Active Cooling Techniques for EV Battery Protection

Power storage device with improved cooling efficiency for stacked batteries. It has a power storage module with cells sandwiched between a thermally conductive layer and a cooler above. The cooler has flow paths extending into each cell. The connecting portions between the paths bend easier than the paths. This allows following cell height variations without thickening the conductive layer. It also has options like insulation under bends and bidirectional flow paths for uniform cooling.

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A cooling control system for electric vehicles that predicts cooling needs and overcools components to prevent overheating during operation. The system monitors vehicle characteristics like future power demands, thermal data, and navigation info to anticipate component heat levels. It generates a cooling command based on these predictions to proactively lower component temperatures. This allows the vehicle to maintain optimal operating ranges by overcooling components before they reach critical temperatures.

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A compact, integrated thermal management system for vehicles that reduces weight, complexity, and packaging compared to conventional systems. The system uses a component housing unit that attaches to the expansion tank. The unit has separate flow channels for connecting components like batteries and pumps to the thermal loops. This allows integrating the components directly into the loops instead of having separate external loops. The housing also has a valve to select parallel or series loop flow. The expansion tank connects to both loops through the housing. This integrated design simplifies the system with fewer components, reduces weight, and allows compact packaging.

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Fluid collector for battery thermal management that improves heat exchange uniformity and reduces thermal runaway risk. The collector has a housing with a fluid chamber connected to the battery's heat exchange channels. It also has a separation portion inside the chamber that divides it into concave cavities. Each cavity communicates with at least one channel. This series connection improves heat exchange uniformity compared to parallel channels.

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Thermal management system for electric vehicles that can efficiently cool high-power batteries and motors to enable fast charging and high performance. The system has separate loops for battery and motor cooling. The motor loop can bypass the condenser for higher flow rate cooling when needed. This allows satisfying cooling requirements for high-power motors under fast charging conditions. A switch element can open/close the bypass to balance cooling between loops.

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Integrated thermal management system for electric vehicles that uses a heat pump unit and a thermal management unit to efficiently regulate the temperatures of the battery pack, electrical components, and cabin air conditioning. The system uses a refrigerant-cooled water heat exchanger to transfer heat between the refrigerant and water. This allows the water to be selectively routed to the battery pack, components, and air conditioner based on driving conditions. The system has valves to adjust refrigerant and water flow patterns for optimal thermal management modes.

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Battery pack design for electric vehicles with improved thermal management and safety. The pack uses a double-layer configuration with two battery modules stacked together. Cooling plates are attached to the top of each module. This allows effective liquid cooling of both modules during operation. The pack also has relief cavities connected to explosion valves and pressure relief channels to prevent gas leakage if cells overheat. The relief cavities isolate pressure buildup to avoid affecting other components.

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A thermal management system for electric and hybrid vehicles that efficiently controls temperatures of vehicle components like the battery, powertrain, and cabin while reducing packaging size and cost compared to separate systems. The system uses a flexible thermal unit (FTU) that integrates components for controlling coolant and refrigerant flow between systems like the battery, drivetrain, and cabin air. This allows thermal management of multiple subsystems from a single device, reducing packaging requirements and costs while increasing function and performance.

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Battery cooling system for electric vehicles that improves cooling performance without increasing occupant discomfort from fan noise. The system adaptively adjusts fan speed based on window state. When windows are closed, it uses lower fan speeds for lower battery temperatures to avoid excess noise. When windows are open, it allows higher fan speeds for lower temps to compensate for external airflow. This prevents overcooling with closed windows and allows sufficient cooling with open windows without excess fan noise.

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Battery-integrated heat pump system that reduces efficiency losses and keeps batteries at optimal temperatures. The system uses a direct current (DC) power source like solar panels and batteries. Instead of converting DC to AC then back to DC, the compressor and fan speeds are directly controlled by a variable speed drive that receives DC power. The fan moves air across the battery surface to regulate temperature. This avoids the efficiency loss from multiple conversions. The battery is located in the airflow path to maintain optimal temperature.

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A novel architectural design is proposed to mitigate uneven thermal distribution, peak temperature, and heat spot generation, which are common issues that observed in conventional battery packs. This approach features a multi-terminal configuration, incorporating modified pack structure along with switching algorithm identifies the optimal terminal for current flow load. In design, first second terminals placed at fourth series string while divided into four regions, each corresponding one string. Additionally, points represent zones level. Experiments were conducted evaluate performance of dual-terminal mechanism three configurations1S, 2S, 3S. The 1S setup outperformed single-terminal achieving 6.23% improvement reducing zone temperature difference (Pz). 2S configuration demonstrated an 11.11% improvement, 3S achieved region (Pr) >50%, without cooling system. Finally, forced air effectively lowers it insufficient addressing distribution formation. However, integrating enables effective control management all critical parameterspeak generation.

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The enhancement of phase change materials (PCMs) through the incorporation nano-additives presents a promising approach to overcome intrinsic limitations in thermal conductivity and energy storage capacity, thereby advancing management technologies. This chapter provides comprehensive analysis thermophysical chemical properties various nanoparticles their synergistic interactions within PCM matrices. Emphasis is placed on role nanoparticle morphology, size distribution, surface functionalization optimizing heat transfer efficiency transition dynamics. critical evaluation dispersion stability long-term performance under cyclic conditions discussed. Environmental safety considerations, alongside evolving regulatory frameworks, are examined address sustainable integration nano-enhanced PCMs into practical applications. also highlights emerging algorithmic pedagogical strategies monitor, manage, mitigate potential ecological occupational risks. By bridging material science, environmental stewardship, policy development, this work establishes holistic foundation for future design deployme... Read More

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Efficient thermal management of lithium-ion batteries is crucial for electric vehicle safety and performance. This study investigates immersion cooling in serpentine channels 18650 batteries, aiming to identify key factors affecting maximum battery temperature (Tmax) pump power (Pw). A Box-Behnken experimental design implemented with Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations analyze responses Tmax Pw. Five variables are defined: partition length (Lp), charging/discharging rate (Crate), coolant volumetric flow (V), inlet (Tin) ambient (Tamb). Statistical significance evaluated via Analysis Variance. The results show that: Tin dominated Tmax, followed by Crate, V, Lp. Significant interactions (VTin VTamb) observed. For Pw, V V extreme significance, while Lp effects were minor. Interaction LpV was significant but secondary. After optimization minimize Tave the optimal values Lp, Tin, Tamb determined be 89.5 mm, 1.08 C, 0.51 LPM, 20 C, 25.62C respectively. corresponding optimized are: = 22.87C, 21.67C, Pw 0.279 mW. Optimal requires prioritizing control suppression regulati... Read More

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Abstract Large prismatic cells are increasingly being used as the primary power source in transportation applications. Effective online thermal management of these is crucial for ensuring safety and maximizing performance. However, significant discrepancies between surface internal temperatures make it difficult to detect anomalies promptly, which hinders effective increases risk irreversible hazards. This paper introduces an innovative technology Liion batteries. By exploiting temperature sensitivity ultrasound velocity applying tomographic reconstruction based on surrounding measurements, enables detailed crosssectional imaging. allows nondestructive, realtime visualization temperatures. Furthermore, with its compact design costeffectiveness, this suitable insitu deployment, offering a precise feedback mechanism management. Demonstrations conducted during continuous discharging scenarios have shown that system can identify hightemperature regions near tabs remain undetected by thermocouples. advancement has potential significantly reduce fires or explosions whi... Read More

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This study presents an experimental investigation of a novel hybrid battery thermal management system (BTMS) that integrates solenoid-actuated Peltier-based heat sink with CuO/ethylene glycol (EG) nanofluid coolant loop. The delivers on-demand cooling through time-controlled thermoelectric operation, enhancing temperature regulation during surges. Experiments were conducted CuO nanoparticle concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2.0% (vol.) and flow rates 1 5 LPM, at inlet 50C ambient 26C. Performance metrics such as drop, transfer rate, overall coefficient analyzed. Results showed maximum enhancement 40.63% (tube-side) 38.64% (air-side) CuO. Compared conventional liquid system, the setup demonstrated 7.01% higher rate improved variation control (up 28.53%). Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis demonstrates 25%30% reduction in long-term costs 36% life extension, supporting systems economic viability. scalable, energy-efficient BTMS offers promising solution for advanced electric vehicles requiring high-precision control.

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Battery cooling system for electric vehicles that prevents delays in cooling the battery pack when switching from cold to hot environments. The system uses a thermosiphon cooling circuit with condensers and coolers. If circulation stops due to liquid filling the circuit, it enters a vapor phase temperature rise control mode. This raises the condenser temperature to lower the liquid level, allowing circulation to restart sooner than waiting for natural evaporation. It also uses higher target refrigerant temperatures during circulation restart to further lower liquid levels. This prevents the condenser and coolers from fully filling with liquid when switching environments.

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Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have proven to be a practical option for lowering greenhouse gas emissions and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Lithium-ion batteries, at the core of this innovation, require efficient thermal management ensure optimal performance, safety, durability. This article reviews current scientific studies controlling temperature lithium-ion batteries used in vehicles. Several cooling strategies are discussed, including air cooling, liquid use phase change materials (PCMs), hybrids that combine these three types with primary objective enhancing performance batteries. Additionally, challenges proposed solutions battery pack design energy methodologies explored. As demand increases, improving systems (BTMSs) is becoming increasingly important. Implementing developing better BTMSs will help increase autonomy safety long term.

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A thermal management system for electrified vehicles that efficiently manages heating and cooling of the battery and cabin using a combination of a glycol system and a refrigeration system. The system has valves to connect and isolate loops for the battery, power electronics, radiator, and cabin heating. By separating components of similar operating temperatures and allowing heat transfer between them, it reduces energy consumption and hardware compared to a single system. The glycol system actively heats the cabin, while the refrigerant system actively chills the battery and power electronics. Valve configurations allow optimization under different vehicle conditions.

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Battery module design for electric vehicles that improves cooling efficiency, reduces weight, and simplifies assembly compared to conventional battery packs. The module uses a horizontal cooling plate below and thermally conductive adhesive to bond pouch-type secondary batteries. This direct contact cooling provides better heat transfer than stacked cartridges. The adhesive secures the batteries without fasteners or cartridges. The design reduces module size and weight by eliminating cartridges and fasteners. It also allows closer battery spacing for improved cooling. The adhesive bonding ensures stable battery positioning without cartridge movement issues.

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Thermal regulation device for electronic components like batteries that overheat during charging or operation. The device has a housing with a condensation wall that promotes condensation of a dielectric fluid sprayed onto the component. The condensation wall has relief features to increase surface area for condensation and microscopic channels to aid liquid evacuation. This allows efficient cooling as the dielectric fluid vaporizes on the hot component and condenses back on the wall.

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Thermal runaway remains a critical safety challenge for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) used in electric vehicles (EVs), with varying characteristics across different chemistries. This study presents comparative analysis of thermal predictions five widely LiB chemistries: Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC), Aluminum (NCA), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), Oxide (LMO), and Titanate (LTO). A hybrid methodology combining controlled experimental abuse tests advanced physics-based machine learning models was employed to predict onset temperatures propagation behavior. Results reveal significant differences stability prediction accuracy among chemistries, LFP LTO exhibiting higher more reliable model predictions, whereas NMC NCA showed earlier rapid temperature escalation. These findings have direct implications battery management system (BMS) design protocols EVs, emphasizing chemistry-specific thresholds response strategies.

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Abstract Lithiumion batteries play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions and promoting the use of electric vehicles. There are numerous input variables influencing thermal profile lithiumion batteries. Therefore, precise assessment relative contributions various factors is essential for optimizing management control processes. In this study, we tested battery pack composed five 14.6 Ah prismatic cells connected series under different discharge rates (2C, 3C, 4C, 5C), ambient temperatures (30, 35, 40, 45C), convective heat transfer coefficients (5, 10, 20, 40 ). Results showed that temperature with contribution 58.01% had strong influence on maximum temperature. Furthermore, influences Crate coefficient were identical. Moreover, it was found homogeneousness very sensitive to Crate, contributing 71.07% increase difference. To ensure uniformity at same time, moderate temperatures, low Crates, high can be preferred. Consequently, statistically obtained results study may contribute towards performance optimization improved safety packs.

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Integrated thermal management system for electric vehicles like purpose-built vehicles (PBVs) that can efficiently heat and cool the battery, power electronics, and cabin based on exterior temperature. The system uses a shared coolant loop with multiple circuits. The circuits branch from a reservoir, circulate through heat exchangers and radiators, and converge back. Compressor, pumps, valves, and accumulator are used. Modes are selected to optimize energy consumption and reach temperature goals.

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Heat pump system for battery electric vehicles that provides efficient heating and cooling for the cabin and battery. The system uses a heat pump with parallel cooling and heating loops. The main refrigerant loop cools the cabin using an external heat exchanger. Parallel loops draw heat from the battery and drive train. In cooling mode, the battery and drive train loops are bypassed. In heating mode, the battery and drive train loops are active. This allows efficient heating from ambient air, battery, and drive train sources. The parallel loops reduce pressure drop compared to serially connecting all heat sources.

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Thermal management system for electric vehicle batteries that allows individual cooling or heating of different zones within the battery to optimize performance and lifespan. The system uses multiple distinct circuits, each associated with a cooling zone, with independent flow control valves. A controller ranks the zones by temperature and adjusts the valves to balance cooling and heating based on the hottest and coldest zones. This provides customized cooling/heating to prevent hot spots and improve overall battery temperature management.

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Liquid immersion cooling (LIC) system for battery packs that uses stacked perforated separator plates between cell rows to distribute coolant fluid vertically upward between the cells. The separator plates have interconnected coolant channels with angled grooves on one plate aligned with opposite angled grooves on the other plate. This zigzag channel pattern creates a pressure differential that forces coolant to flow vertically between the cells. The perforated plates with angled channels stacked between cell rows improve LIC cooling by distributing the coolant fluid over and between the cells.

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Valve for lithium-ion battery packs that allows fire-fighting medium to be injected into the pack during thermal runaway to extinguish internal fires. The valve has a closing member that seals an injection port. When pack pressure/temperature exceeds a threshold, the closing member opens the port for medium injection. This allows an external fire suppression system to deliver cooling agent into the pack to quench cell fires. The valve is mounted on the pack enclosure and connected to a fire-fighting device.

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Abstract Efficient thermal management of highpower lithiumion batteries (LiBs) is critical for ensuring safety, longevity, and performance in electric vehicles (EVs). Battery systems (BTMS) play a crucial role regulating temperature, as LiBs are highly sensitive to fluctuations. Excessive heat generation during charging discharging can degrade battery performance, reduce lifespan, pose safety risks. Traditional cooling methods, such air liquid cooling, often require additional power complex components, making them less effective highenergydensity batteries. As result, recent advancements focus on immersion, indirect, hybrid solutions. Among these, phase change material (PCM)based BTMS has emerged promising passive approach. PCMs efficiently absorb store heat, maintaining optimal temperature without external power. Their further enhanced by integrating expanded graphite (EG) fillers, metal foams, or fins, improving dissipation. This review examines progress (20192024) technologies, with particular PCM applications fastcharging conditions. It also discusses under e... Read More

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In response to the global imperative reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel dependency, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a sustainable transportation alternative, primarily utilizing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due their high energy density efficiency. However, LIBs are highly sensitive temperature fluctuations, significantly affecting performance, lifespan, safety. One of most critical threats safe operation is thermal runaway (TR), an uncontrollable exothermic process that can lead catastrophic failure under abusive conditions. Moreover, propagation (TRP) rapidly spread failures across battery cells, intensifying safety threats. To address these challenges, developing advanced management systems (BTMS) essential ensure optimal control suppress TR TRP within LIB modules. This review systematically evaluates cooling strategies, including indirect liquid cooling, water mist immersion phase change material (PCM) hybrid based on latest studies published between 2020 2025. The highlights mechanisms, effectiveness, practical considerations for preventing initiation suppre... Read More

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ABSTRACT Heat generation during fast charging and discharging of lithiumion batteries (LIBs) remains a significant challenge, potentially leading to overheating, reduced performance, or thermal runaway. Traditional battery management systems (BTMS), such as airbased cooling indirect liquid using cold plates, often result in high gradientsboth vertically within cells horizontally across packsespecially under highcurrent discharge rates. To address these issues, this study introduces evaluates steadystate convectionbased esteroil immersion (EOIC) technique for LIBs. Numerical simulations based on the Newman, Tiedemann, Gu Kim model, aligned with multiscale multidimensional principles, were performed both single 18650 cylindrical cell 4S2P pack. Experimental validations conducted 2C 3C rates at 25C ambient temperature. The EOIC system demonstrated temperature reduction up 13C 15C pack compared natural air convection achieved 10C gradient simulation results closely matched experimental data, maximum deviation only 2C, confirming model's reliabi... Read More

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Battery system with improved thermal management to increase efficiency, cell life, and uniformity. The system has a cell holder with a fluid circuit through the cell stack obstructed by the cells. An unobstructed fluid circuit runs alongside the stack. Valves allow controlling fluid flow to the cell stack vs. side channel. This allows separate cooling/heating of the stack vs. side channel. For example, a non-dielectric fluid can circulate around the cells during low load, while a dielectric fluid circulates inside the stack during high load. This provides flexibility in fluid selection and flow distribution for optimal thermal management.

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Thermal management system for electric vehicle battery packs that provides efficient cooling and heating without adding significant weight or cost. The system uses a network of flexible tubes connecting intake and exhaust manifolds with channels tuned for even fluid flow distribution. It allows direct contact cooling/heating of individual battery cells by conforming tubes passing between them. The system connects to a pump and heat exchanger for circulating fluid through the pack. The flexible tubes fill and bleed easily for installation. The manifold design prevents fluid bypassing and ensures full inflation.

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Improving safety and reliability of battery packs by selectively supplying power to the cooling system when a thermal runaway occurs in one module. When a battery module undergoes thermal runaway, the system determines the module and surrounding modules without runaway based on voltage levels. It then powers the chiller using the non-runaway modules to cool the pack. This prevents overheating and gas generation in the runaway module. The vehicle control unit assists by checking the power supply circuit of the backup modules.

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Battery thermal management systems (BTMS) ensure the safety and performance of lithium-ion batteries, which power electric vehicles. However, designing an effective BTMS is challenging due to batteries' complex behaviour sensitivity temperature variations. This review comprehensively explores current vital technologies trends in BTMS, explicitly focusing on analysing various cooling control strategies. To discuss four primary technologies: air cooling, liquid immersion phase change material (PCM) cooling. The advantages disadvantages each technology are compared terms cost-effectiveness, applicability, limitations when dealing with high-energy-density batteries. Furthermore, delves into discussion strategies data prediction methods for emphasizing importance advanced analysis optimising battery safety. Different strategies, such as passive, active, hybrid control, introduced evaluated. Data methods, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, machine learning, also presented discussed. comprehensive provides in-depth understanding while serving a valuable reference future research appli... Read More

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are pivotal in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving sustainable transportation goals. However, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the primary energy source for EVs, face critical thermal management, safety, long-term efficiency challenges. This study proposes an integrated battery management system that combines a waterethylene glycol-based liquid cooling mechanism with high-conductivity copper tubing to enhance LIB performance, longevity, safety. Through COMSOL multiphysics simulations, this examines behavior under varying operational conditions. The results indicate 20% reduction temperature peaks, maintaining optimal range of 15C 35C, thus mitigating risks runaway. Experimental validation using infrared thermography imaging confirms system's efficiency, showing maximum recorded 43.48C load conditions, significantly lower than unmanaged systems. Beyond work integrates advanced strategies, including state-of-charge estimation, predictive fault diagnostics, active optimization, cell balancing. analysis further reveals proposed improves heat diss... Read More

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Abstract With the rapid development of liquid cooled charging technology, thermal management gun electric vehicle has also become an urgent challenge to be solved. In this paper, accurate simulation model is developed by correcting conductivity and heat generation through integration experimental results. Subsequently, experiment designed with current, coolant inlet flow, temperature, ambient temperature as variables, from which a series results are obtained. Utilizing these training set, reduced order for predicting established. The influence multi-layer perceptron model, response surface gaussian process on prediction accuracy then compared. indicate that compared other two models, more significant advantage in fitting nonlinear average error 1.61 C. This study holds importance intelligent devices.

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Battery system with improved cooling and thermal management for preventing thermal runaway propagation. The battery system has cell spacers between the cells, a gap filler layer between the spacers and the cells, and a cooling plate behind the gap filler. The cell spacer fin penetrates the gap filler and contacts the cooling plate to provide a direct heat path. This allows rapid dissipation of cell heat to the cooling plate, preventing runaway spread. The fin penetration is achieved by pressing it into the gap filler.

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To address the issue of over-regulation temperature a liquid-cooled power battery thermal management system under plowing condition electric tractors, which leads to high energy consumption, nonlinear model prediction control (NMPC) algorithm for tractors applicable is proposed. Firstly, control-oriented tractor heat production and transfer were established based on operating conditions Bernardis theory production. Secondly, in order improve accuracy prediction, method future working information moving average Finally, predictive cooling optimization strategy proposed, with objectives quickly achieving regulation reducing compressor consumption. The proposed validated by simulation hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testbed. results show that NMPC can better, holding phase reduces speed variation range 24.6% compared PID, it consumption 23.1% whole phase.

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Battery module with enhanced thermal management through strategically integrated phase change materials (PCMs) that absorb heat generated in critical battery connections. The module features a bus bar with integrated phase change members that distribute heat from connecting areas between the cell tab and bus bar, while a secondary phase change member is positioned on the top surface of the cell. This dual-phase design enables targeted cooling of high-temperature areas, particularly the connecting region between the cell tab and bus bar, while maintaining overall system thermal balance. The phase change materials are designed to absorb and release heat efficiently, preventing thermal runaway and fire hazards.

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Electric vehicle power supply layout to improve cooling and ripple current absorption. The power supply components like inverters are arranged in an alternating pattern of power cards and link capacitors along a main axis. This interleaving improves cooling by creating channels between the components for airflow. It also reduces ripple currents by absorbing them in the link capacitors and isolating them from the power cards.

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A heat exchanger design for cooling batteries in electric vehicles that provides more uniform cooling compared to traditional heat exchangers. The heat exchanger has two main flows, one for cooling the battery and another for circulating refrigerant. The refrigerant flow has multiple paths that branch and reconnect, allowing the refrigerant to move in parallel between the battery and the main flow. This creates a more complex flow path that promotes more uniform heat transfer between the battery and the refrigerant, which helps prevent hot spots and improves cooling efficiency.

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A movable battery system for electric vehicles that enables independent charging, discharging, and thermal management of auxiliary batteries. The system comprises a separate battery pack mounted on the auxiliary vehicle, with its own cooling system and power management components. A thermal management module and power conversion module are integrated into the main vehicle's battery pack, while the auxiliary vehicle's battery has its own cooling system and thermal management components. The system allows the auxiliary vehicle's battery to be charged and discharged independently of the main vehicle's battery, with its own cooling and thermal management systems.

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Battery pack design with improved cooling to prevent overheating and degradation of the battery cells. The pack has a heat pipe adjacent to each cell that absorbs and conducts the cell's heat. A cooling device circulates a fluid through the heat pipe to extract the heat. The heat pipe has a chamber with wick structure and pillars. The chamber is partitioned into multiple sections with different numbers of pillars adjacent to the cell versus the other sections. This allows preferential flow of fluid through the section closest to the hot cell, enhancing heat transfer.

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Cooling system for electric vehicle battery packs that provides enhanced cooling for high performance vehicles with high power density batteries. The cooling system uses cooling jackets that wrap around the battery cells in multiple surfaces to increase the overall cooling area. This allows simultaneous cooling of both the main cell faces and the end faces. The jackets have contiguous passages that fluidly connect to promote simultaneous cooling of multiple cell surfaces. The jackets can also have turbulators, fins, and manifolds for improved cooling performance.

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Air flow-based cooling device for improving cooling efficiency of heat-generating objects and reducing cooling energy consumption through convective circulation cooling achieved by airflow control. The device involves a vertical cell stack with cells containing heat-generating objects. An intake pipe generates vertical airflow into the cells, which is then distributed horizontally. A discharge pipe extracts horizontal airflow from the cells, generating vertical flow. This creates a circulating airflow through the cells. The cell stack, intake pipe, and discharge pipe are detachable for flexible maintenance and expansion.

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Electric vehicle cooling system with distributed liquid cooling to effectively cool components like the inverter, motors, charger, and battery packs. The system has multiple coolant loops with pumps and a central radiator on the roof. Components like the inverter and motors have dedicated loops, while components like the charger and secondary converter share a loop. This allows parallel cooling paths to simultaneously cool multiple components. The radiator is mounted on the roof for efficient heat dissipation. The loops connect at couplings between the radiator and pumps.

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Battery system for vehicles and other applications with regulated battery temperature control to improve performance and prevent damage. The system has a battery unit with an internal heat exchanger, an external heat exchanger connected to a coolant circuit, and a temperature controller. The temperature controller regulates the coolant flow through the external heat exchanger based on the battery temperature. This allows actively cooling or heating the battery unit by circulating coolant through the external heat exchanger. This provides precise temperature control for optimal battery operation and protection.

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Stackable battery modules for electric vehicles that can be joined together without fasteners or tools to form a stack, and that provide cooling without additional seals. The modules have interlocking features on their housings to center and secure the stack. The housing has a tongue and groove connection that engages with a corresponding feature on another module to create a cooling channel between them. The modules are inserted into a housing that seals against coolant loss. This allows coolant to flow through the channels between modules without needing separate seals.

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Electric vehicle cooling system using air cooling instead of liquid cooling for battery modules. The system has an air compressor, condenser, evaporator coils, blowers, and ducts to circulate cooled air through the battery packs. The evaporator coils are supported in side housings that house the battery modules. Blowers direct cooled air from the evaporator coils into the battery packs. One blower for each pack. This provides efficient cooling for the packs without requiring liquid cooling.

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Thermal regulation system for vehicle batteries that provides safe and reliable operation of high-power batteries in vehicles. The system uses a closed fluid network with a pump to circulate dielectric heat transfer fluid through the battery modules. Temperature sensors monitor the battery and the fluid. A control unit switches between free circulation, heating, and cooling modes based on sensor readings. This allows precise temperature control of the batteries without relying solely on ambient cooling or active cooling devices.

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