Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Lithium-sulfur battery with high specific capacity by optimizing the ratio of sulfur in the electrode to sulfur dissolved in the electrolyte. This involves controlling the amount of elemental sulfur in the electrode compared to the amount that elutes into the electrolyte during charging/discharging. A target ratio of less than 15% of sulfur in the electrolyte relative to the electrode sulfur helps prevent capacity loss due to sulfur elution.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with improved lifetime and high energy density. The battery uses an electrolyte system containing fluorinated ether solvents, glyme solvents, and a specific lithium salt. This electrolyte enables utilizing over 80% of sulfur's theoretical capacity (1,675 mAh/g) compared to conventional catholyte systems. The high-performance electrolyte is combined with a positive electrode containing sulfur and carbon. This allows the battery to have over 400 Wh/kg or 600 Wh/L energy density without degrading the lithium anode or generating gas.

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Lithium-sulfur battery electrolyte suitable for low-temperature operation that improves energy density and cycle life at low temperatures. The electrolyte contains organic solvents, lithium salts, lithium nitrate additives, and an additive of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropyldiselenide. The diselenide additive inhibits side reactions between lithium metal and the electrolyte, promotes uniform lithium deposition, and enhances sulfur conversion kinetics through reversible sulfur-selenium exchange.

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A modified separator for lithium-sulfur batteries that improves performance by preventing polysulfide shuttle and enhancing sulfur utilization. The separator is coated with a composite layer made of a hollow sea urchin-shaped nickel-cobalt bimetallic organic framework (MOF) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The MOF adsorbs and catalyzes polysulfides, preventing their migration to the anode. The RGO provides electronic conductivity to the sulfur cathode. The MOF's porous structure and RGO's high surface area improve sulfur loading and electrolyte absorption.

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Cathode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries that improve performance and overcome limitations of using sulfur as the active cathode material. The cathode comprises a mixture of electroactive sulfur, like S8 or Li2S, and non-sulfur electroactive materials, like metal chalcogenides or oxides. The blended cathode has discharge voltage profiles that approximate sulfur's, allowing full sulfur conversion. The non-sulfur materials prevent sulfur agglomeration and enable high sulfur loading. This improves cycling and reduces capacity fade compared to pure sulfur cathodes.

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High-energy lithium-sulfur soft pack battery with improved cycling stability and capacity. The battery has a composite positive electrode with a buffer layer made of a mixture of carbon and a rare earth compound. This buffer layer is integrated with the positive electrode and current collector. The buffer layer reduces internal resistance, inhibits expansion and polysulfide shuttling in the positive electrode during charging/discharging. The negative electrode has a thin lithium layer coated with a conductive polymer to prevent dendrite growth. The high loading sulfur anode is 10mg/cm2. The battery has energy density of 500Wh/kg.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with improved lifetime and reduced dendrite growth by using a Li-Mg alloy negative electrode and a furan-based electrolyte. The Li-Mg alloy suppresses dendrite formation compared to bare lithium. The furan solvent helps prevent side reactions between lithium and sulfur.

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All-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery using a polysulfide cathode and a sulfide solid electrolyte to overcome the challenges of liquid electrolytes in lithium-sulfur batteries. The solid electrolyte prevents explosions and allows higher sulfur loading compared to liquid electrolytes. The polysulfide cathode avoids the loss of active materials during cycling compared to carbon-mixed cathodes. The solid electrolyte forms a protective layer with the cathode to reduce interface resistance and improve cycling life. The battery assembly uses a lithium anode and solid electrolyte ingot sandwiched between the cathode and separator.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with improved cycle life and capacity compared to conventional lithium-sulfur batteries. The improvement comes from using a protective film made of carbon nanofibers doped with vanadium nitride between the sulfur cathode and separator. The film has high electrical conductivity and polysulfide trapping ability to suppress shuttle effects. The film is prepared by electrospinning a vanadium acetylacetonate-PAN solution followed by heat treatment. The film forms a conductive network on the cathode surface to facilitate charge transfer and traps polysulfides to prevent cycling degradation.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with long cycle life and 100% coulombic efficiency by using a solid-phase conversion reaction mechanism instead of the dissolution-deposition reaction mechanism found in conventional lithium-sulfur batteries. The battery uses a sulfur-carbon composite anode, lithium cathode, and an electrolyte with a specific mixture of organic solvent and vinylene carbonate (VC). The VC forms a stable and dense interfacial film to isolate the active materials from the electrolyte and prevent polysulfide dissolution, enabling a solid-phase conversion reaction and avoiding the dissolution loss of active materials. This allows 100% coulombic efficiency and improved cycle stability compared to conventional lithium-sulfur batteries with carbonate electrolytes.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with improved cycle life by using a sulfur-modified polyacrylonitrile (S-PAN) compound as the positive electrode active material along with a specific electrolyte. The S-PAN material prevents dendrite formation, electrolyte decomposition, and shuttling of lithium polysulfides. The electrolyte contains a solvent with a heterocyclic compound containing double bonds and oxygen/sulfur atoms, plus diglyme. This synergistic electrolyte helps mitigate issues like polysulfide dissolution, electrolyte degradation, and side reactions.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with improved performance by using a liquid active material at the cathode, a local high-concentration electrolyte, and a diaphragm. The liquid active material forms a separate liquid-liquid interface with the local high-concentration electrolyte. During cycling, it generates lithium salts at the interface that act as ion channels and enhance ionic conductivity. This improves kinetics and reduces shuttling of polysulfides compared to using the liquid active material alone.

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A durable lithium-sulfur battery that has improved cycle stability and life compared to conventional lithium-sulfur batteries. The battery includes a specific separator between the positive and negative electrodes that helps prevent the "shuttle effect" where polysulfide ions migrate between electrodes and degrade performance. The separator has a functional layer made by coating a slurry of vermiculite, titanium dioxide, and carbon onto a base film. The vermiculite absorbs polysulfides during charging/discharging to reduce shuttling and improve sulfur utilization.

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Lithium-sulfur battery without a lithium metal anode for improved safety and cycle life compared to conventional lithium-sulfur batteries. The battery structure omits the lithium metal anode and instead uses a sulfur anode containing a lithium source, a sulfur-based positive electrode, an electrolyte, and an anode containing a lithium source. This allows replacing the lithium metal anode with a sulfur anode and lithium source in the cathode and anode to avoid dendrite growth and side reactions. The sulfur anode is made by mixing sulfur, carbon, binder, and lithium source on a current collector. The anode containing lithium source is made similarly with sulfur, carbon, binder, and lithium source.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with improved performance by reducing sulfur dissolution and shuttle effects. The battery uses a specially designed positive electrode pole piece that has a current collector, a positive electrode layer, and a separator layer. The positive electrode layer is made of spherical sulfur particles with a conductive agent and binder. The separator layer contains materials like acetylene black, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and long carbon fibers. This configuration reduces sulfur dissolution and improves cycling by trapping any dissolved sulfur in the separator.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with improved cycling performance and reduced sulfur shuttle effect. The battery has a lithium-sulfur chemistry with a lithium-sulfur positive electrode and an electrolyte containing a specific compound. The compound, which has formulas containing S-S, S-Se, or Se-Se bonds, is added to the electrolyte at a mass percentage E. The positive electrode porosity P is also measured. The battery has improved cycle life and capacity retention when the ratio E/P is 0.02 to 0.3, preferably 0.05 to 0.17. This is attributed to the compound preventing sulfur shuttle and the porosity allowing ion conduction.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with improved cycle life by using a sulfur-modified polyacrylonitrile (S-PAN) positive electrode material and a specific electrolyte containing heterocyclic solvents and diglyme. The S-PAN cathode material prevents sulfur shuttle and dendrite formation. The electrolyte solvents synergistically reduce side reactions and electrolyte decomposition compared to conventional solvents like sulfolane. The battery composition improves cycle life and capacity compared to standard lithium-sulfur batteries.

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Electrolyte solution for lithium-sulfur secondary batteries that improves battery life and capacity retention. The electrolyte contains vinylene carbonate at specific concentrations when used in lithium-sulfur batteries with sulfur-based cathodes. The vinylene carbonate helps prevent polysulfide dissolution during cycling that degrades battery performance. The electrolyte composition is 10-100 wt% vinylene carbonate in the solvent.

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Lithium-sulfur secondary battery with improved performance by optimizing the electrolyte composition for high energy density batteries with low porosity positive electrodes. The battery contains a specific volume ratio of nitrile, fluorinated ether, and disulfide solvents in the electrolyte. This reduces viscosity and increases ionic conductivity to improve initial discharge capacity and average voltage for high loading, low porosity positive electrodes.

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Solid-state lithium-sulfur battery with improved safety and cycling performance compared to liquid electrolyte batteries. The battery has a solid electrolyte sandwiched between a cathode containing sulfur, carbon, and a solid electrolyte, and an anode of lithium metal. The cathode also has a small amount of copper. The copper content is limited to 0.37 g/Ah discharge capacity and the charged state Cu/Li ratio is less than 0.81 to prevent excessive copper plating. This composition and intercalated solid electrolyte between the cathode and anode avoids issues like thermal runaway, electrolyte leakage, and shuttle effects that can occur with liquid electrolytes.

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Lithium-sulfur secondary battery with improved energy density and cycle life by using separate electrolytes for the positive and negative electrodes. The battery has a heterogeneous electrolyte system where a first electrolyte containing a low boiling point solvent and lithium salt is used between the positive electrode and separator, and a second electrolyte with lithium salt is used between the negative electrode and separator. This prevents sulfur loss and corrosion of the lithium metal negative electrode during cycling.

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Separator for lithium-sulfur batteries with improved performance by simultaneously mitigating issues of lithium dendrite formation and lithium polysulfide shuttle. The separator has a multilayer coating on one side of a porous substrate. The coating alternates graphene oxide layers with boron nitride layers. The graphene oxide adsorbs lithium polysulfides to prevent capacity fade. The boron nitride layers suppress lithium dendrite growth. The alternating layers provide a dense structure to physically inhibit dendrite penetration. This separator improves lithium-sulfur battery performance by preventing capacity loss from polysulfide shuttle and dendrite formation.

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A lithium-sulfur battery with improved cycle life and capacity retention compared to conventional lithium-sulfur batteries. The battery has a unique electrode stack configuration with a separate first electrolyte between the sulfur-containing positive electrode and the polymer electrolyte, and a second electrolyte between the polymer electrolyte and the lithium-containing negative electrode. This separates the sulfur-rich environment of the positive electrode from the negative electrode to prevent polysulfide shuttle and degradation. The first electrolyte has a higher viscosity to inhibit polysulfide dissolution. The polymer electrolyte provides barrier properties to further limit polysulfide transport.

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Electrolyte for lithium-sulfur batteries with reduced lithium salt concentration that can inhibit polysulfide shuttle and enable low temperature operation. The electrolyte contains chain ether and cyclic ether solvents like dimethyl ether and 1,3-dioxolane, and the lithium salt concentration is 0.01-0.5 M. At this range, the low salt concentration reduces polysulfide dissolution compared to higher concentrations. The lower salt concentration also improves kinetics at low temperatures. The electrolyte's lower salt concentration allows spontaneous adsorption of polysulfides onto lithium ions, reducing dissolution and diffusion, preventing polysulfide shuttle.

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Lithium-sulfur solid-state battery with improved performance by forming a lithium oxide film on the negative electrode surface. The film is created through contact with an electrolyte containing nitrate or nitrite ions, or by applying nitric acid or nitrite to the negative electrode. This film reduces interfacial resistance and improves cycle characteristics compared to a bare negative electrode. It also prevents dendrite growth on the negative electrode during cycling.

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A separator for lithium-sulfur batteries that reduces polysulfide shuttling and improves cycle life. The separator has a porous membrane coated with polyimide. The polyimide-coated membrane sections trap polysulfides and prevent them from shuttling between the electrodes. This limits capacity fade and performance degradation. The coating thickness should be controlled to balance polysulfide adsorption and ionic conductivity.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with improved capacity and cycle life. The battery uses sulfur as the positive electrode active material, lithium metal as the negative electrode active material, and an electrolyte with a weight ratio of 2.9-3.2 parts electrolyte to 1 part sulfur. This composition reduces overvoltage and provides better overall performance compared to conventional lithium-sulfur batteries. The lower electrolyte weight ratio mitigates issues like capacity fade, shuttle effects, and polysulfide dissolution.

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A separator for lithium-sulfur batteries with improved capacity and cycle performance. The separator has a multi-layer structure with hydrophilic adhesive and hydrophilic thermal conductive layers on both sides of a substrate. The hydrophilic layers enhance adhesion to the electrodes and prevent powder separation. The thermal conductive layer between the electrodes reduces heat buildup from the lithium metal negative electrode. The separator layers are coated using aqueous slurries instead of organic solvents for better safety and processability.

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Room temperature all-liquid lithium-sulfur battery that eliminates the need for solid electrodes and electrolyte. The battery uses liquid lithium alloy for the negative electrode, liquid polysulfide for the positive electrode, and a boron nitride-coated separator. The liquid electrodes avoid volume expansion issues and dendrite growth. The separator prevents shorting. The battery operates at room temperature instead of high temperatures required for liquid lithium-sulfur batteries.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with high cycle stability and high coulombic efficiency by using a modified electrolyte containing a compound with cyclic carbon-oxygen bonds. The modified electrolyte converts the traditional dissolution-deposition mechanism to a solid-phase reaction mechanism in lithium-sulfur batteries. This reduces the "shuttle effect" of lithium polysulfide migration between electrodes, minimizing loss of sulfur active material and lithium corrosion. The solid-phase reaction also avoids lithium overcharge issues. The modified electrolyte is made by adding a cyclic carbon-oxygen compound to a common ether-based electrolyte.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with improved cycle stability and capacity retention compared to conventional lithium-sulfur batteries. The battery uses a specific coating composition for the cathode active material (containing ferric chloride, polysorbate, and aluminum dihydrogen phosphate) that is prepared by ball milling and coating steps. The coating helps suppress the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfide during charge-discharge, preventing capacity loss and dendrite formation on the negative electrode. The coated cathode material is used in the lithium-sulfur battery along with other standard components like a separator and electrolyte.

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A separator for lithium-sulfur batteries that improves battery performance by mitigating the lithium polysulfide problem. The separator has a coating layer containing partially reduced graphene oxide and a lithium ion conductive polymer. The coating is applied to at least one side of the separator's porous substrate. The graphene oxide helps absorb lithium polysulfide, preventing shuttle effects and capacity loss, while the lithium ion conductive polymer promotes ion transfer. The graphene oxide:polymer weight ratio is 1:5-1:20. The coating amount is 5-40 μg/cm2.

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Electrochemical cell with low porosity cathode and low polysulfide solvent electrolyte to enable high sulfur utilization and cycle life in lithium-sulfur batteries. The cathode has a porosity less than 40% to prevent polysulfide shuttle. The low porosity is achieved by grinding sulfur and carbon powder to reduce particle size. This increases interfacial contact between sulfur and carbon to enable high utilization via a solid-state mechanism. The electrolyte has a low polysulfide solubility to suppress shuttle. Applying pressure during cell cycling further improves sulfur utilization and cycle life. The lower porosity cathode and electrolyte prevent polysulfide shuttle without requiring additives.

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Electrolyte composition for lithium-sulfur batteries that improves performance and storage characteristics. The electrolyte contains N-containing additives dissolved in non-aqueous solvents. The N-containing additives help form a more protective SEI layer on the lithium anode, reducing lithium consumption reactions. This improves sulfur utilization, charge-discharge efficiency, and self-discharge rates compared to conventional electrolytes.

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Lithium-sulfur battery electrolyte with improved low-temperature performance to enable better discharge capacity and cycle stability in cold environments. The electrolyte contains a lithium salt like lithium nitrate at concentrations of 0.1-5 mol/L, an organic solvent like 1,3 dioxolane or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and additives like lithium nitrate at concentrations of 0.1-1 mol/L. This electrolyte composition allows lithium-sulfur batteries to maintain higher discharge capacity and stability at low temperatures compared to conventional electrolytes.

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Solid-state lithium-sulfur battery cathode design to improve battery performance and lifespan. The cathode has a coating layer made of a PEO-based lithium ion conductive material with a mesoporous N-C-Co composite. This coating is homogenously dispersed within the cathode pores and directly contacts the substrate. The coating prevents sulfur dissolution and polysulfide shuttling during charging/discharging, improving capacity retention and reducing side reactions. The PEO-based coating also improves ionic conductivity.

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Electrolyte for metal-sulfur batteries like lithium-sulfur batteries that improves cycle stability by preventing sulfur dissolution and shuttle effects. The electrolyte contains a non-aqueous solvent, metal salt, first additive (LiNO3) and second additive compounds like Li2S, Li2SO3, Li2S2O3, and Li2SO4. During battery operation, the second additive decomposes on the positive electrode to form a film isolating sulfur species and preventing shuttling. The first additive protects the negative electrode.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with reduced liquid-sulfur ratio and low lithium salt concentration in the electrolyte to improve energy density. By reducing the liquid-sulfur ratio below 3.5 and lowering the lithium salt concentration in the electrolyte to 0.05-0.4 mol/L, the battery's energy density can be increased. The lower liquid-sulfur ratio reduces the overall battery mass. The lower lithium salt concentration improves polysulfide solubility, promoting discharge capacity, and reduces electrolyte density further boosting energy density.

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Easy and high capacity manufacturing method for lithium-sulfur batteries with sulfur-based positive electrodes. The method involves simple steps like mixing sulfur, carbon, lithium salt, solvent, and polymer to form a slurry, coating it on a substrate, evaporating the solvent to create a self-standing sulfur sheet, and stacking it with spacers and a negative electrode to make the battery. This avoids complex processes like nucleating sulfur on carbon nanotubes. The resulting lithium-sulfur battery has high capacity and energy density due to the sulfur-rich positive electrode.

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Lithium-sulfur battery separator with improved cycling stability by inhibiting polysulfide diffusion. The separator has a polymer support layer (PSL) coated with a carbon nanotube structure. MoP2 nanoparticles are deposited onto the carbon nanotubes. This configuration provides a physical barrier against polysulfide diffusion while maintaining electrical conductivity. The MoP2 nanoparticles can be located on the surface of the carbon nanotubes or inside their pores.

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Lithium sulfur battery with uniform electrode structure to reduce cracking during high loading. The battery has a sandwich-type positive electrode with sulfur-based material on both the current collector and separator. This avoids cracks in the electrode after drying during manufacturing compared to just coating the separator. The sulfur layers on both components create a uniform structure with reduced cracking when the battery is charged/discharged at high loading.

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High energy density lithium-sulfur secondary battery that overcomes the limitations of existing lithium-sulfur batteries. The battery uses a positive electrode with a high surface area carbon material to improve sulfur reactivity. This allows using a low electrolyte volume to prevent sulfur elution without sacrificing capacity. The low electrolyte volume prevents sulfur dissolution and adherence to the anode, enabling better capacity retention compared to conventional lithium-sulfur batteries.

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Rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery with high energy density and improved cycling stability by addressing issues like dendrite formation, capacity fade, and cycle life. The battery uses a specific electrolyte composition and cell design. The electrolyte has a higher concentration of lithium salt in the cathode side versus anode side. This prevents lithium polysulfide shuttle and anode dendrites. The cathode has a sulfur-containing active material mixed with exfoliated graphite worms. The anode has lithium metal. A protective layer between them prevents dendrites. This design allows high sulfur utilization and capacity with stable cycling.

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A separator for lithium-sulfur batteries that prevents polysulfide shuttle between the anode and cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries. The separator has a polysulfide barrier layer on one side facing the sulfur-containing cathode. The barrier layer contains polymers with affinity for polysulfides, such as ethers, to trap polysulfides. The other side of the separator facing the anode has a tight, non-polysulfide-affinity layer to prevent lithium plating. This separator design prevents polysulfide migration to the anode and improves battery performance.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with higher reliability, stability, and life by preventing polysulfide crossover between the anode and cathode. A thin layer between the anode and cathode is used that allows lithium ions but not polysulfides. The layer is made of graphene with pores small enough to let lithium ions pass but block polysulfides. This prevents polysulfide buildup on the anode that degrades battery performance. The layer can be applied directly to the cathode or separator.

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Lithium-sulfur battery with improved performance and safety by using a modified separator with a lithium ion-electron hybrid conductive film between the positive electrode (Li2S) and negative electrode (lithium metal). The film suppresses lithium dendrite formation on the negative electrode and prevents shuttle effect of lithium polysulfide, improving capacity, cycle life, and safety. The film is made by mixing a polymer electrolyte with a conductive agent like carbon black.

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Lithium-sulfur secondary battery with high energy density by optimizing the positive electrode, separator, and electrolyte to suppress lithium polysulfide elution. The positive electrode uses a microporous carbon-sulfur composite with an SC factor of 0.45 or higher. This composite has a high sulfur utilization and reduces polysulfide dissolution during cycling. The microporous carbon provides mechanical stability and prevents polysulfide elution.

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Separator for lithium-sulfur batteries that simultaneously addresses issues of lithium polysulfide and lithium dendrite formation in lithium-sulfur batteries. The separator has a coating layer on its surfaces made of graphene oxide and boron nitride. The graphene oxide helps mitigate lithium polysulfide shuttle effects, while the boron nitride physically inhibits lithium dendrite growth. Mixing the two materials in the coating layer allows optimal balance between lithium polysulfide mitigation and dendrite inhibition.

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High energy lithium-sulfur battery with improved cycling performance and capacity compared to traditional lithium-sulfur batteries. The cell uses a liquid electrolyte with a high concentration of lithium salts (75% saturation or more) in combination with a solid-state cathode containing electroactive sulfur. The high salt concentration in the electrolyte prevents polysulfide shuttle and interfacial issues during cycling. The solid cathode mitigates volume changes and wetting issues. This allows using a concentrated electrolyte for improved performance. The cell can have low electrolyte volume and weight compared to traditional lithium-sulfur batteries.

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Nonmetal-sulfur secondary battery with improved cycling performance, higher energy density, and reduced cost compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. The battery uses sulfur-based positive electrode materials like elemental sulfur, lithium sulfide, sodium sulfide, magnesium sulfide, and aluminum sulfide. The negative electrode uses graphite, silicon, soft carbon, and hard carbon. The electrolyte is a mixture of lithium salts like hexafluorophosphate, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluoroarsenate, bisoxalatoborate, difluorooxalatoborate, and solvents like formamide, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, etc. The separator

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