Magnesium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Long-life electrolyte for magnesium secondary batteries that enables high-rate operation and improved cycle life compared to conventional magnesium battery electrolytes. The electrolyte contains a magnesium salt dissolved in an organic solvent, with additives like silanes or siloxanes. These additives regulate the solvation structure of magnesium ions, form a stable solid electrolyte interface, and reduce overpotential at the magnesium anode. They also improve battery performance by forming a cross-linked network at the interface.

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A new type of magnesium metal battery using a non-nucleophilic electrolyte that improves cycle life, reduces overpotential, and allows better compatibility with sulfur cathodes compared to existing non-nucleophilic magnesium battery electrolytes. The electrolyte contains magnesium bis(hexamethyldisilazide) (Mg(HMDS)2), aluminum chloride (AlCl3), and iodine (I2) in specific concentrations. The iodine reacts at the magnesium anode interface to form a protective film that stabilizes the electrode/electrolyte interface and prevents passivation.

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Non-aqueous magnesium electrolyte for rechargeable magnesium batteries with improved magnesium deposition/dissolution performance. The electrolyte contains an organic magnesium salt, amine additive, strong reducing additive, and an ether organic solvent. The amine additive prevents water from coordinating with magnesium ions and passivating the electrode. The strong reducing additive eliminates water and other impurities. This synergy enables efficient magnesium deposition/dissolution with low overpotential and improved Coulombic efficiency compared to bare magnesium salts.

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Wide potential aqueous magnesium ion battery electrolyte for use in aqueous magnesium ion batteries, particularly with low potential anodes like TiO2. The electrolyte contains magnesium chloride, water, and polyethylene glycol. The concentration of magnesium chloride is 2 mol/kg, the water and polyethylene glycol weight percentage is 75%. This electrolyte allows stable operation of low potential anodes like TiO2 in magnesium ion batteries by providing wide electrochemical stability.

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Magnesium ion secondary battery with reversible magnesium dissolution during charging/discharging. The battery uses a magnesium alloy with a eutectic mixture of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) and body-centered cubic (bcc) structures to expose active surfaces. The electrolyte contains glyme solvent, magnesium salt, and boron hydride additive. This allows reversible magnesium elution precipitation during cycling. The magnesium alloy contains lithium in a range to stabilize the eutectic mixture.

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Electrolyte for rechargeable magnesium batteries that provides high stability, ionic conductivity, and compatibility with magnesium metal anodes. The electrolyte contains a specific salt, [MgxM2xTPy][Mg(ORf)3Qz], where x, y, and z are integers, M is a -1 valence ion, Rf is a partially or fully fluorinated aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group, and P and Q are complexing agents. The electrolyte is prepared by mixing Mg(ORf)2 and anhydrous MgM2 with a non-aqueous solvent at 25-100°C.

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Magnesium battery electrolyte containing hexafluoroisopropyl magnesium salt in organic solvents like tetrahydropyran, Glyme, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, carbonic acid esters, and carbonate esters. The electrolyte can be prepared by dissolving the magnesium salt in the organic solvent under inert atmosphere. It enables effective deposition and dissolution of magnesium ions without passivation layers, allowing high-performance magnesium batteries.

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Rechargeable magnesium battery electrolyte containing organic amine additive with improved performance compared to traditional electrolytes for magnesium batteries. The electrolyte composition includes magnesium salts, an activator, an organic amine additive, and anhydrous oxygen-free organic solvent. The organic amine additive helps to improve the magnesium ion dissolution and deposition properties in the electrolyte, enabling reversible magnesium plating/stripping. The additive also enhances electrolyte conductivity. The electrolyte composition allows stable cycling of magnesium anodes in batteries without passivation layers forming.

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Magnesium battery electrolyte with improved water resistance and impurity tolerance to enable stable cycling of magnesium batteries. The electrolyte is a non-aqueous solvent containing a specific electrolyte salt. The solvent is an ether like tetrahydrofuran or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether. The electrolyte salt has a composition like [Mg(Linoxo)(HMDS)2m+noRp]·Mq,in, where Lin is lithium, Rp is an organic group, and Mq,in are manganese and indium. This electrolyte allows reversible magnesium deposition/dissolution without passivation layers, reducing overpotential and improving cycling compared to aqueous or inorganic electrolytes.

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Protective coating for magnesium anodes in batteries to enable stable cycling and improve capacity. The coating is a layer of silylated cellulose, which is cellulose treated with silicon compounds. The coating is applied to the magnesium anode surface and contains solvated ion-conducting additives. The solvent solvates the additives and also acts as an electrolyte. The silylated cellulose coating with embedded solvated additives provides a protective barrier for the magnesium anode that allows ionic conduction.

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Electrolyte for magnesium ion batteries that improves performance by preventing passivation of the magnesium anode and enhancing ion conductivity. The electrolyte contains imidazole additives like 1-methylimidazole that regulate the solvation structure of the electrolyte. This reduces interaction between anions and magnesium ions, preventing anode passivation and enabling faster magnesium ion transfer. The imidazole additives also improve ionic conductivity. The additives are mixed with non-aqueous solvents like ionic liquids to prepare the electrolyte.

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Magnesium ion/alkali metal ion-hybrid secondary battery that can be charged and discharged at a higher voltage, has a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics, and a non-aqueous electrolyte suitable as an electrolyte for this secondary battery. The battery includes a positive electrode layer containing an alkali metal, a negative electrode layer containing at least one of magnesium and a magnesium alloy, and a gap between the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer.

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Electrolyte composition for magnesium-ion batteries that enables high-current magnesium storage in cathodes. The electrolyte contains a boron-based magnesium salt, an organic ether solvent, and an additive with a different anion. This electrolyte promotes magnesium desolvation, improves compatibility with cathode materials, and enhances high-current magnesium storage performance compared to conventional chlorine-based electrolytes.

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Magnesium battery electrolyte with improved performance for reversible deposition-dissolution of magnesium, reduced overpotential, and water resistance. The electrolyte contains a magnesium salt like (TFSI)2Mg and an electron-deficient boron compound. The boron compound peels off passivation layers on the magnesium anode and improves magnesium reversibility. It also enhances water resistance of the electrolyte. The magnesium salt concentration is 0.1-3 M and the boron compound is 0.1-3 M.

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A non-nucleophilic electrolyte for magnesium secondary batteries that generates magnesium salt in situ to prevent passivation of the magnesium anode and enable use of non-nucleophilic electrolytes with positive electrode materials like sulfur-carbon composites. The electrolyte contains aluminum trichloride, metal chlorides like copper, chromium, or tin chlorides, and an organic solvent like ethylene glycol dimethyl ether. The aluminum trichloride concentration is 0.1-2 mol/L and the metal chloride concentration is 0.005-1 mol/L. This electrolyte avoids passivation of the magnesium anode and enables use of non-nucleophilic electrolytes with positive electrode materials like sulfur-carbon

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Rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries with improved capacity, cycle life, and rate performance compared to conventional magnesium-ion batteries. The improvement comes from adding metal ions like manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, or silver to the electrolyte. This reduces magnesium ion solvation, allowing more exposed magnesium ions to react with the electrode materials. The desolvated magnesium ions can then rapidly migrate into the electrodes, enhancing capacity, and maintain structural stability for better cycle life and rate performance.

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Wide potential window rechargeable magnesium battery electrolyte with improved oxidation stability beyond 4V vs. Mg/Mg2+. The electrolyte contains double organic magnesium salts like borates and alumnates, double organic solvents like chain ethers and fluorinated ethers, and a sulfonamide additive. This composition enables reversible magnesium deposition-dissolution with high oxidation stability. It improves the electrolyte's performance by providing active magnesium ions, enhancing solubility, adjusting solvation structures, and inhibiting passivation.

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Electrolyte solution for magnesium batteries that reduces overvoltage and improves utilization of the magnesium anode. The electrolyte contains a magnesium salt with halide ions, a borate salt, and an organic solvent like cyclic carbonates. The borate additive reduces overvoltage on the magnesium anode compared to using just the magnesium salt. The cyclic carbonate solvent helps stabilize the electrolyte and improves performance.

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Positive electrode material for high-capacity non-water magnesium batteries that enables faster diffusion of magnesium ions, high reversible capacity, and high reaction potential. The positive electrode contains layered nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) as the active material. This layered structure allows occlusion and release of magnesium ions between the layers. It addresses the slow diffusion of multivalent ions like magnesium in positive electrodes. The layered nickel oxyhydroxide enables better magnesium ion mobility compared to other forms of nickel oxyhydroxide, enabling high-capacity magnesium batteries.

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Non-aqueous electrolyte solution and magnesium secondary battery for improving oxidation resistance and Coulomb efficiency of magnesium batteries. The electrolyte contains a glyme solvent, magnesium salt, and an alkylated hydroxytoluene additive. The alkylated hydroxytoluene improves oxidation resistance, while controlling its content allows balancing oxidation resistance and Coulomb efficiency. The glyme solvent has low viscosity for good conductivity. Magnesium salts with certain anions like Cl- are used.

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