubber properties like heat aging resistance and reduces reversion.

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A process for crosslinking ethylene-propylene (EPM) and ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) elastomers using a hybrid curing system that combines peroxide and sulfur accelerators. The system includes a first sulfur accelerator, such as a benzothiazole sulfenamide, and a second sulfur accelerator, like dibenzothiazole disulfide. This hybrid system provides improved mechanical properties compared to using only peroxide or sulfur accelerators. The process helps overcome the limitations of low crosslinking efficiency and poor heat resistance in EPM and EPDM when cured with peroxides or sulfur alone.

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Method for manufacturing passenger car tires with reduced rolling resistance by optimizing vulcanization of key tire components. The method involves determining the equivalent vulcanization level of the tread rubber, side rubber, and belt coating rubber after post-vulcanization. The level is set between 90% and 100% of the difference between the maximum and minimum torque values from a leometer vulcanization curve. This vulcanization range ensures the rubber compounds are sufficiently vulcanized without overvulcanization that increases rolling resistance.

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A new tire design and manufacturing process to improve tire performance and life. The tire has a pre-cured carcass, a pre-cured tread rubber sandwiched between the carcass and a cushion rubber, and plastic mats bonded to the carcass and tread. The pre-curing reduces uneven curing and vulcanization issues in the thick tread section. The tire is then wrapped in envelopes before final curing to prevent air intrusion and ensure consistent vulcanization.

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Method for manufacturing elastomeric products like tires and spoilers with low hysteresis by vulcanizing the rubber using a specific sequence and temperature range. The process involves initially vulcanizing the rubber using sulfur at a lower temperature, then introducing a peroxide at the same temperature to complete the crosslinking. This sequence delays the peroxide reaction to create a different elastomer network with lower hysteresis compared to conventional vulcanization. The initial vulcanization temperature is between 100-175°C, preferably 140-165°C, higher than the peroxide half-life temperature.

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Emulsion polymerization method for producing nitrile rubber with improved vulcanization speed and properties by forming microgel structure in the rubber. The method involves adding crosslinker and initiator before full polymerization, then adding sulfide crosslinker during polymerization. This forms branched microgel structure in the rubber molecules. When vulcanized, the crosslink density increases faster due to the pre-formed microgel. This accelerates vulcanization and improves rubber properties.

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A method for preparing vulcanized rubber with improved properties by kneading a thiosulfuric acid compound containing a 3-aminopropyl group, like S-(3-aminopropyl)thiosulfuric acid, along with the rubber, sulfur, and filler components during mixing. The thiosulfuric acid compound improves the vulcanization process and properties of the final rubber. The method involves two steps: kneading the thiosulfuric acid compound with the other components to form a dough, then heat treating it.

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A rubber composition for tires that provides improved wear resistance and fatigue resistance compared to conventional tire rubber compositions. The composition contains a sulfur-containing cycloaliphatic vulcanizing agent with a higher functionality than traditional vulcanizing agents. This provides a crosslinked structure with higher functionality, resulting in higher hardness and analytical crosslink density. The higher functionality vulcanizing agent improves wear resistance and fatigue resistance without compromising other properties like tensile strength and resilience.

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Tire with improved rolling resistance by optimizing vulcanization of the tire surface without extending vulcanization time. The tire has a rubber composition with specific properties measured using a differential scanning calorimeter. The composition has a reaction heat quantity of at least 15 J/g in the temperature range of 60-230°C and a reaction start temperature of at least 100°C. This composition promotes vulcanization of the surface rubber during vulcanization, reducing rolling resistance compared to unvulcanized surface rubber.

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