Green Materials used for Tire Production

Towards a global sustainable future and circular economy, the utilization of renewable high-performing biomass-derived fillers for rubber industry is highly desirable but challenging. Carbon black (CB), produced by incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition petroleum hydrocarbons, most dominant reinforcing filler, followed mineral fillers. However, manufacture CB has considerable carbon footprint due to its fossil-based resources; have higher density are generally incompatible with rubbers. It important find abundant, sustainable, cost-effective as substitutes petroleum- coal-derived Biomass-derived fillers, such cellulose nanocrystals, lignin, polysaccharides, biochar, rice husk silica, been extensively explored substitute This chapter provides comprehensive review their applications in industry. The structure, morphology, properties introduced. surface modification processing methods high-performance composites critically reviewed.

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This chapter offers an elaborative background regarding the significance of green tyres over traditional considering their respective environmental impacts. The focus is on sustainable ingredients like alternatives natural rubber, bio-based elastomers/synthetic rubbers, processing oils, reversible crosslinking strategy, sustainable/bio-resourced fillers and tyre cords for compounding rubbers. also discusses economic assessment production cost a better understanding viability process. Several case studies have been exercised systematically documented in each section this exploring thorough literature survey area.

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The acceleration of industrialization and motorization has caused increasing consumption fossil fuels more greenhouse gas emissions, therefore, greener renewable alternatives are highly in demand modern society. Renewable energy can be generated by conversion solar CO2 through the photosynthesis plants, forming a theoretical zero emission cycle. Using biomass resources to extract produce bio-based fuel chemicals is strategy moving forward. use make plastics been actively studied. In this chapter, we will mainly introduce development environmentally-friendly elastomers their applications rubber industry.

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Carbon black (CB) serves as the most crucial reinforcing filler in natural rubber (NR) applications. However, conventional CB production relies on petroleum or coal resources, raising concerns about non-renewability and unsustainable resource consumption. Although biomass-derived carbon materials have been explored alternatives for reinforcement, their practical application remains constrained by inherent limitations such large particle size low graphitic structure, which compromise reinforcement efficiency. This study presents a novel walnut shell biochar (WSB) enhancement. The was prepared via pyrolysis subsequently subjected to an environmentally friendly physical ball-milling process. treatment effectively increased graphitized domains while enriching surface functional groups. Systematic investigations were conducted effects of duration loading performance. Results demonstrate that biochar-reinforced vulcanizates achieved 22% improvement tensile strength compared unfilled rubber. Notably, at 10 phr loading, biochar-filled reached 98% CB(N330)-filled counterparts. further reveale... Read More

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Recyclable adhesives, coatings, sealants, elastomers, and composites that can be easily debonded from substrates to enable reuse and recycling. The materials contain a specific type of polyol called Diels-Alder polyol (DA polyol) that can undergo a reversible DA/rDA reaction. The DA polyol is made by reacting a furan-containing diene with a maleimide-containing dienophile. When heated, the DA reaction converts the polyol into a soft, debondable polymer. This allows the adhesive, coating, etc. to be removed from a substrate without damage, facilitating reuse and recycling. The DA polyol can be used as a replacement for conventional polyols in polymer compositions like polyurethanes.

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Process to improve dispersion of nanocellulose in polymers like elastomers and plastics. The process involves partitioning the nanocellulose during drying to prevent agglomeration. This is done by combining the nanocellulose dispersion with a partitioning agent like carbon black, elastomer latex, or wax before drying. The partitioning agent remains intact and spaced between the nanocellulose particles after drying to prevent bonding and agglomeration. This results in a nanocellulose dispersion composition with improved dispersibility in polymers.

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The importance of sustainable polymers has increased greatly in the last years since most are derived from non-renewable sources. Sustainable (i.e., biopolymers) such as natural rubber (NR) proposed a solution for this concern. A comparative study between NR and deproteinized (DPNR) was carried out to elucidate role proteins on network formation degradation peroxide cross-linked using time-domain NMR experiments. 1H multiple-quantum (MQ) experiments provided information cross-link density its spatial distribution, while actual fraction non-coupled defects obtained by exploiting Hahn echo approach measured swollen samples. results showed that influenced during vulcanization process NR, leading higher number non-elastic promoting creation additional cross-links with broader distribution. heterogeneities different length scales deeply influences mechanical properties On other hand, pro-oxidant activity behavior accelerating NR.

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Method to decompose crosslinked rubber into useful monomers and oligomers for recycling instead of burning it. The decomposition involves two steps: (1) pyrolyzing the rubber at 150-400°C to produce diene oligomers with 100-50,000 molecular weight, and (2) further pyrolyzing the oligomers at 300-950°C in an inert gas atmosphere in the presence of a catalyst. This step breaks down the oligomers into hydrocarbons with 12 or less carbon atoms, increasing the yield of reusable monomers and oligomers compared to direct pyrolysis.

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Process to make composite materials for elastomeric products like tires with improved sustainability and adhesion. The process involves activating textile reinforcement yarns with a bath containing polyisocyanates, waxes, and surfactants before immersing them in the rubber mixture. This coating improves adhesion between the yarns and surrounding rubber. The coated yarns are then used to create the composite material. The activation bath can be made from recycled materials like post-consumer PET bottles. The composite with recycled yarns provides similar performance to conventional composites but with lower environmental impact. The vulcanized composite material and resulting elastomeric products, like tires, have improved sustainability and adhesion compared to conventional composites.

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A compound called 3,14,14-trimethyl-2,3,4,4a,5,12,14,14a-octahydroquinolino[2,3-b]acridin-7 (1H)-one that can be used as an aging stabilizer in rubber products like tires. The compound has a lower hazard potential compared to traditional aging stabilizers like p-phenylenediamines. It can be used in rubber mixtures at low amounts to provide sufficient aging protection without blooming. The compound can be synthesized by reacting citronellal, acetone, and aniline derivatives.

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Preparing polyurethane foam using extracts from cotton spinning black liquor, a waste product from cotton processing. The extraction involves acid precipitation of the black liquor. The extracted biomass can replace some of the polyol and isocyanate in foam formulation. The resulting foam has lower density, higher thermal stability, and better flame retardancy compared to conventional foam. The extraction pH controls the biomass composition for optimal foam properties. Modifications like oxypropylation or hydroxymethylation further enhance foam quality.

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Method to produce carbon black from alternative feedstocks that allows using low-yielding feedstocks like ethylene, biomass, or landfill gas in electrically-heated carbon black processes. The method involves combining a low-yielding carbon black feedstock with a first carbon black feedstock in an electrically-heated gas stream to form carbon black. It allows using significant amounts of low-yielding feedstocks like ethylene to create carbon black with comparable properties to traditional feedstocks. The electric heating provides high pyrolysis temperatures to overcome low-yield issues.

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Generating more accurate responses to multifaceted and noisy natural language queries by leveraging generative models like large language models (LLMs) and search engines. The method involves using an LLM to generate a set of candidate subqueries for the main query. These subqueries are evaluated and a subset is selected based on metrics like relevance and non-duplication. Search results are obtained for the selected subqueries, and a response is generated using these results instead of searching the entire query. This reduces the search volume and response size compared to submitting separate queries for each facet.

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A sustainable rubber compound for power transmission belts that contains at least one styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) derived from sustainable sources like renewable feedstocks. The compound also includes recovered carbon black, sustainable dispersed reinforcing fiber, sustainable plasticizer oil, antioxidant, activator, and sulfur vulcanizing agent. The compound aims to replace petroleum-derived rubber components with sustainable alternatives for reduced environmental impact.

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Improved compositions and methods for cross-linking recombinant resilin proteins to make biodegradable elastomers with tunable properties for applications like automotive parts, shoes, and gaskets. The compositions are made by exposing recombinant resilin to ammonium persulfate and heat to cross-link without enzymes or photoinitiators. The cross-linked resilin can be further processed by solvent exchange to replace the aqueous cross-linking medium with nonaqueous solvents like glycerol, propylene glycol, or DMSO to tune properties like elastic modulus, hardness, and fatigue resistance. This allows tuning cross-linked resilin compositions for specific applications without degradation from impurities.

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Fully bio-based, highly filled lignin-rubber masterbatch for replacing carbon black in rubber. The masterbatch is prepared by mixing modified lignin with rubber. The lignin is modified by esterification with acetic acid and oleic acid to improve compatibility with non-polar rubbers. The modified lignin has reduced hydroxyl group content compared to unmodified lignin. The esterification reaction provides hydrophobic groups to decrease lignin polarity. This improves lignin dispersibility in the rubber matrix.

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The growing interest in renewable resource-based materials has driven efforts to develop elastomeric biocomposites using biomass, phyto-ash, and biochar as fillers. These bio-additives, derived from beech wood through various processing methods, were incorporated into natural rubber (NR) at varying weight ratios. primary objective of this study was assess how the type content each bio-filler influence structural, processing, performance properties biocomposites. Mechanical properties, including tensile strength hardness, evaluated, while crosslink density vulcanizates determined equilibrium swelling solvents. Additionally, composites underwent thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) determine decomposition temperature individual components within polymer matrix. Bio-fillers influenced rheological mechanical with phyto-ash reducing viscosity cross-linking density, biomass increasing stiffness maximum torque. Biochar extended curing time due absorption agents, whereas accelerated vulcanization. tests showed that all bio-filled stiffer than reference, (30 phr) exhibiting highest hardness (45.8... Read More

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Compound for aging stabilization, antioxidant, and dyeing of rubber compositions like tire treads. The compound has the structure II: The compound improves rubber aging stability while reducing hazardousness compared to traditional aging stabilizers like p-phenylenediamines. It can be synthesized by reacting a benzoic acid derivative with an amine in the presence of a base. The compound can be used in rubber compositions at low loadings to prevent oxidation and ozone degradation of the rubber during processing and service life.

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Additive composition for improving properties of silica-filled rubber compounds in tires, such as fuel economy, traction, and wear resistance. The composition comprises a reaction product of fatty acid and polyamine. It is added to silica-filled rubber compounds, like tire treads, at low parts per hundred (phr) levels. The additive enhances silica dispersion and reduces payne effect, without affecting key rubber properties like viscosity, scorch, hardness, tensile strength, elongation, abrasion, and modulus. This enables improved tire performance, including lower rolling resistance, enhanced winter/dry traction, and better dry handling, without compromising other properties.

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Recycling waste tires into useful rubber compounds using microwave-assisted surface devulcanization. The process involves separating metal and fibers from waste tires, micronizing the vulcanized crumb rubber, applying a dose of microwave energy to sever sulfidic crosslinks, mixing the devulcanized rubber with plastic and oil, and extruding it to produce recycled rubber compounds like crumb rubber or end-of-life tire compounds. The microwave devulcanization step enables efficient recycling of waste tires without harsh solvents or chemical compatibilizers.

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