Tire Material Response Analysis

Real-time estimation of tire road limit nearness to improve autonomous vehicle performance and safety by dynamically pushing the vehicle to the tire limit for certain driving conditions. The method involves determining lateral and longitudinal force disturbances based on vehicle localization and sensor signals. If tire forces and slips indicate nonlinear handling, the tire limit nearness is calculated using those signals along with the disturbances. This provides real-time feedback to the vehicle's control systems to operate closer to the tire limits for better handling.

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Developing a model for evaluating parameters of interaction between a vehicle and a road by collecting sensor data from a vehicle as it drives on different road surfaces. The model uses controlled data collection under known conditions to create a training set. Abnormalities in the road surface are detected by comparing the training set with an absolute running mean. Rules for road classification are derived from these abnormalities. Uncontrolled driving data is then processed using the rules to classify road conditions. The model is validated. The classified road condition data can be stored in a database for further use in predicting vehicle performance, suggesting routes, and identifying maintenance needs.

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A real-time vehicle tire parameter estimation system for off-road vehicles that enables accurate determination of tire parameters like slip angle and cornering stiffness without using additional sensors. The system leverages vehicle position data from a GPS receiver to predict future positions based on motion characteristics. It then compares predicted and measured positions to estimate tire parameters. This eliminates the need for expensive sensor arrays and user calibration compared to conventional systems.

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A mobile tire testing apparatus that allows comprehensive testing of tire performance on any surface and under any weather conditions. The apparatus has three wheels arranged in a triangular configuration with one centered wheel at the rear/front. This allows the central wheel to fully saturate cornering forces and slip angles while the outer wheels provide stability. The apparatus can steer, brake, and drive like a car while sensors monitor forces and motions. This enables testing tire characteristics like vertical loading, traction, cornering, and slip angles on unpaved surfaces.

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Optimizing vehicle motion control to improve energy efficiency by considering tire parameters. The method involves estimating tire parameters like rolling resistance, wear rate, etc based on input data. A tire model is configured using these parameters to relate tire behavior to vehicle motion. This allows estimating effects like rolling resistance for different control strategies. The vehicle is then moved using the tire model to select options with lower rolling resistance for better efficiency.

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A method to simulate and calculate fatigue life of tire sidewalls under flexural deformation. The method involves modeling tire sidewall flexure using simulation software like Abaqus. The simulation captures different deformation amounts and the entire flexure process. Fatigue life calculation is done using software like Endurica. The simulation output provides parameters like stress, strain, Mises stress, fatigue life for analyzing tire sidewall flexural fatigue.

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A method to predict tire cornering characteristics without physical testing. The method involves modeling and normalizing tire side slip data from a reference tire, then applying target tire properties to generate predicted cornering behavior. It allows estimating tire cornering forces and moments without full finite element analysis or physical testing, using reference tire data. The steps are: 1) Select a reference tire with similar size to the target tire. 2) Normalize the lateral force and self-aligning torque data from the reference tire. 3) Model the normalized curves to obtain functions. 4) Substitute the target tire's sidewall stiffness and lateral dynamic friction coefficient into the side slip prediction model. 5) Use the modeled functions with the target tire properties to predict the normalized lateral force and self-aligning torque.

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Constructing a vehicle dynamics model that accurately reflects the dynamic performance of a vehicle. The method involves introducing a tire data model that is trained using real-world driving data. The tire data model generates tire force estimates. These are fused with forces calculated by a tire mechanism model and then fed into the whole vehicle dynamics model. This allows the vehicle dynamics model to be built using real-world tire forces, resulting in more accurate simulation of vehicle behavior.

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A method and system for reversing tire material parameters to improve wheel performance simulation accuracy. The method involves using neural networks to invert tire material properties from experimental tire stiffness test data. It involves steps like tire stiffness testing, neural network training, and verification. The neural network has input variables like tire dimensions and load-displacement curves. It outputs the tire material parameters. This allows rapid, data-driven inversion of tire properties for wheel simulation instead of destructive testing.

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Simulation method to evaluate delamination damage performance in the crown of radial truck tires. The method involves static loading simulation to obtain tire geometry, and using the amplitude of shear strain in the center rubber versus the outer belt as an evaluation index for crown delamination. By simulating and analyzing shear strain in the tire crown, the method allows optimizing tire design to improve longevity and prevent premature delamination failure.

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A finite element analysis system for tires that improves tire performance by optimizing the finite element division, force analysis, and optimization steps. The system analyzes tire characteristics, optimizes element categories, builds element models, analyzes forces, optimizes elements again using durability prediction, and adjusts tire geometry to evenly distribute ground pressure. This iterative finite element analysis process aims to optimize tire wear, rolling resistance, and pass rate by analyzing and improving the finite element units that make up the tire.

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Tire simulation method that can be used for new products, etc. The method includes creating a tire model by dividing a tire into finite elements; assigning material property values to the tire model; and evaluating the tire model.

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Tire force prediction for integrated motion control in a motor vehicle that minimizes cost and complexity, improves simplicity, and provides increased redundancy and robustness. The prediction involves analyzing vehicle and tire characteristics in terms of longitudinal and lateral slip, and calculating tire force behavior in both linear and nonlinear regions at incremental time steps.

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Accurately estimating tire vertical force and cornering force in real-time using strain analysis inside the tire. The method involves extracting features from the circumferential strain signal of the tire inner liner to characterize ground contact angle and length. By inputting these features into a support vector regression model, it estimates vertical force. Then, combining the cornering force features with the vertical force estimate allows accurate estimation of both forces during cornering. The method provides an alternative to indirect tire force estimation using sensors that is more accurate and applicable to various tire conditions.

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A method to predict the fatigue life of non-pneumatic tires using finite element analysis. The method involves modeling the tire structure and materials, simulating thermal-mechanical coupling during tire deformation, and using extended finite elements to predict crack growth. It accounts for temperature effects and fatigue failure mechanisms. The simulation steps include: 1) thermal analysis to determine high temperature areas, 2) meshing and crack initiation in those regions, 3) transferring temperature from the thermal analysis, 4) using extended FEM to calculate crack growth rate, and 5) predicting fatigue life based on crack propagation.

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Estimating the vertical force of heavy-duty tires using circumferential strain analysis, which involves installing strain sensors in the tire tread center to measure deformation as the tire rolls. A support vector machine model is trained using finite element simulation data to predict tire vertical force based on the measured strain. The strain features, like ground contact angle and length, are identified as indicators of force. This provides a more direct and accurate way to estimate tire force compared to using acceleration or tire models, as it avoids issues like noise sensitivity and simplified tire dynamics.

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Indirectly measuring tire component stiffness like carcass and tread stiffness by analyzing tire force-displacement data from static loading tests. The method involves calculating stiffness values for tire components like tread and carcass separately instead of just overall tire stiffness. It accounts for road friction and zero point offsets to accurately obtain component stiffness from test data. The method involves defining stiffness as the ratio of force increment to displacement increment at specific points rather than just approximating from segments.

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A method to characterize tire wear resistance using dynamic properties of the tire compound. The method involves measuring the temperature at which the tan delta (loss tangent) peaks in dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) for the tire compound. The higher the temperature of the tan delta peak, the better the tire wear resistance. This provides a simple and faster way to evaluate tire wear compared to traditional wear testing methods like Lambourn abrasion.

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A method to create a finite element tire model that can accurately simulate tire dynamics for complete vehicle simulations. The method involves modeling the tire using fewer units and iteratively calibrating the material properties to match real tire rigidity. This reduces the computational resources needed compared to traditional finite element tire models. The iterative calibration involves setting the sidewall material as a variable and optimizing the rigidity in each direction. By calibrating the tire rigidity, the model's performance in each direction matches within 5-15% of actual tire rigidity.

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Simulation method to analyze tire failure points for tire design optimization. The method involves using finite element analysis (FEA) to simulate tire deformation and stress under different loading conditions. It specifically focuses on identifying potential failure points based on localized regions with high stress or strain concentrations. By analyzing these areas, designers can identify design features that may contribute to tire failures and make improvements to prevent them. The simulation allows analysis of complex tire materials and geometries without the need for physical testing, reducing cost and time.

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A method for quickly calculating the influence of rubber material modulus on tire rolling resistance. The method combines simulation and theory to calculate the effect of modulus on rolling resistance. It allows faster determination of optimal material modulus for tire components compared to repeated simulation or experimental testing. The method involves calculating a rolling resistance coefficient for each component using a theoretical model. Then, using simulation, calculating rolling resistance for a baseline tire with known modulus values. Substituting the component rolling resistance coefficients into the theoretical model, adjusting modulus values for each component, and recalculating rolling resistance using simulation to find the optimal modulus combination.

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Method to analyze the degree of influence of rubber modulus on tire rolling resistance, by refining and decomposing the deformation index. The method involves calculating a modified deformation index for each tire component by considering both strain and stress control. This provides a clear indication of how to adjust the rubber modulus of each tire part to reduce rolling resistance. The refined deformation index takes into account mixed deformation states where strain and stress control are both present. It helps tire designers make informed decisions about rubber compound choices for optimal rolling resistance.

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Simple pre-testing method to evaluate the explosion-proof performance of carcass materials in tires without needing to make and test entire tires. The method involves subjecting tire carcass samples to dynamic impact testing using falling balls, followed by tear testing to measure residual tear strength. The residual tear strength and microstructure after impact are used as indicators of explosion-proof performance. This provides a quick and easy way to assess carcass material resistance to repetitive impact forces, which is important for run-flat tire carcasses.

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Modeling the two-dimensional stiffness of the sidewall of a heavy-duty tire with a large aspect ratio and analyzing the deformation characteristics of the tire. The method involves establishing a low-frequency dynamic model of the flexible ring tire based on an analytical elastic foundation, and deriving the radial and tangential two-dimensional sidewall stiffness. The model considers the coupling between radial and tangential deformation of the carcass ring, accurately characterizes tire deformation, and solves ground contact issues by introducing grounding springs.

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Refined analysis method, equipment and program for determining the contribution of tire deformation modes to rolling resistance. It involves analyzing the rolling resistance of a tire and breaking it down into specific deformation modes like stretching or shearing. This allows identifying which parts of the tire have high rolling resistance due to specific deformation types. It provides guidance for material testing and design by focusing on optimizing rolling resistance for specific deformation modes in different tire regions.

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Method, device, and computer program for calculating the proportion of tread bending energy and compression energy to analyze the rolling resistance of tires. The method involves calculating the strain energy Wc from compressive deformation of the tread and the strain energy Wb from bending deformation. The ratio of Wb/Wc indicates the contribution of bending versus compression deformation to tire rolling resistance. This detailed analysis of tread deformation energy enables optimization of tire structure to reduce rolling resistance.

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Tire modal simulation method, equipment, and program for accurately predicting tire vibration frequencies. The method involves calculating the equivalent density of rubber materials in a tire model instead of using the density of the raw material or vulcanized sample. This improves the accuracy of tire modal frequency analysis by accounting for the density change in rubber compounds during vulcanization.

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Accurately creating a tire model and simulating tire behavior by considering the tension in the band ply reinforcing cords. The method involves defining the tension in the tire circumferential direction for each region of the band ply model based on parameters like winding tension, expansion factors, and thermal coefficients. This allows accurately modeling the non-uniform tension from the reinforcing cords in the band ply. By considering the actual tension received during manufacturing, the tire model more closely reflects the true tire shape.

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A method for predicting the dynamic behavior of non-pneumatic tires during impacts to simulate and analyze the transient impact characteristics of non-pneumatic tires. The method uses computer modeling and finite element analysis instead of physical testing to accurately predict the forces, deformations, and pressures experienced by non-pneumatic tires when they encounter obstacles. It involves creating 3D models of the tire components, defining their material properties, and simulating the impact using explicit dynamics software to analyze the tire's response. This allows optimizing non-pneumatic tire designs, expanding testing, and saving time and costs compared to physical testing.

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Efficiently selecting shape factors for optimizing tire performance by analyzing the influence of displacement vectors on target characteristics. The method involves creating a tire model composed of elements that can be analyzed numerically. Displacement vectors are set at each node to deform the model. Deformed models are analyzed to evaluate the influence of each vector on target characteristics. Vectors are selected based on influence. This allows efficiently finding shape factors that impact desired tire properties.

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A method for modeling the dynamics of heavy-duty tires with large aspect ratios to accurately simulate their performance in heavy load applications. The method involves using analytical modeling of the sidewall stiffness to capture the tire's behavior under large deformations that traditional models can't accurately represent. The sidewall is modeled as a curved beam with nonlinear analytical stiffness that accounts for the changes in stiffness as the sidewall deforms. This allows characterizing the tire's dynamic response to heavy loads and off-road terrain more accurately compared to simplified models.

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A method to calculate the force and local strain stress of a tire rolling over sharp objects like nails. The method involves using rubber stress-strain curves to determine the force and local strain when a tire contacts sharp objects. The rubber stress-strain curves are obtained by testing the rubber and aramid fiber materials used in tire construction. This allows calculating the force and strain when the tire deforms around a sharp object, providing insights into tire performance and durability under extreme conditions like rolling over nails.

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Method for analyzing tire deformation by reducing calculation load and accurately evaluating specific deformation modes. The method involves creating a tire finite element model (FEM), applying internal pressure while restraining the bead, extracting specific members like belts, performing eigenvalue analysis on the extracted members to calculate mode rigidity and vectors, and comparing the extracted mode vectors to a reference for accuracy. This reduces calculation compared to analyzing the whole tire and accurately identifies specific deformation modes.

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A method to predict tire rolling resistance using finite element analysis to reduce the cost and time compared to traditional rolling resistance testing. The method involves creating a virtual 3D tire model, analyzing tire deformation on a flat surface with just load and air pressure, converting strain to energy loss and heat generation, and calculating internal tire temperatures.

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Method for accurately simulating and evaluating pneumatic tire rib tiers to predict and mitigate the phenomenon of tread peeling or damage when turning or riding over curbs. The simulation involves dividing the tire into finite elements and contacting it with a curb edge at an angle. As the tire rotates, the curb angle decreases until contact is lost. This simulates the deformation and strain distribution of the tire against curbs. By calculating strains in the main grooves as they contact, the method accurately predicts rib tier resistance.

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Simulating the aging process of a pneumatic tire to accurately calculate the shape and tire characteristics after time. The simulation involves two steps: filling the tire with internal pressure and calculating the shape based on elastic deformation, followed by relaxing the stress in certain elements over time and recalculating the shape. This allows capturing both elastic and plastic deformation that occurs during tire aging.

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Simulating tire longitudinal and lateral stiffness more accurately by considering elastic slip between the tire and road. The method involves determining the maximum elastic slip amount from initial analysis results, then modifying the tire simulation model to introduce that slip amount into tangential contact. This improved simulation more realistically accounts for slip behavior during longitudinal and lateral loading.

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Method to determine the vertical stiffness damping parameters of large construction machinery tires using pulse testing. The method involves creating a 3D finite element model of the tire-pavement contact, simulating pulsed dynamic loading conditions, and using neural networks to identify the tire material parameters based on acceleration responses. This allows obtaining vertical stiffness damping characteristics of large construction tires that are difficult to test due to size limitations. The neural network is trained using simulations to identify tire parameters from acceleration responses.

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Optimizing tire design for construction machinery to improve performance and durability by considering dynamic loading and vibrations during operation. The method involves using dynamic tire simulation to accurately analyze and optimize tire design based on real-world working conditions rather than just static load analysis. This involves modeling the tire's behavior under dynamic loads and vibrations during machine operation to ensure tire performance meets requirements in actual use. The simulation takes into account factors like dynamic load distribution, tire deformation, and contact patch shape as the machine moves.

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Method of modeling tire performance for designing tires using a combination of physical testing and computer simulations. The method involves measuring forces and moments on a tire at various angles and loads during rotation, fitting curves to the data, and using the curves to evaluate and refine tire designs. It allows accurate modeling of tire behavior at low speeds and inclination angles that are difficult to measure physically. The method also involves creating reference curves for forces and moments, which can be adjusted and stored for future use in tire design iterations.

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Calculating the safety factor of steel radial tires using finite element analysis and tire material models. The method involves dividing the tire carcass into elements, analyzing the stress and strain distributions, and calculating the safety factor for each element. The overall safety factor is then found by taking the minimum of the element factors. This provides a more accurate and realistic calculation compared to traditional methods.

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Method to improve simulation accuracy of pneumatic tires by generating a finite element model that better approximates the actual tire shape during use. The method involves defining residual stresses in the tire model's band ply region to account for the shrinkage that occurs during vulcanization. By approximating the residual stress levels in the band, the tire model's shape more closely matches the tire's true shape when inflated and loaded.

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Method to accurately simulate tire behavior for vehicle dynamics modeling by fusing tire structure properties determined on a test bench with friction data from another test bench. The method involves separately measuring tire structure sizes and friction values using specialized test stands, then combining them in a tire model to capture realistic tire behavior. This allows more accurate simulation of tire performance versus traditional models that only use structure sizes. The separate testing allows isolating the impact of friction and structure, which are assumed to only weakly affect each other. The method also enables studying tire behavior under different conditions by testing on ramps with varying slip angles and camber.

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Method to evaluate tire over Hom (cleat) axial force attenuation characteristics for improving ride comfort and durability. The method involves analyzing the response of the excitation threshold crossings on the rear axle as the tires roll over obstacles. By measuring the tire force response to cleats, it provides insight into tire vibration damping properties. This helps optimize tire design for better ride comfort and durability when encountering obstacles.

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A tire performance evaluation method, device, and program that enables more detailed analysis of tire performance and feedback to tire design by calculating the burden ratio of physical quantities for each small part of a tire. The method involves obtaining contact pressure and shear stress distributions for the entire contact patch, then calculating the burden ratio of physical quantities like normal force, shear force, and friction for each fine area of the tire like the center rib and shoulder rib. This provides more granular insights into the behavior of different tire parts and the loadings they experience.

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Simulating and evaluating rolling resistance performance of tires using finite element analysis (FEA) in a more efficient and accurate way compared to full 3D tire simulations. The method involves calculating the peripheral compression rigidity of the tire tread by analyzing the load change rate at a specific compression level. This simplified analysis step focuses on the tire's circumferential deformation, which is a key factor in rolling resistance. By calculating the rigidity in this specific range, it provides a reliable estimate of the tire's rolling resistance without needing a full 3D tire simulation.

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A simulation method and manufacturing process for tires that enables optimizing tire performance like vibration and rolling resistance. The method involves using computer simulations to analyze tire vibration and deformation. It calculates vibration energy loss and deformation energy loss for each tire element. By comparing the ratios of these energies, elements with high vibration/low deformation are identified for damping modification, while elements with low vibration/high deformation are targeted for thickness reduction. This allows improving vibration without hurting rolling resistance, or vice versa.

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Simulating tire durability using computer modeling to evaluate cord material fatigue in tires. The simulation involves deforming a finite element model of the tire under simulated loading conditions without initial strain. This balances the initial tensile stress applied during deformation with the actual stress on the cord material. The simulation predicts cord damage locations based on the strain accumulation.

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Accurately reproducing the shape of a pneumatic tire in a computer model to improve tire performance analysis. The method involves creating a tire model based on the mold cross-section, defining material properties, and then adjusting cord angles and lengths to account for ply expansion during vulcanization and internal pressure filling. This replicates the actual ply shape changes that occur during tire manufacturing and inflation.

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Tire simulation method to accurately evaluate tire durability using a computer. The simulation involves calculating tire contact with ground conditions, then analyzing strain amplitudes and Mises stresses in elements of the tire model. Durability is evaluated based on both strain (deformation) and stress (heat generation) indices. By considering both deformation and heat in elements, the simulation provides more accurate tire durability evaluation compared to just strain analysis.

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