High Load-Bearing Tire Construction

Tire design to prevent tread peeling while minimizing rolling resistance, particularly for heavy electric vehicles. The tire has a tread with a base layer covered by a harder cap layer. The cap layer thickness ratio in the crown land is 1.5-3.5, the middle land is equal or greater than crown land, and the shoulder land is higher. This prevents tread peeling at high loads. The cap layer ends coincide with belt ends or are inside. This prevents peeling when the tread wears.

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Solid tires are a significant engineering innovation used in variety of applications. In industrial settings, they found on large tractors, trucks, heavy loading equipment, and smaller machinery like forklifts, bike tires, lawnmowers, casters. Numerous studies have simulated the behaviour solid under both static dynamic conditions. The goal this study is to develop numerical approach understand how changes layer thickness bead wire percentage affect performance tires. study, rubber components were modelled using hyper-elastic material model. most suitable model was identified ABAQUS by utilizing experimental data curve-fitting approach. Yeoh exhibited lowest statistical errors, as measured Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Signed Difference (MSD), Deviation (MAD). model, developed best-fitting validated against obtained. Next, parametric conducted with two case studies: altering properties different layers varying wires. first which involved layers, base tread cushion (CCC) significantly increases displacements, achieving 66 % increment vertical displacement 73 horizontal displa... Read More

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Wheel assembly for heavy machinery like mining vehicles that uses gas springs between the inner and outer rims instead of air-filled tires. The gas springs provide suspension and allow relative movement between the rims. The outer rim has a closeable gap with the inner rim to prevent excessive movement. This prevents deformation and blowouts compared to pneumatic tires. The outer rim also has stops to limit lateral movement. The wheel can be made with interchangeable tread assemblies. The gas springs can have controllable operating responses. The wheel assembly can be used in rotating drum applications like mining machines.

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ABSTRACT As the global transportation industry evolves, there is a rapid surge in market demand for engineering tires. Nevertheless, working environment becoming increasingly complex and challenging, tires are now subject to more stringent performance requirements, including reduced rolling resistance, decreased heat generation, enhanced wear cut resistance. In this work, type of Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG)/natural rubber (NR)/styrenebutadiene (SBR) nanocomposite was effectively prepared with silica as nanofiller. Subsequently, epoxidized natural (ENR) introduced into EUG/NR/SBR nanocomposites address issue agglomeration within enhance comprehensive nanocomposites. The relationship between ENR content further investigated. results demonstrate that reduces surface activity via hydrogen bond effect grafting reaction, thus enhancing dispersion. Moreover, at an 9 phr, dynamic temperature rise 25.2C volume abrasion 0.135 cm 3 1.61 km 1 , representing 12.2% reduction 21.1% decrease compared without ENR. This work develops innovative approach dispersion fillers EUGbased multifu... Read More

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Rubber composition for heavy-load tires with improved wear resistance and low rolling resistance. The composition contains a solution-polymerized aromatic vinyl-conjugated diene copolymer with specific vinyl bond content and functional group, and carbon black. The copolymer has 0.5-25% aromatic vinyl units and 0-50% vinyl bond content in the conjugated diene units. This copolymer interacts better with carbon black, providing lower heat buildup, better wear resistance, and tear resistance.

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A pneumatic tire design that balances shock burst resistance and high-speed durability. The tire has a tread with center and shoulder regions. The center region has a center cover layer between the tread and carcass. The center region thickness is less than the shoulder region thickness. This reduces center tread height compared to the shoulders. It prevents excessive loading and pressure differences in the center during high-speed driving that can degrade durability. The center cover layer provides shock burst resistance without excessive center tread height.

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Wheel assembly for heavy machinery like mining vehicles that uses gas springs instead of air-filled tires. The wheel has an inner rim connected to the hub, an outer rim around it, and gas springs between them. This allows relative movement between the rims. The outer rim has treads attached. The gas springs provide suspension and cushioning instead of air pressure. The inner rim has a closeable gap with the outer rim to limit movement. The gas springs can be individually controlled for custom suspension. This reduces deformation, punctures, and blowouts compared to pneumatic tires.

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Abstract The spoke as a key component has significant impact on the performance of non-pneumatic tire (NPT). current research focused adjusting structures to improve single NPT. Few studies have been conducted synergistically multi-performance by optimizing structure. Inspired concept functionally gradient structures, this paper introduces honeycomb NPT and its optimization method. Firstly, completes parameterization structure establishes numerical models NPTs with seven different gradients. Subsequently, accuracy is verified using experimental methods. Then, static dynamic characteristics these are thoroughly examined finite element findings highlight that NPT-3 superior performance. Building upon this, study investigates effects parameters, such thickness length, load-carrying capacity, stress mass. Finally, multi-objective method proposed uses response surface model (RSM) Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm - II (NSGA-II) further optimize functional NPTs. optimized NPT-OP shows 23.48% reduction in radial stiffness, 8.95% maximum 16.86% mass compared initial NPT-1. damping also ... Read More

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Pneumatic tire design to reduce uneven wear in center ribs and maintain grip in high-load vehicles. The tire has a unique tread pattern with specific rib width ratios and intermediate sipe overlap. The center rib width is at least 104% of the intermediate rib width. Adjacent intermediate sipe overlap sections are at least 30% of the intermediate rib width. This configuration allows the center rib to handle heavy loads without excessive wear while preventing uneven wear in the center compared to wider center ribs. The overlap sipes also help maintain grip in wet conditions.

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A tire design for heavy electric vehicles that reduces weight without compromising durability. The tire has specific dimensions and construction to meet high load capacity requirements while minimizing weight. The key features are: 1. Composed of a single carcass ply with low turn-up structure for weight reduction. 2. Belt width to tire width ratio in a specific range to allow thin sidewall layers in the bead region. 3. Bead apex heights less than 17% of tire height to prevent excessive sidewall deformation. 4. Average sidewall thickness in a 20-30mm zone from bead base is calculated based on tire width, belt width, and aspect ratio. This allows a thin sidewall in the critical load carrying region without compromising stiffness.

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Building tires for vehicle wheels with improved properties by using a specialized process and apparatus. The process involves spiraling a continuous elongated element made of an elastomeric material to form the sidewalls and tread of the tire. Instead of inserting additional elastomeric materials to provide specific properties, the process allows adding multiple materials directly into the elongated element during spiraling. This allows controlled distribution of the additional materials throughout the sidewall and tread components. This prevents deformation and displacement issues during molding that can compromise the added properties.

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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between static stiffness of non-pneumatic tires (NPTs) and design parameters composites spokes shear bands using finite element (FE) method. The stressstrain curve rubber material was fitted neo-Hookean constitutive model. Subsequently, key parameters, including reinforcement plate thickness spoke band materials, were selected based on NPT structure. FE simulations performed multiple sets different parameter schemes for NPTs, polynomial models vertical, lateral, longitudinal stiffnesses established response surface analysis. sensitivity analysis results indicated that significantly influenced three-dimensional stiffness, whereas materials had a relatively minor impact. Finally, multi-objective optimization employed determine scheme with maximum while ensuring vertical load-bearing capacity. Under premise capacity, increased by 39.1% 32.9% in forward backward directions, respectively. method can be used predict NPTs under or optimize setting desired target facilitating rapid NPTs.

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A heavy duty pneumatic tire with improved uniformity of ground contact pressure. The tire has a belt structure with three layers of belts between the carcass and tread. Each belt has multiple cords covered by a topping rubber. This three-belt construction provides better distribution of ground contact pressure compared to a two-belt tire. The additional belt layer helps prevent uneven wear and improves tire life in heavy load applications where ground contact pressure can vary significantly.

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A radial tire for heavy-duty vehicles like dump trucks that improves load capacity and reduces pressure requirements compared to standard tires. The tire has a unique carcass reinforcement structure with two layers, one inside the other, instead of the usual single layer. The inner layer wraps around the bead wires and extends from bead to bead. The outer layer is outside the inner layer in the crown region. The distance between the layers is controlled to balance bending stresses. The inner layer has smaller diameter steel cords compared to standard tires for flexibility. This allows higher load or lower pressure compared to single layer tires.

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Polydiene rubbers with improved properties for tire applications, made by polymerizing diene monomers with functionalized comonomers containing alkoxy silyl groups. The functionalized comonomers have repeating units derived from the functionalizing comonomer. The functionalized rubber polymers have better interactions with fillers and improved tire properties compared to non-functionalized diene polymers.

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Rubber composition for pneumatic tires with improved durability without sacrificing elongation. The composition contains a diene-based rubber, carbon black, and phosphoric acid-modified cellulose nanofiber. Adding the modified cellulose nanofiber to the rubber composition enhances rubber strength without reducing elongation compared to using just carbon black. This provides better tire durability without compromising tire flexibility.

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Rubber composition for pneumatic tires that improves durability without sacrificing elongation. The composition contains a diene-based rubber, modified diene-based rubber, carbon black, and phosphoric acid-modified cellulose nanofiber. The modified diene-based rubber improves rubber strength, while the nanofiber further enhances strength. The composition allows reducing filler like silica to improve elongation. The composition can be used in vulcanized rubber parts of tires.

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A tire assembly using shape memory alloys (SMAs) combined with polymers to create structures with combined properties of elasticity and strength. The tire assembly replaces the inner tube in a pneumatic tire with a toroidal SMA structure encapsulated in polymer. The SMA structure absorbs load like a spring and prevents punctures. The polymer encloses and bonds the SMA to the tread.

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Ply bulge failure in Truck and Bus Radial (TBR) tyres, predominantly observed the shoulder region, is a critical issue impacting tyre performance safety. This study investigates root cause of such failures through comprehensive analysis 13 field-return tyres varying patterns sizes. A multi-step methodology, including visual inspection, X-ray analysis, shearography, microscopy, FTIR, adhesion testing, was employed to characterize mechanism. Visual inspection used identify external factors as punctures, overloading, or bead damage, while confirmed absence structural defects, cord spacing irregularities belt offset, indicating that intrinsic material interactions were primary drivers failure. Shearography pinpointed incipient separation areas, which further examined microscopically. Microscopic revealed debonding mode at carcass ply-rubber interface crack initiation mode, followed by propagation along surfaces then transferring adjacent cords. To distinguish between rubber degradation adhesive layer aging, forensic combining FTIR 90 peel test (adhesion test) conducted. compounds ... Read More

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Tire design with multiple body plies and stabilizer ply inserts to improve durability and reduce weight compared to conventional tire construction. The tire has three body plies wrapping around the beads with decreasing widths. The innermost ply has the widest turn-up, the middle ply has a narrower turn-up inside the wider one, and the outermost ply has a wider turn-up inside the narrower one. Stabilizer inserts are placed between the body plies and beads to prevent overlaps. This configuration provides stability and prevents ply overlap without needing excessively wide outer plies. The inserts also reduce weight compared to overlapping plies.

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