Lithium-Air Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Method of manufacturing a tabless stacked cell for lithium-air batteries to improve energy density. The manufacturing process has three steps: 1. Preparing the cathode slurry with a specific composition of conductive carbon black, mesoporous carbon, and lithium salt. 2. Coating the slurry onto a current collector to form a thin, flexible cathode layer. 3. Stacking the cathode layers without tabs to create a tabless stacked cell. The thin, flexible cathode layers eliminate the need for protruding tabs that can limit stacking density. The slurry composition promotes capacity and cycling stability in the thin cathode.

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Efficient metal-air battery for vehicles like cars, boats, and heavy trucks that solves the problems of degradation, passivation, and byproduct clogging in metal-air batteries. The battery design includes features like inertizing the anode when not in use, ultrasonic cleaning of the anode during operation, and an oxygen concentrator. An inert gas separates the anode from the electrolyte when not in use to prevent passivation. Ultrasonic transducers clean the anode during operation to remove byproducts. An oxygen concentrator provides concentrated oxygen to the cathode.

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Lithium-air battery structure that decouples electrochemical reactions from solid product storage to improve battery performance. The battery has separate electrodes for electrochemical reaction and solid product storage. During discharge, oxygen from the air electrode dissolves in the electrolyte and reacts with lithium ions to form soluble lithium superoxide. This superoxide then quickly converts to solid lithium peroxide in the solid product storage electrode. By decoupling the reaction and storage steps, it prevents solid product accumulation on the air electrode and reduces resistance.

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Lithium-air battery cell with a solid organic catalyst in the cathode that allows use of lithium metal anodes without protection barriers. The cathode catalyst is a p-type organic lithium salt that promotes oxygen reduction. It avoids issues like catalyst migration and electrolyte degradation. The solid catalyst can be combined with a n-type organic catalyst and carbon. The organic catalysts replace soluble catalysts used in prior lithium-air batteries.

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Lithium-air battery with a solid organic catalyst in the cathode that doesn't migrate to the anode, improving performance and safety. The cathode uses a solid p-type electroactive organic catalyst lithium salt instead of a soluble catalyst. This prevents catalyst migration to the anode, reducing degradation, hysteresis, and capacity fade. The fixed catalyst also allows using Li metal in the anode without protection. The battery can be primary or rechargeable.

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Cathode for lithium-air batteries with improved capacity and lifetime. The cathode is made of a carbon foam with open cells that provides channels for air flow. The carbon foam structure is coated with an electrode material inside the open cells. This allows the electrode material to be fixed in place and the air to flow through the foam, preventing discharge product buildup on the surface. It also enables better electrolyte penetration. The open cell carbon foam cathode improves capacity and cycle life of lithium-air batteries compared to dense cathode materials.

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Lithium-air battery with improved cycle life for energy storage applications. The battery contains a non-aqueous electrolyte with a specific liquid amount per unit area of the positive electrode. This amount ranges from 4.1 to 6.4 μL/cm² based on the discharge capacity. The battery also optionally has separators, a solid electrolyte layer, and a negative electrode current collector. The precise electrolyte volume helps suppress lithium peroxide buildup during discharge, preventing oxygen diffusion hindrance and degradation.

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Lithium-air battery with improved performance, a method for making it, and using it in electric vehicles. The battery has a unique cathode design with a gas diffusion layer filled with air and coated with conductive carbon. This allows reversible oxygen cycling and high efficiency. The battery is made by stacking the cathode, separator, and anode under inert gas, impregnating the separator with a specific electrolyte, and encapsulating it to allow air penetration.

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Maximizing energy density of metal-air batteries by optimizing porosity of the anode layer. The method involves controlling the charging and discharging rates based on the anode porosity. This allows maximizing energy density for a given application environment. The porosity is around 0.2-0.9. The method involves calculating the C-rate based on the anode porosity using a formula. This formula is derived from experiments to find the optimal C-rate for a given porosity.

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Lithium air battery with improved cycle life by supplying water vapor to the cathode. The battery has a lithium air cell and a separate water vapor supply unit containing a basic metal compound and water. The water vapor supply unit provides water vapor to the cathode during operation. This prevents carbonate formation by dissolving carbon dioxide in the water vapor, reducing lithium carbonate buildup and improving battery cycle life.

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Protected lithium electrode structure for lithium-air batteries to improve cycle life and prevent performance degradation. The protected electrode has a sealed negative electrode layer of lithium metal, alloy, or compound between the current collector and separator. This sealing prevents lithium dendrites from growing and dispersing during charging/discharging. A separate layer captures any fine lithium powder that does escape, confining it and preventing it from dispersing in the electrolyte. This prevents lithium loss and maintains battery performance over multiple cycles.

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A lithium oxygen battery design that improves the cycling stability and coulombic efficiency of the lithium metal anode by protecting it from electrolyte decomposition. The battery has a shell with oxygen supply holes on both sides. The anode, diaphragm, and cathode are stacked inside the shell. This allows oxygen to enter through the anode side holes during discharge, preventing anode-electrolyte reaction. During charge, oxygen enters through the cathode side holes. The cathode porosity allows oxygen transfer without clogging. This prevents electrolyte decomposition and corrosion of the anode, improving cycling stability and coulombic efficiency.

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Lithium-air battery with a lithium alloy anode that enables high energy density without the typical issues of conventional anodes like low capacity and decomposition. The anode uses a lithium alloy that provides high electronic and ionic conductivity along with chemical stability during charging and discharging. This allows the lithium alloy anode to avoid decomposition and capacity fade issues seen in conventional anodes. The lithium alloy anode also enables thicker discharge product layers without significant energy density loss compared to conventional anodes. The battery also includes an oxygen cathode, a solid electrolyte membrane, and a lithium-containing separator.

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A metal-air battery system for electric vehicles that uses metal-air batteries to extend the driving range of the vehicle by supplementing the lithium-ion batteries. The system has both lithium-ion batteries and metal-air batteries. The metal-air batteries can charge the lithium-ion batteries when needed, allowing the vehicle to drive further than just using the lithium-ion batteries alone. This increases the continuous use time of the lithium batteries and the maximum trip distance. The metal-air batteries also have advantages like low cost, long life, and environmental friendliness compared to lithium-ion batteries.

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Lithium-air battery with catalyst particles to control discharge product and improve efficiency. The battery has a negative electrode with lithium, a positive electrode with catalyst particles for generating LiO2, and an oxygen-based positive electrode active material. The catalyst particles control whether LiO2 is generated and its amount. This provides a lithium-air battery that generates the high-efficiency LiO2 discharge product instead of lower-efficiency Li2O2 or Li2O.

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A chemically stable lithium-containing metal oxide anode for lithium-air batteries that can provide high energy density and prevent deterioration during charging and discharging. The anode contains a lithium-containing metal oxide like Li0.10La0.63TiO3-δ (0≤δ≤1.0) that has spinel, perovskite, anti-perovskite, garnet, or silicate crystal structures. The lithium-containing metal oxide anode provides stability against radicals and decomposition during electrochemical reactions compared to conventional carbon-based anodes.

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Lithium air battery design that improves charge/discharge efficiency, cycle life, and prevents leakage compared to conventional lithium air batteries. The battery has a unique housing with a sealed space for the anode and an open air receiving area for the cathode. This prevents moisture ingress into the anode while allowing air access for the cathode. The anode is a lithium metal, the cathode is a porous material, and an electrolyte separates them. This configuration enables stable cycling with high capacity, long life, and reduced polarization compared to conventional lithium air batteries.

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A lithium-air battery with improved performance by preventing dendritic lithium plating and controlling oxygen diffusion. The battery uses a ceramic separator to contain molten lithium anode, an air cathode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. A temperature gradient across the cathode forms a flow system where reaction products accumulate in the lower temperature region, preventing clogging of the reaction sites. The separator allows lithium plating while preventing dendrites. The non-aqueous electrolyte prevents corrosion of the lithium anode. The flow system enables efficient lithium cycling and avoids capacity fade.

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A method to improve the performance of lithium oxygen batteries by sealing them in an airtight container after discharging to deposit lithium oxide on the cathode. This provides a precharged state with lithium-rich anodes and cathodes, allowing efficient oxygen reduction reactions during charging. The sealed containers prevent oxygen ingress, improving cycle life and preventing degradation.

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Compact metal-air battery design with improved power density and operational control for electric vehicles. The battery has a hollow cathode enclosing the anode and a sealed electrolyte space between them. Air enters through the cathode and exits through the battery housing. This configuration allows compact size with annular electrode and electrolyte flow paths. A control system adjusts air and electrolyte flow rates to match power requirements. This allows efficient adaptation of battery power output without complex buffering. The cathode is exposed to both air and electrolyte, aiding reaction kinetics. The battery can be scaled to vehicle needs using common air and electrolyte supply systems. The compact design, flow guidance, and power control enable high density metal-air batteries for electric vehicles.

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Cathode design for lithium-air batteries with improved cycle life and capacity compared to existing designs. The cathode has a carbon matrix with low density (less than 5 mg/cm3) to prevent density-induced capacity fade. It also contains redox-active species like Ru, Ir, Fe, or Pt dispersed on graphene or carbon nanotubes to promote electron transfer and prevent film formation. The electrolyte and insulating layers are optimized to avoid blocking oxygen, lithium ions, or electrons. This reduces degradation mechanisms like electrolyte decomposition, film formation, and electrolyte penetration issues.

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Stabilizing the intermediate discharge product in metal-air batteries to improve charge/discharge capacity and cycle life. This is achieved by adding a nano-magnetic material to the negative electrode along with carbon. The magnetic material helps stabilize the lithium oxide (Li2O2) intermediate formed during discharge, preventing further reactions that degrade battery performance.

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A carbon-negative electric vehicle that generates its own electricity by reacting metal in its batteries with air. The vehicle concentrates and stores carbon dioxide from the air, then releases it in concentrated form to the batteries. This allows the vehicle to operate without external charging or emitting carbon. The system features a passive mechanism for capturing and storing CO2 from the air. By generating its own electricity and concentrating CO2, the vehicle eliminates range concerns and charge anxiety, and reduces carbon emissions compared to conventional electric vehicles.

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Aqueous lithium-air battery with improved capacity and cycle life by using a conductive porous layer between the lithium metal and electrolyte. The battery has a lithium metal anode, a solid electrolyte layer, a reaction prevention layer between the metal and electrolyte, an organic electrolyte layer, and a porous conductive layer between the metal and organic electrolyte. The conductive porous layer prevents lithium dendrite growth and maintains contact with the metal as it erodes during cycling.

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Lithium-air battery that can be easily manufactured while having excellent characteristics. The battery uses lithium peroxide or lithium carbonate in the positive electrode and a lithium-ion conductor between the electrodes. The negative electrode contains lithium ions derived from the peroxide or carbonate instead of metallic lithium. This prevents consumption of metallic lithium by moisture. The negative electrode can also have electron conductive supports like nickel or copper. The battery is assembled in normal moisture conditions and the peroxide/carbonate can reprecipitate during cycling to maintain capacity balance.

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Composite aluminum air battery system for electric vehicles that addresses the limitations of existing battery technologies. The system combines aluminum air batteries, hydrogen fuel cells, super capacitors, and lithium batteries in a synergistic configuration to provide high energy density, power density, and stability. The aluminum air batteries generate hydrogen which is collected and used by the fuel cells. The super capacitors convert power between the batteries and fuel cells. The lithium batteries store excess energy. An electrolyte controller manages the aluminum air batteries. The overall system provides a scalable, reliable, and efficient battery solution for electric vehicles.

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System for providing electrical energy using a metal-air battery, like a lithium-air battery, to enable safer, easier, and more energy efficient operation. The system has a moisture removal device called a "dehumidifier" to dry the ambient air before feeding it into the battery. The dehumidifier uses a water-absorbing material that can be regenerated by thermal energy from the battery's exhaust. This prevents efficiency loss due to compressing and drying the air multiple times. The dehumidifier is positioned between the air intake and battery. Compressing the air before dehumidification further improves battery efficiency.

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Lithium-air battery with high capacity and recycling efficiency for powering electric vehicles. The battery has an anode containing lithium, an air cathode, an ionic liquid electrolyte, and a separator. The ionic liquid in the cathode compartment contains potassium superoxide and a low concentration of lithium salt. This allows lithium ions from the anode to migrate through the separator and encounter the peroxide ions in the cathode electrolyte. The low lithium concentration gradient and distance between the cathode and separator prevent cathode fouling with insulating lithium oxide. The potassium superoxide in the cathode electrolyte improves battery performance.

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A battery system for long-term operation using metal-air batteries combined with fuel cells. The system combines metal-air batteries like lithium-air batteries with fuel cells like polymer electrolyte fuel cells. When the metal-air battery discharges, it generates hydrogen gas. This hydrogen is collected and supplied to the fuel cell anode, allowing the fuel cell to operate using the hydrogen instead of external hydrogen fuel. This increases the battery system's overall runtime by leveraging the hydrogen generation capability of metal-air batteries.

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Optimizing the oxygen concentration in the air supplied to an electrochemical battery to improve performance and longevity. An air supply unit adjusts the oxygen concentration in the air fed to the battery cells. This prevents excessive oxygen levels that degrade the battery, while avoiding too little oxygen which reduces efficiency. A controller optimizes the oxygen level based on feedback from a sensor in the air supply path. This allows fine-tuning the oxygen concentration to find the optimal balance for battery operation.

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A metal/oxygen battery design to improve round trip efficiency, cycle life, and avoid issues like dendrite formation and moisture contamination in lithium-oxygen batteries. The key innovation is maintaining high oxygen pressure inside the positive electrode during charging to compress the oxygen-containing discharge products. This prevents them from flaking off or forming insulating films, improving contact and efficiency. The high pressure is achieved by having a fixed amount of oxygen in the battery or using a dedicated oxygen reservoir instead of air. The battery is also sealed to prevent oxygen ingress during operation.

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A lithium air battery design with improved performance and durability by preventing moisture and oxygen ingress into the anode. The anode is sealed with a solid electrolyte and a sealing part around the lithium metal, laminated with a separator and current collector. This prevents corrosion and hydrogen generation from lithium-water reactions. The sealed anode is sandwiched between a cathode and electrolyte in a housing with a separate air space. This allows air access for the cathode while preventing ingress to the anode.

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A lithium-air battery with high capacity and recyclability by using an ionic liquid in the cathode compartment. The ionic liquid allows the battery to operate in open air, as it prevents oxygen from escaping the cathode during discharge. This avoids the issue of oxygen precipitating and blocking the cathode pores, which limits capacity in conventional lithium-air batteries. The ionic liquid also prevents electrolyte loss during operation. By enabling open-air operation and preventing cathode clogging, the lithium-air battery achieves higher capacity and recyclability compared to closed-air designs.

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Method for supplying electrical energy in vehicles and other applications using metal air batteries like lithium-air batteries. The method involves stoichiometrically controlling the amount of oxygen supplied to the battery based on its power demand. This prevents excess oxygen from diffusing into the battery and causing side reactions that degrade performance. By matching oxygen supply to consumption, it allows higher power peaks while maintaining battery lifetime. The oxygen delivery is adjusted based on factors like power demand, ambient air oxygen concentration, and battery voltage.

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Lithium-air battery with high capacity and recyclability for powering vehicles. The battery has a lithium metal anode, a cathode compartment filled with an ionic liquid, and a separator membrane. The ionic liquid allows the battery to recycle lithium during discharge/charge by dissolving and redepositing lithium oxide instead of forming insoluble lithium oxide on the cathode surface. This prevents capacity fade and enables higher cycling efficiency. The ionic liquid also enables exposure of the cathode to air as an oxygen source. The membrane is not permeable to sodium ions to prevent contamination.

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A lithium-air battery with high capacity and recycling efficiency for powering vehicles. The battery design involves separating the anode and cathode compartments with a spacer to maintain a gap between the cathode and membrane. The cathode contains an ionic liquid that can reduce oxygen without lithium ions. This allows the cathode to store oxygen discharge products without clogging, preventing capacity loss. The gap prevents the discharge products from blocking the membrane. The design enables efficient oxygen extraction and recycling during charging.

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Lithium ion air battery with improved cycle life and energy density compared to traditional lithium ion batteries. The battery has a unique structure where an intercalation electrode is inserted between the lithium metal anode and the air cathode. Initially, lithium ions intercalate into the intercalation electrode from the lithium anode. Later, during normal operation, the intercalated lithium ions are used as charge storage in the intercalation electrode instead of the lithium metal anode. This prevents dendrite formation on the anode during cycling, improving cycle life and safety. The intercalation electrode also allows more lithium storage capacity than carbon anodes, boosting energy density.

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A lithium-air battery design that addresses the durability and safety issues of lithium-air batteries by preventing dendrite formation during charge/discharge cycles. The battery uses an intercalation electrode containing lithium ions sandwiched between a lithium metal electrode and air electrode. The lithium ions are intercalated into the lithium metal electrode during charging, avoiding dendrite formation. This allows charging and discharging without dendrites forming on the lithium metal electrode. The intercalation electrode acts as the anode and the air electrode as the cathode. This prevents dendrites forming on the lithium metal anode during cycling.

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Preparation method for multilayer electrolyte lithium-air batteries that addresses the safety and performance issues of existing lithium-air batteries. The method involves constructing the battery with three electrolyte layers separated by solid electrolytes. The first electrolyte layer is a non-aqueous organic electrolyte. The second electrolyte layer is a solid electrolyte. The third electrolyte layer is an aqueous electrolyte. This sandwich-like electrolyte structure prevents moisture and impurities from penetrating into the lithium metal anode, improving cycle life and safety. The battery design also has a separate housing for the lithium metal to isolate it from the electrolytes.

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High-energy-density lithium-air battery with improved performance and durability compared to conventional lithium-air batteries. The battery is made up of three parts: a lithium metal anode complex, an electrolyte chamber, and an air electrode complex. The lithium anode has a lithium source in a shape like sheets, bars, or particles. An elastic support contacts the lithium to prevent dendrite growth during cycling. The electrolyte chamber has a liquid storage room and capillary microchannels. The air electrode complex has an air electrode and a ventilated membrane. This battery design enables higher energy density, long-term cycling, and improved environmental compatibility compared to conventional lithium-air batteries.

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Lithium-air battery with a porous lithium negative electrode to prevent corrosion and improve cycle life. The battery has a vertical stack of components: a porous lithium electrode surrounded by an insulating shell, a first barrier film, an organic electrolyte, a second barrier film, and a porous carbon anode. Air chambers are formed on either side of the anode. The stack is contained in an outer shell with separate nitrogen and oxygen valves on each side. This configuration allows controlled gas access to prevent oxidation of the lithium electrode during discharge.

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Lithium-air battery with high oxygen saturation and improved reversibility for use in vehicles. The battery has a compressed air supply to increase oxygen concentration for better cell performance. It also uses solid electrolytes and catalysts to suppress reactions between lithium, oxygen, and electrolyte components. The battery has an external electrolyte reservoir to prevent oxygen and water damage inside the cell. This allows high oxygen saturation for higher power density compared to regular lithium-air cells.

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Air battery with improved lifetime and discharge characteristics compared to traditional air batteries. The battery has a unique electrolyte setup that prevents volatilization and reductive decomposition of the electrolytes. The positive electrode uses a non-aqueous electrolyte containing an ionic liquid, while the negative electrode uses a non-aqueous electrolyte containing an organic solvent. A solid electrolyte layer between the electrodes has lithium ion conductivity without dissolving in the two electrolytes. This prevents the organic solvent from moving to the positive electrode or decomposing, and the ionic liquid from moving to the negative electrode. The solid electrolyte also avoids swelling into the electrolytes to maintain high lithium ion conductivity.

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Lithium air battery with improved stability for commercialization and large-scale production compared to existing lithium air batteries. The battery has a positive electrode with lithium peroxide (Li2O2), lithium oxide (Li2O), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), or a combination thereof. The negative electrode contains lithium metal, lithium alloys, lithium-doping materials, transition metal oxides, or a mix. This stabilized composition prevents explosive reactions with moisture and rapid oxidation in air compared to pure lithium metal.

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Stable lithium-air battery with improved performance and scalability compared to conventional lithium-air batteries. The battery has a design with specific electrode materials, separator, and electrolyte solution that enables stable operation. The positive electrode contains lithium peroxide (Li2O2), lithium oxide (Li2O), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), or a combination of these lithium oxides. The negative electrode contains lithium metal, and the separator allows lithium ion transfer but prevents short circuits. The electrolyte impregnates the electrodes and separator. This composition enables stable operation of the lithium-air battery without rapid oxidation or loss of activity.

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Lithium-air battery with improved lifetime by using a specific configuration of the negative electrode composite and electrolyte. The battery has a glass ceramic layer on the surface of the negative electrode, sandwiched between a lithium ion conductive polymer and an electrolyte layer. The glass ceramic is lithium ion conductive and helps prevent moisture ingress into the lithium metal negative electrode. The aqueous electrolyte is a pH buffered solution to maintain stability of the glass ceramic layer.

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Lithium-air battery with improved safety and energy density compared to conventional lithium-air batteries. The battery uses a lithium-occluding negative electrode material that can trap and release lithium ions without containing lithium itself. This avoids the risk of dendrite formation and short circuits that degrade cycle life in lithium-air batteries with lithium-containing anodes. The battery design involves a separate auxiliary lithium electrode in the electrolyte to provide the initial lithium for the negative electrode, preventing the need for metallic lithium in the anode.

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A rechargeable lithium-air battery design that allows for easier manufacturing and higher rechargeability compared to conventional lithium-air batteries. The battery has a cathode containing a lithium salt and an alkylene carbonate additive in a non-aqueous organic solvent. The cathode is embedded in a separator containing the same electrolyte. This configuration allows for higher reversible capacity and lower capacity fade compared to traditional lithium-air batteries.

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High ratio energy chargeable lithium-air battery with improved safety and energy density compared to conventional lithium-air batteries. The battery uses a multilayer structure with a solid electrolyte, air diffusion layer, and sealing metal cathode to protect the lithium anode from corrosion by air. The solid electrolyte prevents lithium metal from contacting water vapor. The air diffusion layer allows oxygen ingress for discharge. The sealing metal cathode prevents oxygen loss during charge. The multilayer protection enables reversible cycling of lithium-peroxide formation and decomposition. The battery uses materials like mesoporous carbon/manganese oxide, LIPON electrolyte, and ionic liquids.

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A solid-state lithium-air battery with improved longevity and safety by using a thin film polymer separator (LiPON) to prevent corrosion of the lithium anode in air. The battery has a lithium anode, a polymer-air cathode, and a LiPON separator between them. The LiPON separator provides both electrical insulation and barrier protection against oxygen and moisture corrosion of the lithium anode. This improves battery life compared to conventional lithium-air batteries with liquid electrolytes. The battery can be fabricated by sequential thin film deposition of the anode, separator, and cathode layers.

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