Magnesium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Long-life electrolyte for magnesium secondary batteries that enables high-rate operation and improved cycle life compared to conventional magnesium battery electrolytes. The electrolyte contains a magnesium salt dissolved in an organic solvent, with additives like silanes or siloxanes. These additives regulate the solvation structure of magnesium ions, form a stable solid electrolyte interface, and reduce overpotential at the magnesium anode. They also improve battery performance by forming a cross-linked network at the interface.

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A new type of magnesium metal battery using a non-nucleophilic electrolyte that improves cycle life, reduces overpotential, and allows better compatibility with sulfur cathodes compared to existing non-nucleophilic magnesium battery electrolytes. The electrolyte contains magnesium bis(hexamethyldisilazide) (Mg(HMDS)2), aluminum chloride (AlCl3), and iodine (I2) in specific concentrations. The iodine reacts at the magnesium anode interface to form a protective film that stabilizes the electrode/electrolyte interface and prevents passivation.

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Non-aqueous magnesium electrolyte for rechargeable magnesium batteries with improved magnesium deposition/dissolution performance. The electrolyte contains an organic magnesium salt, amine additive, strong reducing additive, and an ether organic solvent. The amine additive prevents water from coordinating with magnesium ions and passivating the electrode. The strong reducing additive eliminates water and other impurities. This synergy enables efficient magnesium deposition/dissolution with low overpotential and improved Coulombic efficiency compared to bare magnesium salts.

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Magnesium-manganese dry battery with improved discharge performance and reduced voltage hysteresis. The battery uses magnesium as the negative electrode, manganese dioxide as the positive electrode, and a specific electrolyte formulation. The electrolyte contains magnesium halide, like magnesium bromide, along with a sustained-release additive like sodium phosphate or methyl ethyl carbonate. This electrolyte composition improves current density, discharge capacity, and open circuit voltage compared to prior electrolytes like magnesium sulfate or magnesium nitrate. It also reduces the voltage hysteresis effect during discharge. The electrolyte is infiltrated into the positive electrode material to further enhance performance. The battery is assembled with magnesium cylinders, diaphragms, carbon rods,

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Wide potential aqueous magnesium ion battery electrolyte for use in aqueous magnesium ion batteries, particularly with low potential anodes like TiO2. The electrolyte contains magnesium chloride, water, and polyethylene glycol. The concentration of magnesium chloride is 2 mol/kg, the water and polyethylene glycol weight percentage is 75%. This electrolyte allows stable operation of low potential anodes like TiO2 in magnesium ion batteries by providing wide electrochemical stability.

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Electrode assembly design for batteries that reduces misalignment of electrode sheets and prevents lithium plating. The electrode assembly has folded electrode sheets with alternating laminated parts. Each folded part has a guide section that helps the folding process. The guides can be grooves or holes. This prevents sheet shifting during assembly. The folded structure allows the negative sheet to extend beyond the positive sheet edge, preventing lithium plating issues.

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Magnesium ion secondary battery with reversible magnesium dissolution during charging/discharging. The battery uses a magnesium alloy with a eutectic mixture of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) and body-centered cubic (bcc) structures to expose active surfaces. The electrolyte contains glyme solvent, magnesium salt, and boron hydride additive. This allows reversible magnesium elution precipitation during cycling. The magnesium alloy contains lithium in a range to stabilize the eutectic mixture.

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Electrolyte for rechargeable magnesium batteries that provides high stability, ionic conductivity, and compatibility with magnesium metal anodes. The electrolyte contains a specific salt, [MgxM2xTPy][Mg(ORf)3Qz], where x, y, and z are integers, M is a -1 valence ion, Rf is a partially or fully fluorinated aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group, and P and Q are complexing agents. The electrolyte is prepared by mixing Mg(ORf)2 and anhydrous MgM2 with a non-aqueous solvent at 25-100°C.

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Power supply device with integrated temperature sensing to improve internal structure and energy density. The power supply includes at least one battery pack, and a temperature sensing module that attaches directly to the battery pack. The module has a bracket to fix it to the pack, and a temperature sensor that connects thermally to the pack. This allows internal temperature monitoring without taking up external space. The integrated bracket prevents loose structure inside the power supply.

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Magnesium battery electrolyte containing hexafluoroisopropyl magnesium salt in organic solvents like tetrahydropyran, Glyme, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, carbonic acid esters, and carbonate esters. The electrolyte can be prepared by dissolving the magnesium salt in the organic solvent under inert atmosphere. It enables effective deposition and dissolution of magnesium ions without passivation layers, allowing high-performance magnesium batteries.

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Rechargeable magnesium battery electrolyte containing organic amine additive with improved performance compared to traditional electrolytes for magnesium batteries. The electrolyte composition includes magnesium salts, an activator, an organic amine additive, and anhydrous oxygen-free organic solvent. The organic amine additive helps to improve the magnesium ion dissolution and deposition properties in the electrolyte, enabling reversible magnesium plating/stripping. The additive also enhances electrolyte conductivity. The electrolyte composition allows stable cycling of magnesium anodes in batteries without passivation layers forming.

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Magnesium battery electrolyte with improved water resistance and impurity tolerance to enable stable cycling of magnesium batteries. The electrolyte is a non-aqueous solvent containing a specific electrolyte salt. The solvent is an ether like tetrahydrofuran or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether. The electrolyte salt has a composition like [Mg(Linoxo)(HMDS)2m+noRp]·Mq,in, where Lin is lithium, Rp is an organic group, and Mq,in are manganese and indium. This electrolyte allows reversible magnesium deposition/dissolution without passivation layers, reducing overpotential and improving cycling compared to aqueous or inorganic electrolytes.

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Protective coating for magnesium anodes in batteries to enable stable cycling and improve capacity. The coating is a layer of silylated cellulose, which is cellulose treated with silicon compounds. The coating is applied to the magnesium anode surface and contains solvated ion-conducting additives. The solvent solvates the additives and also acts as an electrolyte. The silylated cellulose coating with embedded solvated additives provides a protective barrier for the magnesium anode that allows ionic conduction.

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Electrolyte for magnesium ion batteries that improves performance by preventing passivation of the magnesium anode and enhancing ion conductivity. The electrolyte contains imidazole additives like 1-methylimidazole that regulate the solvation structure of the electrolyte. This reduces interaction between anions and magnesium ions, preventing anode passivation and enabling faster magnesium ion transfer. The imidazole additives also improve ionic conductivity. The additives are mixed with non-aqueous solvents like ionic liquids to prepare the electrolyte.

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Electrode assembly for batteries that reduces cracking of the electrode plates during winding and stacking. The assembly has anode and cathode sheets with active material coatings. The cathode sheet has an additional non-active material layer connected to its edge. This layer extends beyond the anode active material projection on a perpendicular plane. It prevents shear stress on the anode layer caused by the cathode edge. The additional layer shields the anode from sharp cathode edges. This prevents cracking and delamination of the anode during winding and stacking.

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Magnesium ion/alkali metal ion-hybrid secondary battery that can be charged and discharged at a higher voltage, has a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics, and a non-aqueous electrolyte suitable as an electrolyte for this secondary battery. The battery includes a positive electrode layer containing an alkali metal, a negative electrode layer containing at least one of magnesium and a magnesium alloy, and a gap between the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer.

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Electrolyte composition for magnesium-ion batteries that enables high-current magnesium storage in cathodes. The electrolyte contains a boron-based magnesium salt, an organic ether solvent, and an additive with a different anion. This electrolyte promotes magnesium desolvation, improves compatibility with cathode materials, and enhances high-current magnesium storage performance compared to conventional chlorine-based electrolytes.

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Nanoconfined metal-containing electrolyte for batteries that mitigates metal dendrite growth and combating electrolyte leakage issues. The nanoconfined electrolyte contains a layer of enclosed hollow nanostructures filled with a liquid metal-containing electrolyte. The enclosed nanostructures physically contact each other to provide conductivity. The nanoconfinement prevents dendrite growth while retaining the high conductivity of liquid electrolytes. The nanoconfinement is achieved by forming a layer of hollow nanostructures and infusing them with liquid electrolyte.

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Magnesium battery electrolyte with improved performance for reversible deposition-dissolution of magnesium, reduced overpotential, and water resistance. The electrolyte contains a magnesium salt like (TFSI)2Mg and an electron-deficient boron compound. The boron compound peels off passivation layers on the magnesium anode and improves magnesium reversibility. It also enhances water resistance of the electrolyte. The magnesium salt concentration is 0.1-3 M and the boron compound is 0.1-3 M.

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Sodium-magnesium hybrid battery with a layered oxide cathode material to overcome the issues of capacity loss and poor diffusion kinetics in sodium and magnesium batteries. The battery uses a layered oxide cathode made of a P2 phase material containing sodium, manganese, and oxygen. The cathode is combined with a magnesium or magnesium alloy anode instead of the typical graphite anode. This allows sodium and magnesium intercalation into the cathode for reversible cycling, avoiding capacity loss issues seen in sodium-only batteries. The magnesium anode also improves diffusion compared to conventional magnesium batteries due to the weaker Mg-O bond in the layered oxide cathode.

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