Eco-Friendly Tire Material Development and Recycling Solutions

Rubberized strength member for elastomeric products like tires that has high strength and extensibility while being produced sustainably using recycled polyester (rPET) yarn. The rPET yarn is made from recycled PET bottles with specific properties to overcome the performance tradeoffs. The rPET yarn is processed through solid-state polymerization to improve crystallization and properties. The yarn is also spun at controlled temperatures to prevent premature crystallization. The twisted rubberized yarn meets tire strength requirements and avoids issues like filament breaks and low elongation.

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A sustainable tire design that uses recycled and bio-based rubber components to reduce environmental impact. The tire has multiple components like the tread, reinforced plies, sidewall, beads, chafer, apex, and innerliner. The tread rubber has high recycled/bio-based rubber content, like natural rubber, recycled/bio-based SBR, and recycled/bio-based silica filler. The plies have coatings with recycled/bio-based rubber and filler. The tire also uses recycled steel beads and cords, recycled/bio-based plasticizers, and recycled/bio-based anti-degradants.

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Rubber tire compound containing a majority of renewable materials to improve sustainability. The compound replaces fossil-based materials with bio-derived alternatives. It uses renewable resins instead of petroleum-based resins, bio-based carbon black instead of fossil carbon black, and renewable processing aids instead of petroleum-based ones. The compound aims to provide a tire rubber composition with high renewable content that has comparable tire performance to conventional fossil-based compounds.

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Rubber compounds with improved properties for tire treads by combining functionalized diene polymers with silica fillers derived from biomass ash like rice husk ash. The diene polymers are functionalized with polar groups like -OX, -OR, -COOX, -COOR, -N(R1)(R2)X or -Si(R3)(R4) where X is a cation and R are alkyl groups. This functionalization allows better compatibility and adhesion between the polymer and silica filler. The biomass ash silica has specific cation distribution from the ash digestion process. Using this functionalized diene polymer and silica filler combination improves properties like rebound resilience, tensile strength, and damping performance compared to standard diene polymers with conventional silicas.

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A diene rubber composition for tire applications with improved low rolling resistance, wear resistance, and wet grip compared to conventional diene rubbers. The composition involves modifying two different diene rubbers with specific silicon compounds, then hydrolyzing and drying them. One diene rubber is modified with a silicon compound represented by formula (1) and/or (2). The other diene rubber is modified with the same silicon compounds. This modified rubber composition, when blended with silica and carbon black, provides better low rolling resistance, wear resistance, and wet grip compared to conventional diene rubbers. The composition also has good workability and processability. The silicon compound modifications create specific branching structures on the rubber chains that enhance silica interaction and performance.

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Natural materials with properties similar to synthetic leather and foam. The materials are made using plant-based oils like soybean oil, natural rubber, and natural acids to create curatives and coatings. The curatives are formed by reacting epoxidized vegetable oils with carboxylic acids in alcohol solvent. These curatives are then used to coat fabrics or modify natural rubbers to improve flexibility, strength, and cold crack resistance. The resulting materials have properties similar to leather and foam but are biodegradable and made from natural sources.

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Recycling tire rubber in concrete is a means of eliminating environmental pollution and reducing costs. This study aimed to use waste as replacement for fine coarse aggregates at different ratios (10%, 15%, 20% aggregate; 10%, 20%, 30% mixed aggregates). The results showed that replacing 10% 15% reduced the compressive tensile strengths an acceptable degree, while it significantly strength. For aggregate, compared reference mixture, higher ratio, greater reduction Using retarder Increasing percentage aggregate resulted decrease density weight concrete. Overall, indicate adding affects mechanical properties concrete, resulting strength, but may also improve other such thermal acoustic insulation.

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ABSTRACT Significant advancements in developing highperformance, sustainable tyre tread compounds have been achieved through the strategic integration of modified silica into carbon black (CB)/thermally exfoliated graphite hybrid filler systems. While benefits fillers such as CB, graphite, and are recognized, limited understanding their interaction mechanisms with polymer chains has hindered widespread adoption. This study investigates mechanical, thermal, dynamic mechanical properties an ecofriendly, green compound, focusing on both binary (CB/silica) ternary (CB, graphite/modified silica) The key aspect this research is utilization prepared by latex imprinting technique along epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) a compatibilizer to enhance between NR matrix. partial replacement CB thermally novel lateximprinted enhanced surface area provides excellent properties, low rolling resistance, improved wet grip, reduced heat buildup. porosity silica, coupled system, play crucial role reducing hysteresis, resulting resistance (0.0376), grip (0.0796), very buildup (13C). attribu... Read More

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The pressing issue of global warming has prompted industries to seek sustainable and renewable materials that can reduce the use petroleum-based products. Natural fibers, as bio-based environmentally friendly materials, offer a promising solution. In this study, ramie fiber, which is one strongest natural used reinforcement, mechanical properties rubber composites are evaluated. were fabricated using vulcanizing technique at 150 C, fibers cut into different lengths (5 mm, 10 m, 15 mm) weights (15 g, 30 60 g). Mechanical performance tests, including tensile tear strength hardness, conducted. results showed fiber concentration increased, so did curing time. Moreover, with higher had strength. composite mm length g weight highest (10.35 MPa). Maximum (52.51 kN/m) was achieved 5 weight. Hardness values reached up 88 Shore A (10 weight), indicating excellent wear resistance. specimen subjected scanning electron microscope analysis. SEM analysis revealed ductile type fracture appreciable plastic deformation, confirming good fibermatrix interaction. These findings underscore potential ... Read More

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Recovered carbon black (rCB) made by solvolysis of waste tires at low temperature and pressure to minimize agglomeration and carbon deposits. The process involves contacting tire feedstock with a solvent like aromatic hydrocarbon cuts at weight ratios over 3. This solvolysis dissolves tire components better than pyrolysis to make rCB with low carbon residue content (<1%) compared to pyrolyzed carbon blacks. The rCB has properties similar to virgin carbon blacks but with reduced agglomeration and improved dispersibility.

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Rubber composition for inner liners of pneumatic vehicle tires that provides airtightness, crack resistance, and improved tear propagation resistance while using fillers made from regrowing raw materials. The composition contains specific amounts of fillers like hydrothermal lignins derived from biomass. It also has a vulcanization system with zinc oxide and/or sulfur. The filler amounts and vulcanization system allow vulcanizing the composition into a tire inner liner with reduced gas permeability, improved crack growth resistance, and lower weight compared to traditional fillers.

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ABSTRACT Here, we investigate the transformative potential of incorporating Green Graphene (GG) derived from remnant agricultural biomass (RAB) into styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR) formulations for development sustainable additives tires. GG serves as a reinforcement material, exhibiting capability to improve mechanical, wear, and thermal degradation properties SBR. The incorporation SBR matrix results in astonishing improvements: resilience by 440.44%, toughness 326.91%, tensile strength 253.15%, yield 313.33%, Young's modulus 205.90%, elongation 138.84%, hardness 148%. Furthermore, it leads decrease nanoscratch depth, 52.68% reduction coefficient friction during sliding 22.38% improvement hydrophobicity, 27% enhancement stability GG/SBR composites. These compelling performance enhancements composites aim provide comprehensive understanding synergistic effects rubbershedding light on their combined potential. outcomes this investigation contribute valuable insights environmentally conscious green materials, writing path evolution industry toward greener resilient future.

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Crosslinkable compositions for making elastomer compounds with recycled elastomer powder from sources like used tires. The compositions contain the powder, a poly-C5-C15 alkenamer, and a liquid polybutadiene. The alkenamer improves cohesion and the butadiene provides rebound. This allows making high rebound elastomers with significant recycled content, like tennis balls, from powders instead of raw rubber.

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Adhesive composition for tire cord that is environmentally friendly and less harmful to workers. The adhesive contains a naturally occurring acid, a nitrogen compound, a basic material, and a latex. It provides adhesive force equal to or higher than RF condensates used in tires. The composition can be applied to tire cord to improve fatigue resistance when using hybrid cords. It also forms a coating layer on cord to enhance adhesion between the cord and other tire components.

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Rubber composition for tires that reduces carbon emissions, lowers production cost, and provides an oxidation inhibiting effect by using a lignin-based antioxidant derived from natural materials instead of petroleum-based antioxidants. The lignin-based antioxidant is a compound with structural similarity to petroleum-based antioxidants like 6PPD. The lignin-based antioxidant is added along with a crosslinking agent to the rubber composition at levels of 1-20 parts per 100 parts of rubber. This allows replacing some or all of the petroleum-based antioxidants in tire rubber compounds. The lignin-based antioxidant provides oxidation protection without the environmental impacts and high cost of petroleum-based antioxidants.

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Elastomeric composites with improved properties by replacing traditional carbon black filler with a purified carbonaceous product (PCP) derived from coal waste. The PCP has ultra-fine particles less than 25 microns in size and low ash and water content. The PCP provides better dispersion and reinforcement in elastomers compared to conventional carbon black. It enables improved tensile strength, toughness, and elastomer performance compared to carbon black. The PCP can be used as a standalone filler or blended with carbon black. The composites have lower ash content and better sustainability compared to recycled carbon black.

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Method to produce compacted elastomer materials from powdered recycled rubber that can be substituted for virgin rubber in applications. The method involves consolidating elastomer powders using a binder and pressing them into dense compacts. The compacts have improved material cohesion, density, and strength compared to unconsolidated powders. This allows forming shaped bodies like balls from the compacts instead of powders. The compacts can then be crosslinked to form elastomer compounds. The compacts can be made from recycled rubber powders containing fillers and curing agents. By consolidating the powders, the compacts have better handling, metering, and tooling compatibility compared to powders.

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Plasticizer system for rubber compositions, like tire treads, that are partially or fully derived from sustainable, renewable non-petroleum sources. The plasticizer system balances performance when using oils not derived from petroleum. It contains a triglyceride vegetable oil as an extender oil in the solution SBR, along with an aromatic hydrocarbon resin or a non-petroleum derived hydrocarbon resin like polyterpene. This combination improves wet braking performance compared to using just the vegetable oil as a plasticizer.

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Abstract The use of natural and bio-based materials instead petrochemicals is strongly recommended for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Here we aim to promote the environmentally friendly polyester (P), prepared from biomass, with Tung oil (TO) plasticizer zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) filler by 1050%, 3% get a sustainable nanocomposite. grafting altered profile neat P. Owing insufficient contents, low concentrations have slight impact, high more enhancements. physical properties accompanied curing P/TO copolymer showed decrease in viscosity, gelation time, gelation-curing period TO-based specimens, besides lower heat emission during reaction, compared that P, 3.4% 4%, respectively, P/TO-40 P/TO-50 copolymers. stability against exudation was promoted 48.6%, where all composites are stable than improved creep resistance 62% 88.1%, due surfaces. Furthermore, concentration reduced hardness 25%, but it ZnO NPs 46.7%. Both TO nanofiller make polymer capable absorbing flexural loading as toughened composite. proposed provide positive effects on thermal behavior. Particularly, for... Read More

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Recycling end-of-life tires into new tires with high efficiency by converting the waste tires into valuable feedstocks for tire production. The tires are hydrothermally cracked to separate oil, water, and solids. The oil is fractionated to extract wax and process oil. The wax is refined and the process oil is steam cracked to make tire components like elastomers, resins, and additives. The solids contain fillers like carbon black and silica. The recovered fillers, wax, and process oil are then used to make new tires, with at least 50% of the tire weight coming from recycled tire materials.

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Rubber compounds based on styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylonitrilebutadiene (NBR) were filled with constant amount of carbon black 25 phr calcium lignosulphonate 30 phr. Glycerol as cheap environmentally friendly softener was added into the in concentration scale from 0 to 20 plasticise matrix biopolymer improve adhesion between components compounds. The results revealed that addition glycerol resulted decrease viscosity. Based dynamical-mechanical analysis it can be concluded softened lowered its glass transition temperature. better distributed dispersed within matrices, which clearly demonstrated by performing scanning electron microscopy. contributed compatibility biopolymer, subsequently reflected improvement tensile behaviour composites. Both elongation at break strength showed increasing trend glycerol. Due polarity among matrix, plasticiser, higher strength, enhancement dependence content exhibited composites NBR. When compared reference, increased more than 5 MPa for plasticised high SBR-based less evident, though still pointing a positive effect filler-rubbe... Read More

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Waste tire textile fiber (WTTF), a secondary product from the processing of end-of-life tires, is predominantly disposed through incineration or landfillingboth which present significant environmental hazards. The process emits large quantities greenhouse gases (GHGs) as well harmful substances such dioxins and heavy metals, exacerbating air pollution contributing to climate change. Conversely, landfilling WTTF results in long-term degradation, synthetic fibers are non-biodegradable can leach pollutants into surrounding soil water systems. These detrimental impacts emphasize pressing need for environmentally sustainable disposal reuse strategies. We found that 80% was used production thermal insulation mats. other part, i.e., 20% raw material, twining, stabilization, improvement properties mats, consisted recycled polyester (RPES), bicomponent (BiPES), hollow (HPES). research shows produces stable filament insulating mat formation. studies on mats show conductivity varies 0.0412 W/(mK) 0.0338 W/(mK). tensile strength measured parallel direction formation ranges 5.60 kPa 13.8... Read More

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This review explores the evolving landscape of sustainable textile manufacturing, with a focus on rubber-based materials for various industrial applications. The and rubber industries are shifting towards eco-friendly practices, driven by environmental concerns need to reduce carbon footprints. integration textiles in products, such as tires, conveyor belts, defense is becoming increasingly prominent. discusses adoption natural fibers like flax, jute, hemp, which offer biodegradability improved mechanical properties. Additionally, it highlights elastomer sources, including from Hevea brasiliensis alternative plants Guayule Russian dandelion, well bio-based synthetic rubbers derived terpenes biomass. also covers additives, silica fillers, nanoclay, plasticizers, enhance performance while reducing impact. Textilerubber composites cost-effective traditional fiber-reinforced polymers when high flexibility impact resistance needed. Rubber matrices fatigue life under cyclic loading, jute can manufacturing process involves preparation, composite assembly, consolidation/curing, post-proce... Read More

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Repairable thermoplastic polymers that can be depolymerized back to monomers for recycling. The polymers have a segmented structure with rigid and flexible segments. The rigid segments are made from a difunctional triketone monomer and the flexible segments are made from diamines. The segments can be tuned for properties like strain at break. The polymers can be depolymerized by exposure to acid, solvent, or heat.

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A one-step method for making high-quality carbon nanoparticles using a plasma-assisted process with natural gas as the feedstock. The method involves heating natural gas in an oxygen-free atmosphere and adding it to a plasma to generate carbon nanoparticles that are less than 1 micron in size and have an average particle diameter (Lc) greater than 3 nanometers. The plasma-assisted synthesis provides high-quality carbon nanoparticles for reinforcing rubber compounds that outperform traditional carbon blacks.

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Recycled carbon black with improved properties for rubber products by modifying the surface of recycled carbon black obtained from pyrolyzing waste tires. The modification involves continuously introducing the recycled carbon black into a main burner flame and passing it through the flame. This removes rubber residuals adhering to the carbon black surface. The burner flame conditions are optimized to maintain low oxygen levels during combustion. The modified carbon black has lower rubber impurities and higher bonding with rubber components compared to unmodified recycled carbon black.

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Towards a global sustainable future and circular economy, the utilization of renewable high-performing biomass-derived fillers for rubber industry is highly desirable but challenging. Carbon black (CB), produced by incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition petroleum hydrocarbons, most dominant reinforcing filler, followed mineral fillers. However, manufacture CB has considerable carbon footprint due to its fossil-based resources; have higher density are generally incompatible with rubbers. It important find abundant, sustainable, cost-effective as substitutes petroleum- coal-derived Biomass-derived fillers, such cellulose nanocrystals, lignin, polysaccharides, biochar, rice husk silica, been extensively explored substitute This chapter provides comprehensive review their applications in industry. The structure, morphology, properties introduced. surface modification processing methods high-performance composites critically reviewed.

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This chapter offers an elaborative background regarding the significance of green tyres over traditional considering their respective environmental impacts. The focus is on sustainable ingredients like alternatives natural rubber, bio-based elastomers/synthetic rubbers, processing oils, reversible crosslinking strategy, sustainable/bio-resourced fillers and tyre cords for compounding rubbers. also discusses economic assessment production cost a better understanding viability process. Several case studies have been exercised systematically documented in each section this exploring thorough literature survey area.

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The acceleration of industrialization and motorization has caused increasing consumption fossil fuels more greenhouse gas emissions, therefore, greener renewable alternatives are highly in demand modern society. Renewable energy can be generated by conversion solar CO2 through the photosynthesis plants, forming a theoretical zero emission cycle. Using biomass resources to extract produce bio-based fuel chemicals is strategy moving forward. use make plastics been actively studied. In this chapter, we will mainly introduce development environmentally-friendly elastomers their applications rubber industry.

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Carbon black (CB) serves as the most crucial reinforcing filler in natural rubber (NR) applications. However, conventional CB production relies on petroleum or coal resources, raising concerns about non-renewability and unsustainable resource consumption. Although biomass-derived carbon materials have been explored alternatives for reinforcement, their practical application remains constrained by inherent limitations such large particle size low graphitic structure, which compromise reinforcement efficiency. This study presents a novel walnut shell biochar (WSB) enhancement. The was prepared via pyrolysis subsequently subjected to an environmentally friendly physical ball-milling process. treatment effectively increased graphitized domains while enriching surface functional groups. Systematic investigations were conducted effects of duration loading performance. Results demonstrate that biochar-reinforced vulcanizates achieved 22% improvement tensile strength compared unfilled rubber. Notably, at 10 phr loading, biochar-filled reached 98% CB(N330)-filled counterparts. further reveale... Read More

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Recyclable adhesives, coatings, sealants, elastomers, and composites that can be easily debonded from substrates to enable reuse and recycling. The materials contain a specific type of polyol called Diels-Alder polyol (DA polyol) that can undergo a reversible DA/rDA reaction. The DA polyol is made by reacting a furan-containing diene with a maleimide-containing dienophile. When heated, the DA reaction converts the polyol into a soft, debondable polymer. This allows the adhesive, coating, etc. to be removed from a substrate without damage, facilitating reuse and recycling. The DA polyol can be used as a replacement for conventional polyols in polymer compositions like polyurethanes.

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The importance of sustainable polymers has increased greatly in the last years since most are derived from non-renewable sources. Sustainable (i.e., biopolymers) such as natural rubber (NR) proposed a solution for this concern. A comparative study between NR and deproteinized (DPNR) was carried out to elucidate role proteins on network formation degradation peroxide cross-linked using time-domain NMR experiments. 1H multiple-quantum (MQ) experiments provided information cross-link density its spatial distribution, while actual fraction non-coupled defects obtained by exploiting Hahn echo approach measured swollen samples. results showed that influenced during vulcanization process NR, leading higher number non-elastic promoting creation additional cross-links with broader distribution. heterogeneities different length scales deeply influences mechanical properties On other hand, pro-oxidant activity behavior accelerating NR.

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Method to decompose crosslinked rubber into useful monomers and oligomers for recycling instead of burning it. The decomposition involves two steps: (1) pyrolyzing the rubber at 150-400°C to produce diene oligomers with 100-50,000 molecular weight, and (2) further pyrolyzing the oligomers at 300-950°C in an inert gas atmosphere in the presence of a catalyst. This step breaks down the oligomers into hydrocarbons with 12 or less carbon atoms, increasing the yield of reusable monomers and oligomers compared to direct pyrolysis.

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Process to make composite materials for elastomeric products like tires with improved sustainability and adhesion. The process involves activating textile reinforcement yarns with a bath containing polyisocyanates, waxes, and surfactants before immersing them in the rubber mixture. This coating improves adhesion between the yarns and surrounding rubber. The coated yarns are then used to create the composite material. The activation bath can be made from recycled materials like post-consumer PET bottles. The composite with recycled yarns provides similar performance to conventional composites but with lower environmental impact. The vulcanized composite material and resulting elastomeric products, like tires, have improved sustainability and adhesion compared to conventional composites.

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Preparing polyurethane foam using extracts from cotton spinning black liquor, a waste product from cotton processing. The extraction involves acid precipitation of the black liquor. The extracted biomass can replace some of the polyol and isocyanate in foam formulation. The resulting foam has lower density, higher thermal stability, and better flame retardancy compared to conventional foam. The extraction pH controls the biomass composition for optimal foam properties. Modifications like oxypropylation or hydroxymethylation further enhance foam quality.

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Method to produce carbon black from alternative feedstocks that allows using low-yielding feedstocks like ethylene, biomass, or landfill gas in electrically-heated carbon black processes. The method involves combining a low-yielding carbon black feedstock with a first carbon black feedstock in an electrically-heated gas stream to form carbon black. It allows using significant amounts of low-yielding feedstocks like ethylene to create carbon black with comparable properties to traditional feedstocks. The electric heating provides high pyrolysis temperatures to overcome low-yield issues.

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A sustainable rubber compound for power transmission belts that contains at least one styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) derived from sustainable sources like renewable feedstocks. The compound also includes recovered carbon black, sustainable dispersed reinforcing fiber, sustainable plasticizer oil, antioxidant, activator, and sulfur vulcanizing agent. The compound aims to replace petroleum-derived rubber components with sustainable alternatives for reduced environmental impact.

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Fully bio-based, highly filled lignin-rubber masterbatch for replacing carbon black in rubber. The masterbatch is prepared by mixing modified lignin with rubber. The lignin is modified by esterification with acetic acid and oleic acid to improve compatibility with non-polar rubbers. The modified lignin has reduced hydroxyl group content compared to unmodified lignin. The esterification reaction provides hydrophobic groups to decrease lignin polarity. This improves lignin dispersibility in the rubber matrix.

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The growing interest in renewable resource-based materials has driven efforts to develop elastomeric biocomposites using biomass, phyto-ash, and biochar as fillers. These bio-additives, derived from beech wood through various processing methods, were incorporated into natural rubber (NR) at varying weight ratios. primary objective of this study was assess how the type content each bio-filler influence structural, processing, performance properties biocomposites. Mechanical properties, including tensile strength hardness, evaluated, while crosslink density vulcanizates determined equilibrium swelling solvents. Additionally, composites underwent thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) determine decomposition temperature individual components within polymer matrix. Bio-fillers influenced rheological mechanical with phyto-ash reducing viscosity cross-linking density, biomass increasing stiffness maximum torque. Biochar extended curing time due absorption agents, whereas accelerated vulcanization. tests showed that all bio-filled stiffer than reference, (30 phr) exhibiting highest hardness (45.8... Read More

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Additive composition for improving properties of silica-filled rubber compounds in tires, such as fuel economy, traction, and wear resistance. The composition comprises a reaction product of fatty acid and polyamine. It is added to silica-filled rubber compounds, like tire treads, at low parts per hundred (phr) levels. The additive enhances silica dispersion and reduces payne effect, without affecting key rubber properties like viscosity, scorch, hardness, tensile strength, elongation, abrasion, and modulus. This enables improved tire performance, including lower rolling resistance, enhanced winter/dry traction, and better dry handling, without compromising other properties.

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Recycling waste tires into useful rubber compounds using microwave-assisted surface devulcanization. The process involves separating metal and fibers from waste tires, micronizing the vulcanized crumb rubber, applying a dose of microwave energy to sever sulfidic crosslinks, mixing the devulcanized rubber with plastic and oil, and extruding it to produce recycled rubber compounds like crumb rubber or end-of-life tire compounds. The microwave devulcanization step enables efficient recycling of waste tires without harsh solvents or chemical compatibilizers.

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Polysaccharide-elastomer masterbatch for making reinforced rubber compositions with reduced water content. The masterbatch is made by mixing a polysaccharide dispersion with an elastomer latex and then coagulating and drying the mixture. This avoids adding water during masterbatch production, allowing lower water content in the final rubber compound. The polysaccharide provides reinforcement and reduces rolling resistance compared to carbon black. The masterbatch can be used in applications like tires, belts, footwear, coatings, etc.

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Rubber composition for truck tires with improved rolling resistance and wet grip while maintaining wear resistance. The composition contains 70-95 phr of polyisoprene and 5-30 phr of a low Tg SBR functionalized for silica coupling. It also has 40-80 phr of predominantly silica filler. This combination provides a balance of wear, wet, and rolling resistance properties for reduced environmental impact and safety in truck tires.

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To expand the range of ingredients based on renewable biological raw materials and enhance environmental protection, effectiveness OS Wax product in elastomeric compositions was investigated. This is derived from waste generated during winterization stage sunflower oil production and, according to differential thermal analysis IR spectroscopy, a thermostable, non-volatile, long-chain saturated ester. It found that incorporating 1.02.0 phr as processing additive for tire manufacturing initiates enhances sulfur vulcanization process, reduces heat generation, positively influences Payne effect due its structure reduction effective activation energy vulcanization. At same time, dynamic physical-mechanical properties rubber remain comparable those prepared with petrochemical microwaxes SVOZ-75 U grade.

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Rubber formulations that can be cured without traditional curatives like zinc oxide and sulfur. The formulations contain a statistical copolymer made from conjugated diene monomers and vinylbenzocyclobutane. When heated, the vinylbenzocyclobutane segments crosslink with each other and other double bonds in the polymer to cure the rubber without additional curatives. The statistical distribution of vinylbenzocyclobutane promotes even crosslinking density. The formulations are useful in tire applications as they reduce cost and environmental impact compared to traditional curing methods.

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Improving the processing and performance of reclaimed carbon black recovered from tire pyrolysis by milling it in water to reduce particle size and dispersibility. The milled reclaimed carbon has volume-weighted D50 particle sizes less than 2700 nm with low proportions of large particles. This milled reclaimed carbon can be used as a filler in rubber composites at similar loadings to virgin carbon black. The milling and dispersion improves rubber properties compared to unprocessed reclaimed carbon. The milling step involves mixing the pyrolysis carbon with water to form a slurry, then milling it to a desired particle size.

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Rubber compositions with reduced formaldehyde content and improved properties for tire applications. The compositions contain a reinforcing resin system made of a phenolic resin and a phenolic epoxide. The ratio of epoxy groups to hydroxyl groups in the system is controlled to be between 0.05 and 5. This prevents excessive formaldehyde formation during curing by eliminating the need for methylene donors like hexamethylenetetramine. The compositions also have improved physical properties like rigidity, hysteresis, elongation, and uncured viscosity compared to conventional reinforcing resin systems.

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Biodegradable rubber composition that aims to improve biodegradability compared to conventional rubber. The composition replaces some of the traditional rubber components with biodegradable materials like polyalkylene succinate adipate (PASA) resin. Crosslinking agents like peroxides are used to join the biodegradable materials together. The resulting biodegradable rubber has enhanced biodegradation efficiency compared to conventional rubber.

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Recycling rubber waste by modifying the surface of vulcanized rubber particles using biotechnology to enable better integration into new rubber mixtures. The process involves using enzymes to selectively oxidize and cleave the rubber chains at the surface of the particles without breaking the sulfur bonds. The modified particles have functional groups on the surface that allow them to be used as active fillers in new rubber mixtures with similar properties to the original rubber. This avoids the properties deterioration that occurs when devulcanizing vulcanized rubber. The modified particles can be made from waste vulcanized rubber like tire granules.

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Eco-friendly tire tread rubber composition with improved dispersibility that replaces some of the silica with a hydrophobic rice bran silica prepared by mixing rice bran silica with a liquid unsaturated fatty acid. This improves dispersion of the filler in the rubber matrix compared to using rice bran silica alone. The hydrophobic rice bran silica provides environmental benefits from rice bran waste while maintaining dispersion and processing properties.

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